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{{Infobox scientist
| name              = LeRoy Apker
| image            =
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1915|06|11}}
| birth_place      = [[Rochester, New York]]
| death_date        =
| death_place      =
| nationality      = American
| fields            = [[Experimental physics]]
| workplaces        = [[General Electric Research Laboratory]]
| alma_mater        = [[University of Rochester]]
| influences        = [[Lee Alvin DuBridge]]
| influenced        =
| awards            = [[Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize]] (1955)
}}


'''LeRoy W. Apker''' (11 June 1915 – 1970) was an [[United States|American]] [[experimental physics|experimental physicist]].  Along with his colleagues [[E. A. Taft]] and [[Jean Dickey]], he studied the [[photoelectric effect|photoelectric]] emission of [[electron]]s from [[semiconductor]]s and discovered the phenomenon of [[exciton-induced photoemission]] in [[potassium iodide]].  In 1955, he received the [[Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize]] of the [[American Physical Society]] for his work.<ref>{{cite book|title=McGraw-Hill Modern Men of Science|editor=Jay E. Greene|year=1966|publisher=McGraw-Hill|pages=12–13}}</ref>


==Biography==
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In addition to the usual green drink ingredients (alfalfa, barley, soy lecithin, aloe vera, watercress, broccoli, kale, and spinach) it includes rare ingredients like grape seed, royal jelly powder, ginger, and cactus leaf powder.<br><br>One notable ingredient in the formula is the Ginko Bilboa extract which is known to improve blood circulation and has been used in traditional medicine since 2600 BC. <br>The Good <br>Big Nutrition<br>Let's start with a breakdown of the supplement's nutritional value. According to the company, each tablespoon (approximately 10.6 grams) delivers 5 grams of carbohydrate (1 gram of which is dietary fiber). It also contains 380 mg or Vitamin C, 200 IU if Vitamin E, and 40 mg of sodium.<br><br>The supplement's nutritional tally is good but does this mean that the drink is fattening? No, each serving has just 35 calories. If you are on a weight loss program, you can still this green supplement. 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This isn't a major concern because the drink nevertheless delivers what it promises. <br>All Day Energy Greens Review - Conclusion<br><br>The $39.99 per canister price tag may seem a little steep but it factors to only $1.3 a serving. This otherwise well-constructed supplement misses out on the probiotic front but it scores with its impressive ingredient list, fruity taste, and great value. <br>The nearly 40 ingredients include several superfoods that not just provide energy but also deliver antioxidants, maintain the alkaline balance of the body, and boost the immune system and digestion. If you are looking for a green drink supplement, you should definitely check this one [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb] out.
Born in [[Rochester, New York]] on 11 June 1915, Apeker attended the [[University of Rochester]], receiving a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1937. He then commenced graduate studies there under [[Lee Alvin DuBridge]], along with fellow graduate students [[Ernest Courant]], [[Esther M. Conwell]], [[Robert H. Dicke]], and others.  He received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[physics]] in 1941.  Also in 1941, he began working for the [[General Electric Research Laboratory]] in [[Schenectady]], [[New York]].
 
==Research==
 
===Photoelectric effect in semiconductors===
While at General Electric, he began to research the [[photoelectric effect]], which causes matter to emit [[electron]]s when exposed to some types of [[electromagnetic radiation]].  In 1916 [[Robert Andrews Millikan]], while verifying the photoelectric equations of [[Albert Einstein]], had proposed the idea that photoelectrons emitted from [[semiconductor]]s should behave in a different way than those emitted from other types of matter, and a very similar theory was advanced by [[Edward Condon]] in 1938.
 
In 1948 Apker, working with E. A. Taft and J. E. Dickey, he completed experiments that confirmed Condon's theory. The main discovery made was that photoelectrons from some semiconductors moved much slower than photelectrons from metals with the same [[work function]], an unexpected result which was used to increase understanding of the electronic structure of semiconductors.
 
