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In [[mathematics]], a '''free Lie algebra''', over a given [[field (mathematics)|field]] ''K'', is a [[Lie algebra]] generated by a set ''X'', without any imposed relations.
 
==Definition==
[[Image:Free lie.png|right|thumb|100px]]
: Let ''X'' be a set and ''i'': ''X'' &rarr; ''L'' a morphism of sets from ''X'' into a Lie algebra ''L''.  The Lie algebra ''L'' is called '''free on ''X''''' if for any Lie algebra ''A'' with a morphism of sets ''f'': ''X'' &rarr; ''A'', there is a unique Lie algebra morphism ''g'': ''L'' &rarr; ''A'' such that ''f'' = ''g'' o ''i''.
Given a set ''X'', one can show that there exists a unique free Lie algebra ''L(X)'' generated by ''X''.
 
In the language of category theory, the [[functor]] sending a set ''X'' to the Lie algebra generated by ''X'' is the [[Free_object#Free_functor|free functor]] from the category of sets to the category of Lie algebras. That is, it is [[left adjoint]] to the [[forgetful functor]].
 
As the 0-graded component of the free Lie algebra on a set ''X'' is just the free vector space on that group, one can alternatively define a free Lie algebra on a vector space ''V'' as left adjoint to the forgetful functor from Lie algebras over a field ''K'' to vector spaces over the field ''K'' – forgetting the Lie algebra structure, but remembering the vector space structure.
 
==Universal enveloping algebra==
 
The [[universal enveloping algebra]] of a free Lie algebra on a set ''X'' is the [[free associative algebra]] generated by ''X''. By the [[Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem]] it is the "same size" as the symmetric algebra of the free Lie algebra (meaning that if both sides are graded by giving elements of ''X'' degree 1 then they are isomorphic as graded vector spaces). This can be used to describe the dimension of the piece of the free Lie algebra of any given degree.
 
Witt showed that the number of basic commutators of degree ''k'' in the free Lie algebra on an ''m''-element set is given by the [[necklace polynomial]]:
:<math>N_k = \frac{1}{k}\sum_{d|k}\mu(d)\cdot m^{k/d},</math>
where <math>\mu</math> is the [[Möbius function]].
 
The graded dual of the universal enveloping algebra of a free Lie algebra on a finite set is the [[shuffle algebra]].
 
==Hall sets==
 
An explicit basis of the free Lie algebra can be given in terms of a '''Hall set''', which is a particular kind of subset inside the [[free magma]] on ''X''. Elements of the free magma are [[binary tree]]s, with their leaves labelled by elements of ''X''. Hall sets were introduced by {{harvs|txt||first=Marshall |last=Hall|authorlink=Marshall Hall (mathematician)|year=1950}} based on work of  [[Philip Hall]] on groups. Subsequently [[Wilhelm Magnus]] showed that they arise as the [[graded Lie algebra]] associated with the filtration on a [[free group]] given by the [[lower central series]]. This correspondence was motivated by [[commutator]] identities in [[group theory]] due to Philip  Hall and [[Ernst Witt]].
 
==Lyndon basis==
 
In particular there is a basis of the free Lie algebra corresponding to [[Lyndon word]]s, called the '''Lyndon basis'''. (This is also called the Chen–Fox–Lyndon basis or the Lyndon–Shirshov basis, and  is essentially the same as the '''Shirshov basis'''.)
There is a bijection γ from the Lyndon words in an ordered alphabet to a basis of the free Lie algebra on this alphabet defined as follows.
*If a word ''w'' has length 1 then γ(''w'')=''w'' (considered as a generator of the free Lie algebra).
*If ''w'' has length at least 2, then write ''w''=''uv'' for Lyndon words ''u'', ''v'' with ''v'' as long as possible. Then γ(''w'') = [γ(''u''),γ(''v'')]
 
== Shirshov–Witt theorem ==
 
{{harvs|txt|last=Širšov|authorlink=Anatoly Illarionovich Shirshov|year=1953}} and {{harvs|txt|last=Witt|year=1956}} showed that any [[Lie subalgebra]] of a free Lie algebra is itself a free Lie algebra.
 
