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In [[abstract algebra]], specifically in [[module theory]], a '''dense submodule''' of a module is a refinement of the notion of an [[essential submodule]]. If ''N'' is a dense submodule of ''M'', it may also be said it may alternatively be said that "''N'' ⊆ ''M'' is a '''rational extension'''". Dense submodules are connected with rings of quotients in noncommutative ring theory. Most of the results appearing here were first established in {{harv|Johnson|1951}}, {{harv|Utumi|1956}} and {{harv|Findlay|Lambek|1958}}. | |||
It should be noticed that this terminology is different from the notion of a [[dense subset]] in [[general topology]]. No topology is needed to define a dense submodule, and a dense submodule may or may not be topologically dense in a module with topology. | |||
== | == Definition == | ||
This article modifies [[Exposition (literary technique)|exposition]] appearing in {{harv|Storrer|1972}} and {{harv|Lam|1999|p=272}}. Let ''R'' be a ring, and ''M'' be a right ''R'' module with submodule ''N''. For an element ''y'' of ''M'', define | |||
:<math>y^{-1}N=\{r\in R \mid yr\in N \} \,</math> | |||
Note that the expression ''y''<sup>−1</sup> is only formal and that ''y'' is not necessarily [[invertible]], but it helps to suggest that ''y''⋅(''y''<sup>−1</sup>''N'') ⊆ ''N''. The set ''y'' <sup>−1</sup>''N'' is always a right [[ideal (ring theory)|ideal]] of ''R''. | |||
A submodule ''N'' of ''M'' is said to be a '''dense submodule''' if for all ''x'' and ''y'' in ''M'' with ''x'' ≠ 0, there exists an ''r'' in ''R'' such that ''xr'' ≠ {0} and ''yr'' is in ''N''. In other words, using the introduced notation, the set | |||
:<math>x(y^{-1}N)\neq\{0\} \,</math> | |||
In this case, the relationship is denoted by | |||
:<math>N\subseteq_d M\,</math> | |||
Another equivalent definition is [[homological algebra|homological]] in nature: ''N'' is dense in ''M'' if and only if | |||
:<math>\mathrm{Hom}_R (M/N,E(M))=\{0\}\,</math> | |||
where ''E''(''M'') is the [[injective hull]] of ''M''. | |||
== | == Properties == | ||
* It can be shown that ''N'' is an essential submodule of ''M'' if and only if for all ''y'' ≠ 0 in ''M'', the set ''y''⋅(''y'' <sup>−1</sup>''N'') ≠ {0}. Clearly then, every dense submodule is an essential submodule. | |||
* If ''M'' is a [[nonsingular module]], then ''N'' is dense in ''M'' if and only if it is essential in ''M''. | |||
* A ring is a right [[nonsingular ring]] if and only if its essential right ideals are all dense right ideals. | |||
* If ''N'' and ''N' '' are dense submodules of ''M'', then so is ''N'' ∩ ''N' ''. | |||
* If ''N'' is dense and ''N'' ⊆ ''K'' ⊆ ''M'', then ''K'' is also dense. | |||
* If ''B'' is a dense right ideal in ''R'', then so is ''y''<sup>−1</sup>''B'' for any ''y'' in ''R''. | |||
== Examples == | |||
* If ''x'' is a non-zerodivisor in the [[center (algebra)|center]] of ''R'', then ''xR'' is a dense right ideal of ''R''. | |||
* If ''I'' is a two-sided ideal of ''R'', ''I'' is dense as a right ideal if and only if the ''left'' [[annihilator]] of ''I'' is zero, that is, <math>\ell\cdot \mathrm{Ann}(I)=\{0\}\,</math>. In particular in commutative rings, the dense ideals are precisely the ideals which are [[faithful module]]s. | |||
== | == Applications == | ||
=== Rational hull of a module === | |||
Every right ''R'' module ''M'' has a maximal essential extension ''E''(''M'') which is its [[injective hull]]. The analogous construction using a maximal dense extension results in the '''rational hull''' ''Ẽ''(''M'') which is a submodule of ''E''(''M''). When a module has no proper rational extension, so that ''Ẽ''(''M'') = ''M'', the module is said to be '''rationally complete'''. If ''R'' is right nonsingular, then of course ''Ẽ''(''M'') = ''E''(''M''). | |||
The rational hull is readily identified within the injective hull. Let ''S''=End<sub>''R''</sub>(''E''(''M'')) be the [[endomorphism ring]] of the injective hull. Then an element ''x'' of the injective hull is in the rational hull if and only if ''x'' is sent to zero by all maps in ''S'' which are zero on ''M''. In symbols, | |||
:<math>\tilde{E}(M)=\{x\in E(M) \mid \forall f\in S, f(M)=0 \implies f(x)=0\}\,</math> | |||
In general, there may be maps in ''S'' which are zero on ''M'' and yet are nonzero for some ''x'' not in ''M'', and such an ''x'' would not be in the rational hull. | |||
=== Maximal right ring of quotients === | |||
{{main|Maximal ring of quotients}} | |||
= | The maximal right ring of quotients can be described in two ways in connection with dense right ideals of ''R''. | ||
* In one method, ''Ẽ''(''R'') is shown to be module isomorphic to a certain endomorphism ring, and the ring structure is taken across this isomorphism to imbue ''Ẽ''(''R'') with a ring structure, that of the maximal right ring of quotients. {{harv|Lam|1999|p=366}} | |||
* In a second method, the maximal right ring of quotients is identified with a set of [[equivalence class]]es of homomorphisms from dense right ideals of ''R'' into ''R''. The equivalence relation says that two functions are equivalent if they agree on a dense right ideal of ''R''. {{harv|Lam|1999|p=370}} | |||
== References == | |||
<!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --> | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
*{{citation | |||
|author1=Findlay, G. D. | |||
|author2=Lambek, J. | |||
