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| {{about||other uses and non-rotary gyroscopes}}
| | Nothing to write about me really.<br>Finally a member of wmflabs.org.<br>I just hope Im useful in some way .<br><br>Here is my website; [http://Rekordek.com/2013/08/26/hello-world/ how to get free fifa 15 coins] |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
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| [[Image:3D Gyroscope.png|thumb|250px|right|A gyroscope]]
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| A '''gyroscope''' is a device for measuring or maintaining [[orientation (rigid body)|orientation]], based on the principles of [[angular momentum]].<ref>"[http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/Gyroscope/ Gyroscope]" by Sándor Kabai, [[Wolfram Demonstrations Project]].</ref> Mechanically, a gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axle is free to assume any orientation. Although this orientation does not remain fixed, it changes in response to an external [[torque]] much less and in a different direction than it would with the large angular momentum associated with the disc's high rate of [[Rotation|spin]] and [[moment of inertia]]{{wtf?|date=February 2014}}. The device's orientation remains nearly fixed, regardless of the mounting platform's motion, because mounting the device in a [[gimbal]] minimizes external torque.
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| Gyroscopes based on other operating principles also exist, such as the electronic, microchip-packaged [[MEMS gyroscope]] devices found in consumer electronic devices, solid-state [[ring laser gyroscope|ring lasers]], [[fibre optic gyroscope]]s, and the extremely sensitive [[quantum gyroscope]].
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| Applications of gyroscopes include [[inertial navigation system]]s where magnetic compasses would not work (as in the [[Hubble telescope]]) or would not be precise enough (as in [[ICBM]]s), or for the stabilization of flying vehicles like radio-controlled helicopters or [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s. Due to their precision, gyroscopes are also used in [[gyrotheodolite]]s to maintain direction in tunnel mining.<ref>[http://discovermagazine.com/2009/may/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-tunnels Discover magazine] 20 things you didn't know about tunnels (Number 8).</ref>
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| == Description and diagram ==
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| [[Image:Gyroscope wheel-text.png|thumb|200px|right|Diagram of a gyro wheel. Reaction arrows about the output axis (blue) correspond to forces applied about the input axis (green), and vice versa.]]
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| Within mechanical systems or devices, a conventional ''gyroscope'' is a mechanism comprising a [[wikt:rotor|rotor]] journaled to spin about one [[Coordinate axis|axis]], the [[Journal (mechanics)|journals]] of the rotor being mounted in an inner [[gimbal]] or ring; the inner gimbal is journaled for oscillation in an outer gimbal for a total of two gimbals.
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| The '''outer gimbal''' or ring, which is the gyroscope frame, is mounted so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane determined by the support. This outer gimbal possesses one degree of rotational freedom and its axis possesses none. The next '''inner gimbal''' is mounted in the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal) so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane that is always perpendicular to the pivotal axis of the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal). This inner gimbal has two degrees of rotational freedom.
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| The axle of the spinning wheel defines the spin axis. The rotor is journaled to spin about an axis, which is always perpendicular to the axis of the inner gimbal. So the rotor possesses three degrees of rotational freedom and its axis possesses two.
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| The wheel responds to a force applied about the input axis by a reaction force about the output axis.
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| The behaviour of a gyroscope can be most easily appreciated by consideration of the front wheel of a bicycle. If the wheel is leaned away from the vertical so that the top of the wheel moves to the left, the forward rim of the wheel also turns to the left. In other words, rotation on one axis of the turning wheel produces rotation of the third axis.
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| A '''gyroscope flywheel''' will roll or resist about the output axis depending upon whether the output gimbals are of a free- or fixed- configuration. Examples of some free-output-gimbal devices would be the attitude reference gyroscopes used to sense or measure the [[Flight dynamics|pitch]], [[Flight dynamics|roll]] and [[Flight dynamics|yaw]] attitude angles in a spacecraft or aircraft.