==Applications==
The Milnor invariants of the [[link group]] are related to the free Lie algebra, as discussed in that article.
 
==See also==
*[[Free object]]
*[[Free algebra]]
*[[Free group]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{springer|id=l/l058410|title=Free Lie algebra over a ring|first=Yu.A. |last=Bakhturin}}
* N. Bourbaki, "Lie Groups and Lie Algebras," Chapter II: Free Lie Algebras, Springer, 1989. ISBN 0-387-50218-1
*{{Citation | last1=Chen | first1=Kuo-Tsai | not-used-author1-link=Kuo-Tsai Chen | last2=Fox | first2=Ralph H. | author2-link=Ralph Fox | last3=Lyndon | first3=Roger C. | author3-link=Roger Lyndon | title=Free differential calculus. IV. The quotient groups of the lower central series | jstor=1970044 | mr=0102539 | year=1958 | journal=[[Annals of Mathematics|Annals of Mathematics. Second Series]] | issn=0003-486X | volume=68 | pages=81–95 | issue=1 | doi=10.2307/1970044}}
*{{Citation | last1=Hall | first1=Marshall | title=A basis for free Lie rings and higher commutators in free groups | url=http://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1950-001-05/S0002-9939-1950-0038336-7/ | doi=10.1090/S0002-9939-1950-0038336-7  | mr=0038336 | year=1950 | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]] | issn=0002-9939 | volume=1 | pages=575–581 | issue=5}}
*{{Citation | last=Lothaire | first=M. | authorlink=M. Lothaire | others=Perrin, D.; Reutenauer, C.; Berstel, J.; Pin, J. E.; Pirillo, G.; Foata, D.; Sakarovitch, J.; Simon, I.; Schützenberger, M. P.; Choffrut, C.; Cori, R.; Lyndon, Roger; Rota, Gian-Carlo. Foreword by Roger Lyndon | title=Combinatorics on words | edition=2nd | series=Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications | volume=17 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | year=1997 | isbn=0-521-59924-5 | zbl=0874.20040 | pages=76-91,98 }}
*{{Citation | last1=Magnus | first1=Wilhelm | author1-link=Wilhelm Magnus | title=Über Beziehungen zwischen höheren Kommutatoren | url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?GDZPPN00217412X | language=German | doi=10.1515/crll.1937.177.105 | jfm=63.0065.01 | year=1937 | journal=Journal für Reine und Angewandte Mathematik | issn=0075-4102 | volume=177 | pages=105–115 | issue=177}}
* W. Magnus, A. Karrass, D. Solitar, "Combinatorial group theory". Reprint of the 1976 second edition, Dover, 2004. ISBN 0-486-43830-9
* {{springer|id=h/h110040|title=Hall set|author=G. Melançon}}
* {{springer|id=h/h110050|title=Hall word|author=G. Melançon}}
*{{eom|id=/S/s110100|first=G. |last=Melançon|title=Shirshov basis}}
*{{Citation | last1=Reutenauer | first1=Christophe | title=Free Lie algebras | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cBvvAAAAMAAJ | publisher=The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | series=London Mathematical Society Monographs. New Series | isbn=978-0-19-853679-6 | mr=1231799 | year=1993 | volume=7}}
*{{Citation | last1=Širšov | first1=A. I. | title=Subalgebras of free Lie algebras | mr=0059892 | year=1953 | journal=Mat. Sbornik N.S. | volume=33(75) | pages=441–452}}
*{{Citation | last1=Witt | first1=Ernst | author1-link=Ernst Witt | title=Die Unterringe der freien Lieschen Ringe | doi=10.1007/BF01166568 | mr=0077525 | year=1956 | journal=[[Mathematische Zeitschrift]] | issn=0025-5874 | volume=64 | pages=195–216}}
 
[[Category:Properties of Lie algebras]]
[[Category:Free algebraic structures]]

Revision as of 01:55, 8 March 2013

In mathematics, a free Lie algebra, over a given field K, is a Lie algebra generated by a set X, without any imposed relations.

