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| [[File:GR law b=1.svg|thumb|350px|Gutenberg–Richter law for ''b'' = 1]]
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| In [[seismology]], the '''Gutenberg–Richter law'''<ref>Gutenberg and Richter, , pages 17–19 ("Frequency and energy of earthquakes").</ref> ('''GR law''') expresses the relationship between the [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] and total number of [[earthquake]]s in any given region and time period of ''at least'' that magnitude.
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| : <math>\!\,\log_{10} N = a - b M</math>
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| or
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| : <math>\!\,N = 10^{a - b M}</math>
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| Where:
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| * <math>\!\, N </math> is the number of events having a magnitude <math>\!\, \ge M </math>
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| * <math>\!\, a </math> and <math>\!\, b </math> are constants
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| The relationship was first proposed by [[Charles Francis Richter]] and [[Beno Gutenberg]]. The relationship is surprisingly robust and does not vary significantly from region to region or over time.
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| [[File:GR law various b values.svg|thumb|350px|GR law plotted for various b-values]]
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| The constant ''b'' is typically equal to 1.0 in seismically active regions. This means that for every magnitude 4.0 event there will be 10 magnitude 3.0 quakes and 100 magnitude 2.0 quakes. There is some variation with b-values in the range 0.5 to 1.5 depending on the tectonic environment of the region.<ref>Bhattacharya ''et al'', p. 120</ref> A notable exception is during [[earthquake swarm]]s when the '''b-value''' can become as high as 2.5 indicating an even larger proportion of small quakes to large ones.
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| There is debate concerning the interpretation of some observed spatial and temporal variations of ''b''-values. The most frequently cited factors to explain these variations are: the stress applied to the material,<ref>Scholz, C. H. (1968), the frequency-magnitude relation of microfracturing in rock and its relation to earthquakes, BSSA, 58(1), 399–415.</ref> the depth,<ref>Mori, J., et R. E. Abercombie (1997), Depth dependence of earthquake frequency-magnitude distributions in California: Implication for rupture initiation, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(B7), 15081–15090.</ref> the focal mechanism,<ref>Schorlemmer, D., S. Wiemer, et M. Wyss (2005), Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes, Nature, 437, 539–542, doi: 10.1038/nature04094.</ref> the strength heterogeneity of the material,<ref>Mogi, K. (1962), Magnitude frequency relations for elastic shocks accompanying fractures of various materials and some related problems in earthquakes, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo, 40, 831–853.</ref> and the proximity of macro-failure. The ''b''-value decrease observed prior to the failure of samples deformed in the laboratory<ref>Lockner, D. A., et J. D. Byerlee (1991), Precursory AE patterns leading to rock fracture, in Vth Conf. AE/MS Geol. Str. and Mat., édité par Hardy, pp. 45–58, Trans Tech Publication, Germany, The pennsylvania State University.</ref> has led to the suggestion that this is a precursor to major macro-failure.<ref>Smith, W. D. (1981), The ''b''-value as an earthquake precursor, Nature, 289, 136–139; doi:10.1038/289136a0.</ref> Statistical physics provides a theoretical framework for explaining both the steadiness of the Gutenberg–Richter law for large catalogs and its evolution when the macro-failure is approached, but application to earthquake forecasting is currently out of reach.<ref>Amitrano, D. (2012), Variability in the power-law distributions of rupture events, how and why does b-value change, Eur. Phys. J.-Spec. Top., 205(1), 199–215, doi:10.1140/epjst/e2012-01571-9.</ref> Alternatively, a b-value significantly different from 1.0 may suggest a problem with the data set; e.g. it is incomplete or contains errors in calculating magnitude.
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| [[File:GR law roll-off.svg|thumb|350px|Roll-off compared to ideal GR law with ''b''=1]]
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| There is a tendency for the b-value to decrease for smaller magnitude events. This effect is described as "roll-off" of the b-value, a description due to the plot of the logarithmic version of the GR law becoming flatter at the low magnitude end of the plot. Data which is perfectly following the GR law plots to a straight line. Formerly, this was taken as an indicator of incompleteness of the data set. That is, it was assumed that many low-magnitude earthquakes are missed because fewer stations detect and record them. However, some modern models of earthquake dynamics have roll-off as a natural consequence of the model without the need for the feature to be inserted arbitrarily.<ref>Bhattacharya ''et al'', pp. 119–121<br />Pelletier, pp. 34–36</ref>
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| The ''a-value'' is of less scientific interest and simply indicates the total seismicity rate of the region. This is more easily seen when the GR law is expressed in terms of the total number of events:
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| :<math>N = N_\mathrm {TOT} 10^{-bM} \ </math>
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| :where,
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| :<math>N_\mathrm {TOT} = 10^a, \ </math>
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| the total number of events.
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| Modern attempts to understand the law involve theories of [[self-organized criticality]] or [[self similarity]].
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==Bibliography==
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| *Pathikrit Bhattacharya, [[Bikas K Chakrabarti]], Kamal, and Debashis Samanta, "Fractal models of earthquake dynamics", Heinz Georg Schuster (ed), ''Reviews of Nonlinear Dynamics and Complexity'', pp. 107–150 '''V.2''', Wiley-VCH, 2009 ISBN 3-527-40850-9.
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| *B. Gutenberg and C.F. Richter, ''Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena'', 2nd ed. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954).
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| *Jon D. Pelletier, "Spring-block models of seismicity: review and analysis of a structurally heterogeneous model coupled to the viscous asthenosphere" ''Geocomplexity and the Physics of Earthquakes'', American Geophysical Union, 2000 ISBN 0-87590-978-7.
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Gutenberg-Richter law}}
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| [[Category:Seismology measurement]]
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| [[Category:Statistical dependence]]
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| [[Category:Probabilistic models]]
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Hello buddy. Allow me introduce myself. I am Luther Aubrey. My home is now in Kansas. Interviewing is what I do for a residing but I strategy on changing it. To perform badminton is something he truly enjoys doing.
Check out my web site: http://Windows-Plus.com/UserProfile/tabid/163/userId/178956/Default.aspx