===Flash filament method===
Apker was also active in the field of [[vacuum]] science. In 1948 he developed the flash filament method for [[pressure measurement|measuring very low pressures]], which was the first widely used method for measuring pressures less than <math>10^-8</math> [[Torr]]. In this method, a gas is allowed to [[adsorption|adsorb]] onto a clean [[tungsten]] filament for a set amount of time, and the filament is then rapidly heated.  The gas adsorbed onto the filament is released, and the resulting pressure burst can be measured. Though very time consuming, the flash filament method was later used for [[thermal desorption spectroscopy]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Vacuum science and technology: pioneers of the 20th century : history of vacuum science and technology|author=P. A. Redhead|publisher=American Vacuum Society|page=142|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IDpo-VYxPCQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=15 March 2011|isbn=978-1-56396-248-6}}</ref>
 
===Potassium iodide===
Apker followed up his work on the photoelectric effect with an investigation of the photoelectric properties of the [[alkali halide]]s, particularly [[potassium iodide]].  In potassium iodide, an ionic crystal, some [[iodide]] ions can be removed and their vacant places will be filled by electrons.  Called "[[F-Center]]s," these defects absorb [[visible light|visible]] and [[ultraviolet light]], coloring the crystals at photon energies where they are usually transparent. Additionally, the absorption of visible radiation can free trapped electrons inside the crystal and produce photoconductivity.
 
Apker found that in addition to visible radiation, near-ultraviolet radiation also produces photoconductitivty. Deeper into the ultraviolet spectrum, however, potassium iodide has a strong [[absorption line]] due to the formation of chargeless particles called [[exciton]]s. These excitons transfer energy to the electrons in the [[F-Center]]s with remarkably high efficiency, and these excited electrons are excited from the crystals in [[exciton-induced photoemission]]. Apker observed the same sort of behavior in other crystals such as [[barium oxide]].
 
==Legacy==
In 1978, Apker's wife and colleague Jean Dickey Apker established the [[LeRoy Apker Award (APS)|LeRoy Apker Award]] of the [[American Physical Society]] in memory of Apker. The award is presented to two college undergraduates each year.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bulletin of the American Physical Society|year=1982|publisher=American Physical Society|page=83}}</ref>
 
==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal |last1= Apker|first1= L.|last2= Taft|first2= E.|last3=Dickey|first3=J.|year= 1948|title= Photoelectric Emission and Contact Potentials of Semiconductors  |journal= [[Physical Review]]|volume= 74|issue= 10|page= 1462|doi=  10.1103/PhysRev.74.1462|bibcode = 1948PhRv...74.1462A }}
*{{cite journal |last1= Apker|first1= L.|year= 1948|title= Surface Phenomena Useful in Vacuum Technique|journal= Industrial and Engineering Chemistry|volume= 40|issue= 5|pages= 846–847 |doi=10.1021/ie50461a016}}
*{{cite journal |last1= Apker|first1=L.|last2= Taft|first2= E.|year= 1950|title= Photoelectric Emission from ''F''-Centers in KI|journal= [[Physical Review]]|volume= 79|issue= 6|page= 964|doi=  10.1103/PhysRev.79.964|bibcode = 1950PhRv...79..964A }}
*{{cite journal |last1= Apker|first1= L.|last2= Taft|first2= E.|year= 1951|title= Exciton-Enhanced Photoelectric Emission from ''F''-Centers in RbI near 85°K|journal= [[Physical Review]]|volume= 81|issue= 5|pages=698–701|doi= 10.1103/PhysRev.81.698|bibcode = 1951PhRv...81..698A }}
*{{cite journal |last1= Apker|first1= L.|last2= Taft|first2= E.|last3=Dickey|first3=J.|year= 1953|title= Electron Scattering and the Photoemission from Cesium Antimonide|journal= Journal of the Optical Society of America|volume= 43|issue= 2|pages= 78–80|url= |doi=10.1364/JOSA.43.000078}}
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = LeRoy Apker
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American scientist
| DATE OF BIRTH    = 11 June 1915
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = Rochester, NY, USA
| DATE OF DEATH    = 1970
| PLACE OF DEATH    =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Apker, LeRoy}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:People from Rochester, New York]]
[[Category:University of Rochester alumni]]
[[Category:Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize winners]]

Latest revision as of 09:24, 12 June 2014


All Day Energy Greens is a green drink sold by Institute for Vibrant Living (IVL).
The company claims that more than 600,000 customers have purchased their powder formula. Here is a detailed All Day Energy Greens review.
All Day Energy Greens Review - About the Product
All Day Energy Greens is a green drink powder formula sold in canisters. The formula combines 40 ingredients (several of which have been proven to have positive health effects by leading researches) to create a powder where one tablespoon provides the nutritional value of 5 helpings of fruits and vegetables.