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| [[Image:Gyroscope wheel animation.gif|thumb|200px|right|Animation of a gyro wheel in action]]
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| The centre of gravity of the rotor can be in a fixed position. The rotor simultaneously spins about one axis and is capable of oscillating about the two other axes, and, thus, except for its inherent resistance due to rotor spin, it is free to turn in any direction about the fixed point. Some gyroscopes have mechanical equivalents substituted for one or more of the elements. For example, the spinning rotor may be suspended in a fluid, instead of being pivotally mounted in gimbals. A [[control moment gyroscope]] (CMG) is an example of a fixed-output-gimbal device that is used on spacecraft to hold or maintain a desired attitude angle or pointing direction using the gyroscopic resistance force.
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| In some special cases, the outer gimbal (or its equivalent) may be omitted so that the rotor has only two degrees of freedom. In other cases, the centre of gravity of the rotor may be offset from the axis of oscillation, and, thus, the centre of gravity of the rotor and the centre of suspension of the rotor may not coincide.
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| == History ==
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| [[Image:Foucault's gyroscope.jpg|thumb|right|Gyroscope invented by Léon Foucault in 1852. Replica built by Dumoulin-Froment for the Exposition universelle in 1867. National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts museum, Paris.]]
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| Essentially, a gyroscope is a [[top]], a self-balancing spinning toy, put to instrumental use. Tops were invented in many different civilizations, including classical Greece, Rome, Indus and China, and the [[Māori people|Māori]] culture a thousand years later.<ref>[http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=327 Brief History of Gyroscopes]</ref> Most of these, though using the same conservation of angular momentum as a gyro, were not utilized as instruments.
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| The first known use of such a top as an instrument came in 1743, when [[John Serson]] invented the "Whirling speculum" (or Serson's Speculum), a spinning top that was used as a level, to locate the horizon in foggy or misty conditions.
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| The instrument used more like an actual gyroscope was made by German [[Johann Bohnenberger]], who first wrote about it in 1817. At first he called it the "Machine".<ref>Johann G. F. Bohnenberger (1817) "Beschreibung einer Maschine zur Erläuterung der Gesetze der Umdrehung der Erde um ihre Axe, und der Veränderung der Lage der letzteren" (Description of a machine for the explanation of the laws of rotation of the Earth around its axis, and of the change of the orientation of the latter), [http://www.ion.org/museum/files/File_1.pdf Tübinger Blätter für Naturwissenschaften und Arzneikunde], vol. 3, pages 72–83.</ref><ref>The French mathematician Poisson mentions Bohnenberger's machine as early as 1813: Simeon-Denis Poisson (1813) "Mémoire sur un cas particulier du mouvement de rotation des corps pesans" [Memoir on a special case of rotational movement of massive bodies], ''Journal de l'École Polytechnique'', vol. 9, pages 247–262. Available on-line at: http://www.ion.org/museum/files/File_2.pdf .</ref> Bohnenberger's machine was based on a rotating massive sphere.<ref>A photograph of Bohnenberger's instrument is available on-line here: [http://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=5&scid=12&iid=24 ] ION Museum: The Machine of Bohnenberger .</ref> In 1832, American Walter R. Johnson developed a similar device that was based on a rotating disc.<ref>Walter R. Johnson (January 1832). [http://books.google.com/books?id=BjwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA266-IA2#v=onepage&q&f=false "Description of an apparatus called the rotascope for exhibiting several phenomena and illustrating certain laws of rotary motion"], ''The American Journal of Science and Art'', 1st series, vol. 21, no. 2, pages 265–280.</ref><ref>Drawings of Walter R. Johnson's gyroscope ("rotascope") were used to illustrate phenomena in the following lecture: E.S. Snell (1856) [http://books.google.com/books?id=fEyT4sTd7ZkC&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false "On planetary disturbances,"] Board of Regents, ''Tenth Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution....'' (Washington, D.C.: Cornelius Wendell, 1856), pages 175–190.</ref> The French mathematician [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]], working at the [[École Polytechnique]] in Paris, recommended the machine for use as a teaching aid, and thus it came to the attention of [[Léon Foucault]].<ref>[http://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=5&scid=12&iid=24 Wagner JF, "The Machine of Bohnenberger", The Institute of Navigation]</ref> In 1852, Foucault used it in an experiment involving the rotation of the Earth.