Leakage inductance: Difference between revisions

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:''For similar phrases, see [[Brown note (disambiguation)]].''
It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>If you treasured this article and you also would like to collect more info relating to [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 dentist DC] generously visit our own website.
{{Colors of noise}}
 
[[File:Brown noise spectrum.svg|thumb|right|Brown noise spectrum]]
 
In [[science]], '''Brownian noise''' ({{audio|Brownnoise.ogg|Sample}}), also known as '''Brown noise''' or '''red noise''', is the kind of [[signal noise]] produced by [[Brownian motion]], hence its alternative name of '''random walk noise'''. The term "Brown noise" comes not from [[brown|the color]], but after [[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]], the discoverer of Brownian motion.
 
==Explanation==
The graphic representation of the sound signal mimics a Brownian pattern. Its [[spectral density]] is inversely proportional to f², meaning it has more energy at lower frequencies, even more so than [[pink noise]]. It decreases in power by 6 [[Decibel|dB]] per [[octave]] (20 dB per [[Decade (log scale)|decade]]) and, when heard, has a "damped" or "soft" quality compared to [[white noise|white]] and pink noise. The sound is a low roar resembling a waterfall or heavy rainfall. See also [[Colors of noise#Violet noise|violet noise]], which is a 6 dB ''increase'' per octave.
 
==Power spectrum==
A Brownian motion, also called a [[Wiener process]], is obtained as the integral of a [[white noise]] signal, <math> dW(t) </math>,
 
<math>W(t) = \int _{0}^{t} dW(s) </math>
 
meaning that Brownian motion is the integral of the white noise <math> dW(t) </math> whose [[Spectral_density#Power_spectral_density | power spectral density]] is flat<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of stochastic methods|first= C. W. |last=Gardiner|publisher= Springer Verlag|location= Berlin}}</ref>
 
<math> S_0 = \left|\mathcal{F}\left[\frac{dW(t)}{dt}\right](\omega)\right|^2 = \text{const} </math>
 
Note that here <math>\mathcal{F}</math> denotes the [[Fourier transform]] and <math>S_0</math> is a constant. An important property of this transform is that the derivative of any distribution transforms as<ref>{{ cite journal|title=A statistical model of flicker noise|author=Barnes, J.A. and Allan, D.W. |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE| volume= 54 | issue= 2 |year= 1966| page= 176– 178}}  and references therein</ref>
 
<math> \mathcal{F}\left[\frac{dW(t)}{dt}\right](\omega) = i \omega \mathcal{F}[W(t)](\omega) </math>
 
from which we can conclude that the power spectrum of Brownian noise is
 
<math> S(\omega)= \left|\mathcal{F}[W(t)](\omega)\right|^2= \frac{S_0}{\omega^2} </math>.
 
==Production==
Brown noise can be produced by [[integral|integrating]] [[white noise]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dsprelated.com/showmessage/46697/1.php| title= Integral of White noise |year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://paulbourke.net/fractals/noise/|title=Generating noise with different power spectra laws
|first= Paul |last=Bourke|date=October 1998
}}
</ref> That is, whereas ([[Digital data|digital]]) white noise can be produced by randomly choosing each [[sample (signal)|sample]] independently, Brown noise can be produced by adding a random offset to each sample to obtain the next one. Note that while the first sample is random across the entire range that the sound sample can take on, the remaining offsets from there on are a tenth or there abouts, leaving room for the signal to bounce around.
 
===Sample===
{{Listen|filename=Brownnoise.ogg|title=Brown noise|description=10 seconds of Brown noise|pos=left}}
{{clear}}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
== External links ==
*[http://playnoise.com/ PlayNoise], a free online white, pink, and brown noise player, uses Javascript/HTML5.
*[http://mynoise.net/NoiseMachines/whiteNoiseGenerator.php myNoise], a free online coloured noise player, that supports seamless morphing between all possible noise colours (incl. brown)
*[http://www.noisli.com Noisli], a free online noise player, supporting white, pink and brown noise, several sounds of nature, and a coffee shop.
 
{{Noise}}
 
[[Category:Noise]]

Latest revision as of 15:38, 17 June 2014

It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.

Here are some common dental emergencies:
Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.

At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.

Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.

Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.

Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.

Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.

Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.

In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.

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