The company suggests that you mix 1 tablespoon of the formula discount ugg boots with 6-8 ounces of water or a smoothie. It is not intended for use by individuals below 18 years of age, pregnant or lactating women. The supplement doesn't claim to cure any diseases and consequently, has not been approved by the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration)

Apart from increasing energy levels, the green supplement claims to improve digestion by maintaining the body's acid/base balance. It delivers antioxidants to the cells. The formula also beefs up body's immunity. It can be incorporated in a weight management plan as a healthy nutrition option.
All Day Energy Greens Review - The Ingredient List

As discount ugg boots is often the case with energy supplements, loud advertising can often be a cover for an ingredient list that http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb can be best described as lacking. Fortunately, this is not the case with All Day Energy Greens. In addition to the usual green drink ingredients (alfalfa, barley, soy lecithin, aloe vera, watercress, broccoli, kale, and spinach) it includes rare ingredients like grape seed, royal jelly powder, ginger, and cactus leaf powder.

One notable ingredient in the formula is the Ginko Bilboa extract which is known to improve blood circulation and has been used in traditional medicine since 2600 BC.
The Good
Big Nutrition
Let's start with a breakdown of the supplement's nutritional value. According to the company, each tablespoon (approximately 10.6 grams) delivers 5 grams of carbohydrate (1 gram of which is dietary fiber). It also contains 380 mg or Vitamin C, 200 IU if Vitamin E, and 40 mg of sodium.

The supplement's nutritional tally is good but does this mean that the drink is fattening? No, each serving has just 35 calories. If you are on a weight loss program, you can still this green supplement. In fact, it may help overcome the loss of energy felt after exercising or dieting.

Fruity Taste

The formula has 40 ingredients and most of them individually taste repulsive. The product's developers have done a good job at masking the earthy tastes of its ingredients. The result is a fruity flavor that is as drinkable when dissolved in water as it is when mixed with a smoothie.

Great Value

At $39.99 for a month's supply, it comes down to $1.33 a drink. There are only a few other green drink supplements that provide better value than this green supplement. However, this is probably because these other supplements (like Total Living Drink Greens) have larger serving sizes.

12 month supply costs $299 which makes a drink cost 83 cents.

The Bad
All Day Energy, Really?
The name may falsely imply that you don't need any other nutrition to go through a day. The serving size of 35 calories is not enough to fuel a whole day on its own. Remember that the supplement will not deliver some pre-paid form of energy to your body but will stimulate the cells into producing more energy, using the other food you ingest as a raw material.

Misses Probiotics
True that All Day Energy Greens is a green energy drink powder but the makers have added value by including Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Sodium. It would have been great if they had included probiotics as well. These promote the growth of healthy bacteria in the gut and http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb are one cheap ugg boots of the most stressed upon ingredients of energy drinks right now.


Exact Amount of Ingredients is Unknown
The ingredients are listed in a "propriety blend" format. This means that buyers can't know the exact amount of each ingredient in the powder. This isn't a major concern because the drink nevertheless delivers what it promises.
All Day Energy Greens Review - Conclusion

The $39.99 per canister price tag may seem a little steep but it factors to only $1.3 a serving. This otherwise well-constructed supplement misses out on the probiotic front but it scores with its impressive ingredient list, fruity taste, and great value.
The nearly 40 ingredients include several superfoods that not just provide energy but also deliver antioxidants, maintain the alkaline balance of the body, and boost the immune system and digestion. If you are looking for a green drink supplement, you should definitely check this one http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb out.

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