<ref>L. Foucault (1852) "Sur les phénomènes d’orientation des corps tournants entraînés par un axe fixe à la surface de la terre — Nouveaux signes sensibles du mouvement diurne" (On the phenomena of the orientation of rotating bodies carried along by an axis fixed to the surface of the earth — New perceptible signs of the daily movement), ''Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences (Paris)'', vol. 35, pages 424–427. Available on-line (in French): http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2992n/f428.image .</ref><ref>Circa 1852, Friedrich Fessel, a German mechanic and former secondary school teacher, independently developed a gyroscope. See: '''(1)''' Julius Plücker (September 1853) "Über die Fessel'sche rotationsmachine", ''Annalen der Physik'', vol. 166, no. 9, pages 174–177; '''(2)''' Julius Plücker (October 1853) "Noch ein wort über die Fessel'sche rotationsmachine", ''Annalen der Physik'', vol. 166, no. 10, pages 348–351; '''(3)''' Charles Wheatstone (1864) [http://books.google.com/books?id=CtGEAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA307#v=onepage&q&f=false "On Fessel's gyroscope"], ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London'', vol. 7, pages 43–48.</ref> It was Foucault who gave the device its modern name, in an experiment to see (Greek ''skopeein'', to see) the Earth's rotation (Greek ''gyros'', circle or rotation),<ref>L. Foucault (1852) ''Comptes rendus...'', vol. 35, page 427.</ref> which was visible in the 8 to 10 minutes before friction slowed the spinning rotor.
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| In the 1860s, the advent of electric motors made it possible for a gyroscope to spin indefinitely; this led to the first prototype [[heading indicator]]s, and a rather more complicated device, the [[gyrocompass]]. The first functional gyrocompass was patented in 1904 by German inventor [[Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe]].<ref>Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe and Friedrich von Shirach, [http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=DE&NR=182855C&KC=C&FT=D&date=&DB=&locale= "Kreiselapparat"] (Gyroscope) Deutsches Reichspatent no. 182855 (filed: 27 March 1904 ; issued: 2 April 1907).</ref> The American [[Elmer Sperry]] followed with his own design later that year, and other nations soon realized the military importance of the invention—in an age in which naval prowess was the most significant measure of military power—and created their own gyroscope industries. The [[Sperry Gyroscope Company]] quickly expanded to provide aircraft and naval stabilizers as well, and other gyroscope developers followed suit.<ref>MacKenzie, Donald. ''Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance''. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. pp. 31–40. ISBN 0-262-13258-3</ref>
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| In 1917, the Chandler Company of [[Indianapolis]], created the "Chandler gyroscope", a toy gyroscope with a pull string and pedestal. Chandler continued to produce the toy until the company was purchased by TEDCO inc. in 1982. The chandler toy is still produced by TEDCO today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.makezine.com/archive/2009/02/tedco_toys_cool_company_history_gre.html|title=TEDCO Toys - Cool company history, great science kits|last=Anon|work=TEDCO Toys company website|publisher=O'Reilly Media Inc|accessdate=23 December 2010}}</ref>
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| In the first several decades of the 20th century, other inventors attempted (unsuccessfully) to use gyroscopes as the basis for early [[black box (systems)|black box]] navigational systems by creating a stable platform from which accurate acceleration measurements could be performed (in order to bypass the need for star sightings to calculate position). Similar principles were later employed in the development of [[inertial guidance system]]s for [[ballistic missile]]s.<ref>MacKenzie, pp. 40–42.</ref>
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| During World War II, the gyroscope became the prime component for aircraft and anti-aircraft gun sights.<ref>[http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=PiEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=86&query=destroyer+escort The Little Top That Aims a Gun] by Gold Sanders, [[Popular Science]] July 1945</ref> After the war, the race to miniaturize gyroscopes for guided missiles and weapons navigation systems resulted in the development and manufacturing of so-called '''midget gyroscopes''' that weighed less than {{convert|3|oz|g}} and had a diameter of approximately {{convert|1|in|cm}}. Some of these miniaturize gyroscopes could reach a speed of 24,000 revolutions per minute in less than 10 seconds.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=nNwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA148 "Midget Gyros to Guided Missiles"] March 1954, p. 148, bottom page.</ref>
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| 3-axis MEMS-based gyroscopes are also being used in portable electronic devices such as Apple's current generation of iPad, iPhone and [[iPod touch]].<ref>[http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone-4-Gyroscope-Teardown/3156/1 iPhone 4 Gyroscope Teardown], [[iFixit]]</ref> This adds to the 3-axis acceleration sensing ability available on previous generations of devices. Together these sensors provide 6 component motion sensing; acceleration for X,Y, and Z movement, and gyroscopes for measuring the extent and rate of rotation in space (roll, pitch and yaw).
