Inverse relation
Temperature jump is a technique used in the study of chemical kinetics. It usually involves the discharging of a capacitor (in the kV range) through a small volume (<mL) of a conducting solution containing the molecule/reaction to be studied. In some versions of the apparatus used, the solution is heated instead by the output of a pulsed laser which emits in the near infra-red. When laser heating is employed, the solution need not be conducting. In both cases, the temperature of the solution is caused to rise by a small amount in microseconds (or less in the case of laser heating). This allows the study of the shift in equilibrium of reactions that equilibrate in milliseconds (or microseconds with laser temperature jump), these changes most commonly being observed using absorption spectroscopy or fluorescence spectroscopy. Due to the small volumes involved the temperature of the solution returns to that of its surroundings in minutes.[1]
The fractional extent of the reaction (i.e. the percentage change in concentration of a measurable species) depends on the molar enthalpy change (ΔH°) between the reactants and products and the equilibrium position. If K is the equilibrium constant and dT is the change in temperature then the enthalpy change is given by the Van't Hoff equation:
where R is the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. When a single step in a reaction is perturbed in a temperature jump experiment, the reaction follows a single exponential decay function with the reciprocal time constant (1/τ) equal to the sum of the forward and reverse intrinsic rate constants. In more complex reaction networks, when multiple reaction steps are perturbed, then the reciprocal time constants are given by the eigenvalues of the characteristic rate equations. The ability to observe intermediate steps in a reaction pathway is one of the attractive features of this technology.[2]
References
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