Greek numerals: Difference between revisions

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{{About|the Greek upsilon|the Latin upsilon|ʊ}}
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{{Redirect|Ypsilon|the bridge in Drammen, Norway|Ypsilon (bridge)|the car model|Lancia Ypsilon}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
 
{{Wiktionary|Υ|υ}}
{{Greek Alphabet|letter=upsilon}}
 
'''Upsilon''' (uppercase '''Υ''', lowercase '''υ'''; {{lang-el|Ύψιλον}}, Úpsilon) is the 20th letter of the [[Greek alphabet]].  In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 400. It is derived from the [[phoenecian alphabet|Phoenician]] [[Waw (letter)|waw]] [[Image:Phoenician waw.svg|20px]]. The name of the letter is pronounced {{IPA-el|ˈipsilon|}} in [[Modern Greek]], and in English {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʌ|p|s|ɨ|l|ɒ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|UK|juː|p|ˈ|s|aɪ|l|ən}} {{respell|yewp|SY|lən}}, or {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|juː|p|s|ɨ|l|ɒ|n}} {{respell|YEWP|sə-lon}}. It is occasionally called "ypsilon" ({{IPA|/ˈɪpsɨlɒn/}}) in English after its rendering in Latin, where the Greek upsilon corresponded with the [[Y|letter Y]].
 
[[File:NAMA Alphabet grec.jpg|thumb|The Greek alphabet on a [[black figure]] vessel, with a V-shaped upsilon.]]
 
==Etymology==
The name of the letter was originally just “υ” (''y''; also called ''hy'', hence "[[Hyoid bone|hyoid]]", meaning "shaped like the letter υ"), but the name changed to “υ ψιλόν”, (''u psilon'', meaning 'simple u') to distinguish it from οι, which had come to have the same {{IPA|[y]}} pronunciation.<ref>See [[W. Sidney Allen]], ''Vox Graeca'', 3rd ed., Cambridge 1987, p. 69.</ref>
 
==Pronunciation==
In early Greek it was pronounced like English ''oo'' {{IPAblink|u|}}. In [[Ancient Greek language|Classical Greek]], it was pronounced like French ''u'' or German ''ü'', {{IPAblink|y|}}—a sound that is not found in most dialects of [[English language|English]]. This was the case at least until the year 1030AD.<ref>F. Lauritzen, Michael the Grammarian's irony about Hypsilon. A step towards roeconstructing byzantine pronunciation ''Byzantinoslavica'', 67 (2009)</ref> In [[Modern Greek]] it is pronounced like continental ''i'' or English ''ee'', {{IPAblink|i|}}, and in [[diphthongs]], {{IPA|[f]}} or {{IPA|[v]}}. In ancient Greek, it occurred in both long and short versions, but this distinction has been lost in Modern Greek.
 
As an initial letter in Classical Greek it always carried the [[rough breathing]] (equivalent to ''h'') as reflected in the many [[English words of Greek origin|Greek-derived English words]], such as those that begin with ''hyper-'' and ''hypo-''. This rough breathing was derived from an older pronunciation that used a [[Sibilant consonant|sibilant]] instead; this sibilant was not lost in Latin, giving rise to such cognates as ''super-'' (for ''hyper-'') and ''sub-'' (for ''hypo-'').
 
Upsilon participated as the second element in [[falling diphthong]]s, which have subsequently developed in various ways: For instance, after alpha or epsilon it is pronounced [f] or [v].
 
==Correspondence with Latin Y==
 
The usage of [[Y]] in Latin dates back to the first century BC. It was used to transcribe loanwords from Greek, so it was not a native sound of Latin and was usually pronounced /u/ or /i/. The latter pronunciation was the most common in the Classical period and was used by most people except the educated ones. The [[Roman Emperor]] [[Claudius]] proposed introducing a [[Claudian letters|new letter]] into the [[Latin alphabet]] to transcribe the so-called ''sonus medius'' (a short vowel before labial consonants), but in inscriptions, the new letter was sometimes used for Greek upsilon instead.
 
Four letters of the [[Latin alphabet]] arose from it: [[V]] and [[Y]] and, much later, [[U]] and [[W]]. In the [[Cyrillic script]], the letters [[U (Cyrillic)|U]] (У, у) and [[Izhitsa]] (Ѵ, ѵ) arose from it.
 
In some languages (most notably [[German language|German]]), the name ''upsilon'' (''Ypsilon'' in German, ''ípsilon'' in Portuguese) is used to refer to the Latin letter '''Y''' as well as the Greek letter.
 
== Usage ==
* In [[particle physics]] the capital Greek letter Υ denotes an [[Upsilon particle]]. Note that the symbol should always look like <math>\,\Upsilon</math> in order to avoid confusion with a Latin Y denoting the [[hypercharge]].
* Automobile manufacturer [[Lancia]] has a model called the Ypsilon. See [[Lancia Ypsilon]].
* In [[linguistics]], the symbol is used to represent a [[labiodental approximant]].
* In [[astrophysics]] and [[physical cosmology]], <math>\Upsilon</math> refers to the [[mass-to-light ratio]].<ref>Mihalas and McRae (1968), ''Galactic Astronomy'' (W. H. Freeman)</ref>
 
