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[[File:Single Lens Ceilometer.JPG|thumb|right|Laser Ceilometer]]
A '''ceilometer''' is a device that uses a [[laser]] or other light source to determine the height of a [[cloud base]]. Ceilometers can also be used to measure the [[aerosol]] concentration within the atmosphere.
 
==Optical Drum Ceilometer==
An optical drum ceilometer uses [[triangulation]] to determine the height of a spot of light projected onto the base of the [[cloud]]. It consists essentially of a rotating projector, a detector, and a recorder. The projector emits an intense beam of light above into the sky at an angle that varies with the rotation. The detector, which is located at a fixed distance from the projector, uses a [[photoelectric cell]] pointing vertically. When it detects the projected light return from the cloud base, the instrument notes the angle and the calculation gives the height of clouds.
 
==Laser Ceilometer==
A laser ceilometer consist of a vertically pointing laser and a receiver in the same location. A laser pulse with a duration on the order of nanoseconds is sent through the atmosphere. As the beam travels through the atmosphere, tiny
fractions of the light are scattered by aerosols. Generally, the size of the particles in question are similar in size to the wavelength of the laser. This situation leads to [[MIE theory|Mie scattering]]. A small component of this
scattered light is directed back to the lidar receiver. The timing of the received signal can be
transformed into a spatial range, ''z'', by using the speed of light. I.e.,
 
:<math>distance = \frac {c \delta t}{2}</math>  
 
where c is the light speed in the air.  
 
In this way, each pulse of laser light results in a vertical profile of aerosol concentration within the atmosphere. Generally, many individual profiles will be averaged together in order to increase the [[signal to noise ratio]] and average profiles are reported on a time scale of seconds. The presence of clouds or water droplets leads to a very strong return signal compared to background levels, which allows for cloud heights to be easily identified.  
 
For cloud base determination purpose, due to the ceilometers ability to pick up any particle in the air (dust, [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], smoke, etc...), it will give occasional false readings. As an example, depending on the threshold used, falling [[diamond dust]] (Ice Crystals) may cause the ceilometer to report a cloud height of zero, even though the sky is clear.
 
Using these last properties, ceilometers will have other uses. Since the instrument will note any returns, it is possible to locate any faint layer where it occurs, additionally to the cloud's base, by looking at the whole pattern of returned energy. Furthermore, the rate at which diffusion happens can be noted by the diminishing part returned to the ceilometer in clear air, giving the coefficient of extinction of the light signal. Using these data could give the vertical visibility and the possible concentration of air [[pollution|pollutants]]. This has been developed in research and could be applied for operational purpose.
 
==See also==
*[[Automated airport weather station]]
 
== External links ==
{{Commons|Ceilometer}}
* [http://www.nsdl.arm.gov/Library/glossary.shtml#ceilometer National Science Digital Library - Ceilometer]
* [http://www.radar.mcgill.ca/science/ex-instrument/ex-ceilometer.html Ceilometer from [[McGill University]] ]
* [http://www.nws.noaa.gov/asos/sky.htm National Weather Service ASOS ceilometer page]
 
{{Meteorological equipment}}
 
[[Category:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment]]

Latest revision as of 10:30, 29 December 2014

Some users of computer are aware that their computer become slower or have several errors after using for a while. But most persons don't recognize how to speed up their computer plus a few of them don't dare to operate it. They always find certain experts to keep the computer in superior condition however, they have to spend some funds on it. Actually, you are able to do it by yourself. There are numerous registry cleaner software which there are one of them online. Some of them are free plus we simply want to download them. After installing it, this registry cleaner software might scan the registry. If it found these mistakes, it might report you plus we can delete them to keep your registry clean. It is simple to operate plus it's the best method to repair registry.

Install an anti-virus software. If you already have which on we computer then carry out a full program scan. If it finds any viruses on the computer, delete those. Viruses invade the computer and create it slower. To safeguard the computer from many viruses, it is better to keep the anti-virus software running when we utilize the internet. We might moreover fix the protection settings of the internet browser. It will block unknown and risky websites and block off any spyware or malware striving to receive into the computer.

So, this advanced dual scan is not only 1 of the greater, however, it really is equally freeware. And as of all of this that various respect CCleaner among the greater registry products inside the marketplace today. I would add that I personally choose Regcure for the easy reason that it has a better interface and I know for a fact which it is ad-ware without charge.

Registry cleaners have been crafted for one purpose - to clean out the 'registry'. This is the central database that Windows relies on to function. Without this database, Windows wouldn't even exist. It's thus important, which the computer is frequently adding plus updating the files inside it, even if you're browsing the Internet (like now). This is awesome, however the issues happen whenever a few of those files become corrupt or lost. This happens a lot, plus it takes a advantageous tool to fix it.

Google Chrome crashes on Windows 7 if the registry entries are improperly modified. Missing registry keys or registry keys with wrong values could lead to runtime errors and thereby the problem happens. We are recommended to scan the whole system registry and review the outcome. Attempt the registry repair procedure utilizing third-party registry reviver software.

Active X controls are utilized over the entire spectrum of computer plus internet technologies. These controls are called the building blocks of the internet and because the glue that puts it all together. It is a standard which is used by all programmers to create the web more helpful plus interactive. Without these control guidelines there would basically be no public internet.

Your disk requirements space in purchase to run smoothly. By freeing up some room from the disk, you'll be capable to accelerate the PC a bit. Delete all file in the temporary internet files folder, recycle bin, clear shortcuts and icons from the desktop that we never employ plus remove programs you never use.

Registry cleaners could enable the computer run in a more efficient mode. Registry products should be piece of a usual scheduled maintenance system for the computer. You don't have to wait forever for a computer or the programs to load and run. A small maintenance can bring back the speed you lost.