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| ==Properties==
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| [[Image:Gyroscope operation.gif|thumb|right|A gyroscope in operation with freedom in all three axes. The rotor will maintain its spin axis direction regardless of the orientation of the outer frame.]]
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| A free gyroscope maintains its axis. Gyroscopes can be used to construct [[gyrocompass]]es, which complement or replace magnetic compasses (in ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in general), to assist in stability ([[Hubble Space Telescope]], bicycles, motorcycles, and ships) or be used as part of an inertial guidance system. Gyroscopic effects are used in tops, boomerangs, yo-yos, and [[Powerball (toy)|Powerball]]s. Many other rotating devices, such as [[flywheel]]s, behave in the manner of a gyroscope, although the gyroscopic effect is not being used.
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| When the gyroscope is not free (under the influence of torques), it exhibits a number of behaviors including [[precession]] and [[nutation]].
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| The fundamental equation describing the behavior of the gyroscope is:
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| :<math>\boldsymbol\tau={{d \mathbf{L}}\over {dt}}={{d(I\boldsymbol\omega)} \over {dt}}=I\boldsymbol\alpha</math>
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| where the [[pseudovector]]s '''τ''' and '''L''' are, respectively, the [[torque]] on the gyroscope and its [[angular momentum]], the scalar ''I'' is its [[moment of inertia]], the vector '''ω''' is its angular velocity, and the vector '''α''' is its angular acceleration.
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| It follows from this that a torque '''τ''' applied perpendicular to the axis of rotation, and therefore perpendicular to '''L''', results in a rotation about an axis perpendicular to both '''τ''' and '''L'''. This motion is called ''[[precession]]''. The angular velocity of precession '''Ω'''<sub>P</sub> is given by the [[cross product]]:
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| :<math>\boldsymbol\tau=\boldsymbol\Omega_{\mathrm{P}} \times \mathbf{L}.</math>
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| [[Image:Gyroscope precession.gif|thumb|Precession on a gyroscope]]
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| Precession can be demonstrated by placing a spinning gyroscope with its axis horizontal and supported loosely (frictionless toward precession) at one end. Instead of falling, as might be expected, the gyroscope appears to defy gravity by remaining with its axis horizontal, when the other end of the axis is left unsupported and the free end of the axis slowly describes a circle in a horizontal plane, the resulting precession turning. This effect is explained by the above equations. The torque on the gyroscope is supplied by a couple of forces: gravity acting downward on the device's centre of mass, and an equal force acting upward to support one end of the device. The rotation resulting from this torque is not downward, as might be intuitively expected, causing the device to fall, but perpendicular to both the gravitational torque (horizontal and perpendicular to the axis of rotation) and the axis of rotation (horizontal and outwards from the point of support), i.e., about a vertical axis, causing the device to rotate slowly about the supporting point.