==Symbolism==
[[File:Geoffrey Tory Ypsilon.jpg|thumb|[[Geoffroy Tory]] Ypsilon]]
Upsilon is known as Pythagoras' letter, or the Samian letter, because [[Pythagoras]] used it as an emblem of the path of virtue or vice.<ref>Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham. ''The reader's handbook of famous names in fiction, allusions, references, proverbs, plots, stories, and poems'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=n3kjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA956&q=%22samian%20letter%22 Vol. 2, p. 956]. Lippincott, 1899.</ref> As the Roman writer [[Persius]] wrote in Satire III:
:"and the letter which spreads out into Pythagorean branches has pointed out to you the steep path which rises on the right."<ref>{{cite book|first=Persius|title=Satires|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/juvenalpersiuswi00juveuoft/juvenalpersiuswi00juveuoft_djvu.txt|authorlink=Persius}}</ref>
[[Lactantius]], an early Christian author (ca. 240 – ca. 320), refers to this:
:"For they say that the course of human life resembles the letter Y, because every one of men, when he has reached the threshold of early youth, and has arrived at the place "where the way divides itself into two parts," is in doubt, and hesitates, and does not know to which side he should rather turn himself."<ref>{{cite book|first=Lactatius|title=The Divine Institutes|pages=Book VI Chapter III|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_VII/Lactantius/The_Divine_Institutes/Book_VI/Chap._III|authorlink=Lactantius}}</ref>
 
==Character Encodings==
 
* Greek Upsilon
 
{{charmap
|03A5|name1=Greek Capital Letter Upsilon
|03C5|name2=Greek Small Letter Upsilon
|03D2|name3=Greek Upsilon with Hook Symbol
|map2=DOS Greek|map2char1=94|map2char2=AC
|map3=DOS Greek-2|map3char1=D1|map3char2=EF
|map4=Windows 1253|map4char1=D5|map4char2=F5
|namedref1=[[TeX]]|ref1char1=\Upsilon|ref1char2=\upsilon
}}
<ref>Unicode Code Charts: [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)]</ref>
 
* Coptic Ua
 
{{charmap
|2CA8|name1=Coptic Capital Letter Ua
|2CA9|name2=Coptic Small Letter Ua
}}
 
* Latin Upsilon
 
{{charmap
|01B1|name1=Latin Capital Letter Upsilon
|028A|name2=Latin Small Letter Upsilon
|1DB7|name3=Modifier Letter Small Upsilon
|1D7F|name4=Latin Small Letter Upsilon with Stroke
}}
 
* Mathematical Upsilon
 
{{charmap
|1D6BC|name1=Mathematical Bold<br />Capital Upsilon
|1D6D6|name2=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Upsilon
|1D6F6|name3=Mathematical Italic<br />Capital Upsilon
|1D710|name4=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Upsilon
|1D730|name5=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Capital Upsilon
|1D74A|name6=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Upsilon
}}
 
{{charmap
|1D76A|name1=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Capital Upsilon
|1D784|name2=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Upsilon
|1D7A4|name3=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Capital Upsilon
|1D7BE|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Upsilon
}}
 
These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
 
== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
 
==External links==
* {{cite web|last=Merrifield|first=Michael|title=γ – Mass to Light Ratio|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/masstolight.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|year=2009}}
 
[[Category:Greek letters]]
[[Category:Vowel letters]]

Revision as of 04:48, 3 March 2014

Herbal products are an excellent solution to be released from masculine impotence. Very occasionally, two females will fight over a male. Treatments or medications used for prostrate cancer reduce the manufacture of testosterone in the male testes and adrenal glands. There are many reasons that business ethics matter. Ovulation means your ovaries are releasing an egg down your fallopian tubes and into your uterus, where the baby will stay for 9 months once it is conceived.

Kamagra now also able to offer its benefits not only to youth but also the males who are more than 65 years and not able to stay harder erection. Who think that even though we're writing about the internet, we should still make an effort to be entertaining and erudite. The Sex-related Guidance Organization has useful factsheets on all of this. Depression, performance anxiety and relationship issues are some among the common psychological factors giving rise to the risk of male impotence. Guys who have achieved this are invaluable to research because they have served as the missing control group in studies; those without the effects of internet pornography: Previously, researchers couldn't find ANY guys who were not surfing pornography.

Moreover, women are really keen on a slightly tipsy man, because usually it takes longer before he comes (if at all). There are too many skin conditions; this makes it difficult for one to know which condition they actually suffer from. Several of the herbs taken with a healthy diet can help impotence. She recently wrote the best post on Tech - Crunch for months, a fascinating survey of Silicon Valley "mafias", and her latest book, Brilliant, Crazy, Cocky, is the result of forty weeks travelling around Asia, Africa and South America, conducting an exhaustive survey of entrepreneurialism in emerging economies. A medical opinion must be sought when primary impotence is present.

Men will typically need more zinc than females to provide enough zinc content to seminal fluids, but neither should ever go overboard. His partner also supports this action, which also helps in getting his sex life back on track. A study was conducted to know the effect of impotence drugs on the weight loss. You should also be eliminating your body and your bloodstream. There are also drugs associated with causing impotence such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine and prescription ulcer medications such as Cimetidine (Tagamet), hypertension medicines such as beta-blockers and diuretics.

Generally the method of stimulation required to achieve arousal can be what a man views or feels. Zenegra Generic Viagra are just generic versions of Viagra ®. 2) Overweight and a couch-potato lifestyle can be bad too. Of course, if your personal or family history suggests that no wine is best for you, then forego the vino and opt for red grape juice, which contains those same antioxidants. The Penis contains two chambers, made of spongy tissue, which run the length of the penis.

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