Definition

Let X be a set and i: XL a morphism of sets from X into a Lie algebra L. The Lie algebra L is called free on X if for any Lie algebra A with a morphism of sets f: XA, there is a unique Lie algebra morphism g: LA such that f = g o i.

Given a set X, one can show that there exists a unique free Lie algebra L(X) generated by X.

In the language of category theory, the functor sending a set X to the Lie algebra generated by X is the free functor from the category of sets to the category of Lie algebras. That is, it is left adjoint to the forgetful functor.

As the 0-graded component of the free Lie algebra on a set X is just the free vector space on that group, one can alternatively define a free Lie algebra on a vector space V as left adjoint to the forgetful functor from Lie algebras over a field K to vector spaces over the field K – forgetting the Lie algebra structure, but remembering the vector space structure.

Universal enveloping algebra

The universal enveloping algebra of a free Lie algebra on a set X is the free associative algebra generated by X. By the Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem it is the "same size" as the symmetric algebra of the free Lie algebra (meaning that if both sides are graded by giving elements of X degree 1 then they are isomorphic as graded vector spaces). This can be used to describe the dimension of the piece of the free Lie algebra of any given degree.

Witt showed that the number of basic commutators of degree k in the free Lie algebra on an m-element set is given by the necklace polynomial:

where is the Möbius function.

The graded dual of the universal enveloping algebra of a free Lie algebra on a finite set is the shuffle algebra.

Hall sets

An explicit basis of the free Lie algebra can be given in terms of a Hall set, which is a particular kind of subset inside the free magma on X. Elements of the free magma are binary trees, with their leaves labelled by elements of X. Hall sets were introduced by Template:Harvs based on work of Philip Hall on groups. Subsequently Wilhelm Magnus showed that they arise as the graded Lie algebra associated with the filtration on a free group given by the lower central series. This correspondence was motivated by commutator identities in group theory due to Philip Hall and Ernst Witt.

Lyndon basis

In particular there is a basis of the free Lie algebra corresponding to Lyndon words, called the Lyndon basis. (This is also called the Chen–Fox–Lyndon basis or the Lyndon–Shirshov basis, and is essentially the same as the Shirshov basis.) There is a bijection γ from the Lyndon words in an ordered alphabet to a basis of the free Lie algebra on this alphabet defined as follows.

  • If a word w has length 1 then γ(w)=w (considered as a generator of the free Lie algebra).
  • If w has length at least 2, then write w=uv for Lyndon words u, v with v as long as possible. Then γ(w) = [γ(u),γ(v)]

Shirshov–Witt theorem

Template:Harvs and Template:Harvs showed that any Lie subalgebra of a free Lie algebra is itself a free Lie algebra.

Applications

The Milnor invariants of the link group are related to the free Lie algebra, as discussed in that article.

See also

References

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  • N. Bourbaki, "Lie Groups and Lie Algebras," Chapter II: Free Lie Algebras, Springer, 1989. ISBN 0-387-50218-1
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  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

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    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • W. Magnus, A. Karrass, D. Solitar, "Combinatorial group theory". Reprint of the 1976 second edition, Dover, 2004. ISBN 0-486-43830-9
  • Other Sports Official Kull from Drumheller, has hobbies such as telescopes, property developers in singapore and crocheting. Identified some interesting places having spent 4 months at Saloum Delta.

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  • Other Sports Official Kull from Drumheller, has hobbies such as telescopes, property developers in singapore and crocheting. Identified some interesting places having spent 4 months at Saloum Delta.

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  • Template:Eom
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010