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| Under a constant torque of magnitude ''τ'', the gyroscope's speed of precession ''Ω''<sub>P</sub> is inversely proportional to ''L'', the magnitude of its angular momentum:
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| :<math>\tau = \mathit{\Omega}_{\mathrm{P}} L \sin\theta,\!</math>
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| where ''θ'' is the angle between the vectors '''Ω'''<sub>P</sub> and '''L'''. Thus, if the gyroscope's spin slows down (for example, due to friction), its angular momentum decreases and so the rate of precession increases. This continues until the device is unable to rotate fast enough to support its own weight, when it stops precessing and falls off its support, mostly because friction against precession cause another precession that goes to cause the fall.
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| By convention, these three vectors - torque, spin, and precession - are all oriented with respect to each other according to the [[right-hand rule]].
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| To easily ascertain the direction of gyro effect, simply remember that a rolling wheel tends, when it leans to the side, to turn in the direction of the lean.
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| == Variations ==
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| === Gyrostat ===
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| A '''gyrostat''' is a variant of the gyroscope. It consists of a massive flywheel concealed in a solid casing.<ref>William Thomson (1875). ''Proc. London Math. Soc.'', vol. 6, pages 190–194.</ref><ref>[[Andrew Gray (physicist)|Andrew Gray]] (1959). ''A Treatise on Gyrostatics and Rotational Motion: Theory and Applications'' (Dover, New York)</ref> Its behaviour on a table, or with various modes of suspension or support, serves to illustrate the curious reversal of the ordinary laws of static equilibrium due to the gyrostatic behaviour of the interior invisible flywheel when rotated rapidly. The first gyrostat was designed by [[Lord Kelvin]] to illustrate the more complicated state of motion of a spinning body when free to wander about on a horizontal plane, like a top spun on the pavement, or a hoop or bicycle on the road. Kelvin also made use of gyrostats to develop mechanical theories of the elasticity of matter and of the ether;<ref>R. Kargon and P. Achinstein (eds., 1987). ''Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives'' ISBN 0-232-11117-9</ref> these theories are of purely historical interest today.
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| In modern times, the gyrostat concept is used in the design of attitude control systems for orbiting spacecraft and satellites.<ref>Peter C. Hughes (2004). ''Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics'' ISBN 0-486-43925-9</ref> For instance, the [[Mir]] space station had three pairs of internally mounted flywheels known as ''gyrodynes'' or ''control moment gyros''.
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| In physics, there are several systems whose dynamical equations resemble the equations of motion of a gyrostat.<ref>C. Tong (2009). ''American Journal of Physics'' vol. 77, pages 526–537</ref> Examples include a solid body with a cavity filled with an inviscid, incompressible, homogeneous liquid,<ref>N.N. Moiseyev and V.V. Rumyantsev (1968). ''Dynamic Stability of Bodies Containing Fluid'' (Springer, New York)</ref> the static equilibrium configuration of a stressed elastic rod in [[elastica theory]],<ref>[[Joseph Larmor]] (1884). ''Proc. London Math. Soc.'' vol. 15, pages 170–184</ref> the polarization dynamics of a light pulse propagating through a nonlinear medium,<ref>M.V. Tratnik and J.E. Sipe (1987). ''Physical Review A'' vol. 35, pages 2965–2975</ref> the [[Lorenz system]] in chaos theory,<ref>A.B. Gluhovsky (1982). ''Soviet Physics Doklady'' vol. 27, pages 823–825</ref> and the motion of an ion in a [[Penning trap]] mass spectrometer.<ref>S. Eliseev et al (2011). ''Physical Review Letters'' vol. 107, paper 152501</ref>
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| === MEMS ===
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| A [[MEMS gyroscope]] takes the idea of the [[Foucault pendulum]] and uses a vibrating element, known as a [[Microelectromechanical systems|MEMS]] (Micro Electro-Mechanical System). The MEMS-based gyro was initially made practical and producible by [[Systron Donner Inertial]] (SDI). Today, SDI is a large manufacturer of MEMS gyroscopes.
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| === FOG ===
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| A [[fiber optic gyroscope]] (FOG) is a gyroscope that uses the interference of light to detect mechanical rotation. The sensor is a coil of as much as 5 km of optical fiber. The development of low-loss single-mode optical fiber in the early 1970s for the telecommunications industry enabled the development of [[Sagnac effect]] fiber optic gyros.