|title=A generalized ring of quotients. I, II | |||
|journal=[[Canadian Mathematical Bulletin]] | |||
|volume=1 | |||
|year=1958 | |||
|pages=77–85, 155–167 | |||
|issn=0008-4395 | |||
|mr=0094370 (20 #888)}} | |||
*{{citation | |||
|author=Johnson, R. E. | |||
|title=The extended centralizer of a ring over a module | |||
|journal=Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. | |||
|volume=2 | |||
|year=1951 | |||
|pages=891–895 | |||
|issn=0002-9939 | |||
|mr=0045695 (13,618c)}} | |||
*{{Citation | last1=Lam | first1=Tsit-Yuen | title=Lectures on modules and rings | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Graduate Texts in Mathematics No. 189 | isbn=978-0-387-98428-5 | mr=1653294 | year=1999}} | |||
*{{citation | |||
|author=Storrer, Hans H. | |||
|title=On Goldman's primary decomposition | |||
|journal=Lecutres on rings and modules (Tulane Univ. Ring and Operator Theory) | |||
|year=1970–1971 | |||
|volume= I | |||
|publisher=Springer | |||
|place=Berlin | |||
|year=1972 | |||
|pages=617–661. Lecture Notes in Math., Vol. 246 | |||
|mr=0360717 (50 #13164)}} | |||
*{{citation | |||
|author=Utumi, Yuzo | |||
|title=On quotient rings | |||
|journal=Osaka Math. J. | |||
|volume=8 | |||
|year=1956 | |||
|pages=1–18 | |||
|mr=0078966 (18,7c)}} | |||
<!--- Categories ---> | |||
[[Category:Abstract algebra]] | |||
[[Category:Module theory]] | |||
[[Category:Ring theory]] | |||
Latest revision as of 11:53, 20 January 2014
In abstract algebra, specifically in module theory, a dense submodule of a module is a refinement of the notion of an essential submodule. If N is a dense submodule of M, it may also be said it may alternatively be said that "N ⊆ M is a rational extension". Dense submodules are connected with rings of quotients in noncommutative ring theory. Most of the results appearing here were first established in Template:Harv, Template:Harv and Template:Harv.
It should be noticed that this terminology is different from the notion of a dense subset in general topology. No topology is needed to define a dense submodule, and a dense submodule may or may not be topologically dense in a module with topology.
Definition
This article modifies exposition appearing in Template:Harv and Template:Harv. Let R be a ring, and M be a right R module with submodule N. For an element y of M, define
Note that the expression y−1 is only formal and that y is not necessarily invertible, but it helps to suggest that y⋅(y−1N) ⊆ N. The set y −1N is always a right ideal of R.
A submodule N of M is said to be a dense submodule if for all x and y in M with x ≠ 0, there exists an r in R such that xr ≠ {0} and yr is in N. In other words, using the introduced notation, the set
In this case, the relationship is denoted by
Another equivalent definition is homological in nature: N is dense in M if and only if
where E(M) is the injective hull of M.
Properties
- It can be shown that N is an essential submodule of M if and only if for all y ≠ 0 in M, the set y⋅(y −1N) ≠ {0}. Clearly then, every dense submodule is an essential submodule.
- If M is a nonsingular module, then N is dense in M if and only if it is essential in M.
- A ring is a right nonsingular ring if and only if its essential right ideals are all dense right ideals.
- If N and N' are dense submodules of M, then so is N ∩ N' .
- If N is dense and N ⊆ K ⊆ M, then K is also dense.
- If B is a dense right ideal in R, then so is y−1B for any y in R.
Examples
- If x is a non-zerodivisor in the center of R, then xR is a dense right ideal of R.
- If I is a two-sided ideal of R, I is dense as a right ideal if and only if the left annihilator of I is zero, that is, . In particular in commutative rings, the dense ideals are precisely the ideals which are faithful modules.
Applications
Rational hull of a module
Every right R module M has a maximal essential extension E(M) which is its injective hull. The analogous construction using a maximal dense extension results in the rational hull Ẽ(M) which is a submodule of E(M). When a module has no proper rational extension, so that Ẽ(M) = M, the module is said to be rationally complete. If R is right nonsingular, then of course Ẽ(M) = E(M).
The rational hull is readily identified within the injective hull. Let S=EndR(E(M)) be the endomorphism ring of the injective hull. Then an element x of the injective hull is in the rational hull if and only if x is sent to zero by all maps in S which are zero on M. In symbols,
In general, there may be maps in S which are zero on M and yet are nonzero for some x not in M, and such an x would not be in the rational hull.
Maximal right ring of quotients
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The maximal right ring of quotients can be described in two ways in connection with dense right ideals of R.
- In one method, Ẽ(R) is shown to be module isomorphic to a certain endomorphism ring, and the ring structure is taken across this isomorphism to imbue Ẽ(R) with a ring structure, that of the maximal right ring of quotients. Template:Harv
- In a second method, the maximal right ring of quotients is identified with a set of equivalence classes of homomorphisms from dense right ideals of R into R. The equivalence relation says that two functions are equivalent if they agree on a dense right ideal of R. Template:Harv
References
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To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010