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| === VSG or CVG ===
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| A [[vibrating structure gyroscope]] (VSG), also called a [[Vibrating structure gyroscope#Coriolis Vibratory Gyroscope (CVG)|Coriolis Vibratory Gyroscope (CVG)]],<ref>{{cite journal
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| | url = http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVI/5-C55/www.cirgeo.unipd.it/cirgeo/convegni/mmt2007/proceedings/papers/sternberg_harald.pdf
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| | journal = International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Proceedings
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| | year = 2007
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| | title = Qualification Process for MEMS Gyroscopes for the Use in Navigation Systems
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| | author = H. Sternberg; C. Schwalm}}</ref> uses a resonator made of different metallic alloys. It takes a position between the low-accuracy, low-cost MEMS gyroscope and the higher-accuracy and higher-cost FOG. Accuracy parameters are increased by using low-intrinsic damping materials, resonator vacuumization, and digital electronics to reduce temperature dependent drift and instability of control signals.<ref>{{cite journal
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| | url = http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=A0017841AH&q=coriolis+vibratory+gyroscope+CVG&uid=789572486&setcookie=yes
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| | title = Micromechanical inertial sensor development at Draper Laboratory with recent test results
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| | journal = Symposium Gyro Technology Proceedings
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| | date = 14-15 Sept. 1999
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| | author = Ash, M E; Trainor, C V; Elliott, R D; Borenstein, J T; Kourepenis, A S; Ward, P A; Weinberg, M S}}</ref>
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| High quality [[Vibrating structure gyroscope#Wine glass resonator|wine-glass resonators]] are used for precise sensors like HRG<ref>Lynch D.D. HRG Development at Delco, Litton, and Northrop Grumman ''//Proceedings of Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy (19–21 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine). - Kyiv-Kharkiv. ATS of Ukraine. 2009.'' - ISBN 978-976-0-25248-6{{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (6) does not correspond to calculated figure.}}</ref> or CRG.<ref>Sarapuloff S.A. High-Q Sapphire Resonator of Solid-State Gyroscope CRG-1 [http://www.stcu.int/documents/reports/distribution/tpf/MATERIuartz glass]{{dead link|date=June 2012}} or from single-crystalline [[sapphire]].</ref>
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| === DTG ===
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| A dynamically tuned gyroscope (DTG) is a rotor suspended by a universal joint with flexure pivots.<ref>{{cite journal
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| | url = http://spiedl.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PSISDG003692000001000101000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes&ref=no
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| | title = Modeling the dynamically tuned gyroscope in support of high-bandwidth capture loop design
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| | author = David May
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| | journal = Proc. SPIE
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| | volume = 3692
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| | year = 1999
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| | doi = 10.1117/12.352852
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| | pages = 101–111}}</ref> The flexure spring stiffness is independent of spin rate. However, the dynamic inertia (from the gyroscopic reaction effect) from the gimbal provides negative spring stiffness proportional to the square of the spin speed (Howe and Savet, 1964; Lawrence, 1998). Therefore, at a particular speed, called the tuning speed, the two moments cancel each other, freeing the rotor from torque, a necessary condition for an ideal gyroscope.
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| === London moment ===
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| A [[London moment]] gyroscope relies on the [[quantum-mechanical]] [[phenomenon]], whereby a [[rotation|spinning]] [[superconductor]] generates a [[magnetic field]] whose [[Axis of symmetry|axis]] lines up exactly with the spin axis of the gyroscopic rotor. A [[magnetometer]] determines the orientation of the generated field, which is [[Interpolation|interpolated]] to determine the axis of rotation. Gyroscopes of this type can be extremely accurate and stable. For example, those used in the [[Gravity Probe B]] experiment measured changes in gyroscope spin axis orientation to better than 0.5 [[Minute of arc|milliarcseconds]] (1.4{{e|−7}} degrees) over a one-year period.<ref>http://einstein.stanford.edu/content/fact_sheet/GPB_FactSheet-0405.pdf</ref> This is equivalent to an [[angular separation]] the width of a human hair viewed from {{convert|32|km|mi|sp=us}} away.<ref>[http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/gravity_probe_b/GravityProbeB_20050400.pdf Gravity Probe B – Extraordinary Technologies]</ref>
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| The [[Gravity Probe B|GP-B]] gyro consists of a nearly-perfect spherical [[Moment of inertia#Rotational symmetry|rotating mass]] made of [[fused quartz]], which provides a [[dielectric]] support for a thin layer of [[niobium]] [[superconductor|superconducting]] material. To eliminate friction found in conventional bearings, the rotor assembly is centered by the electric field from six electrodes. After the initial [[Angular acceleration|spin-up]] by a jet of helium which brings the rotor to 4,000 [[Revolutions per minute|RPM]], the polished gyroscope housing is evacuated to an ultra-high vacuum to further reduce drag on the rotor. Provided the suspension electronics remain powered, the extreme [[rotational symmetry]], lack of friction, and low drag will allow the angular momentum of the rotor to keep it spinning for about 15,000 years.<ref>[http://einstein.stanford.edu/TECH/technology1.html#gyros Gravity Probe B – Extraordinary Technologies] World's Most Perfect Gyroscopes</ref>
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| A sensitive DC [[SQUID]] magnetometer able to discriminate changes as small as one [[Magnetic flux quantum|quantum]], or about 2 {{e|−15}} [[weber (unit)|Wb]], is used to monitor the gyroscope. A precession, or tilt, in the orientation of the rotor causes the London moment [[magnetic field]] to shift relative to the housing. The moving field passes through a superconducting [[Induction loop|pickup loop]] fixed to the housing, inducing a small electric current. The current produces a voltage across a [[Shunt (electrical)|shunt resistance]], which is resolved to [[spherical coordinate system|spherical coordinates]] by a microprocessor. The system is designed to minimize [[Lorentz force|Lorentz]] [[torque]] on the rotor.<ref>[http://einstein.stanford.edu/TECH/technology1.html#readout Gravity Probe B – Extraordinary Technologies]</ref>
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| == Modern uses ==
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| Gyroscope tops are sold as a common toy.
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| {{Main|Accelerometer#Consumer_electronics}}
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| In addition to being used in compasses, aircraft, computer pointing devices, etc., gyroscopes have been introduced into consumer electronics. Since the gyroscope allows the calculation of orientation and rotation, designers have incorporated them into modern technology. The integration of the gyroscope has allowed for more accurate recognition of movement within a 3D space than the previous lone accelerometer within a number of smartphones. Gyroscopes in consumer electronics are frequently combined with [[accelerometer]]s (acceleration sensors) for more robust direction- and motion-sensing. Examples of such applications are found in the [[HTC Titan]],<ref>[http://techstic.com/2011/10/htc-titan-specifications-and-features.html HTC Titan Specifications and Features]</ref> [[Nexus 5]], [[iPhone 5s]],<ref>[http://siliconangle.com/blog/2013/11/01/nexus-5-vs-iphone-5s-head-to-head/], CNN Tech.</ref> [[Nokia 808 PureView]],<ref>[http://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_808_pureview-4577.php 808 PureView]</ref> [[Sixaxis|PlayStation 3 controller]], [[Wii Remote]], [[Sony Xperia]] etc.
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| [[Nintendo]] has integrated a gyroscope into the [[Wii]] console's [[Wii Remote]] controller by an additional piece of hardware called "[[Wii MotionPlus]]".<ref>Frank Caron (Aug 2008). [http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2008/08/wii-motion-sensor.ars Of gyroscopes and gaming: the tech behind the Wii MotionPlus], ars technica</ref> It is also included in the 3DS, which detects movement when turning.
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| Cruise ships use gyroscopes to level motion-sensitive devices such as self-leveling pool tables.
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| Described as a "motorbike-car" hybrid, the [[Lit Motors]] C-1 two wheeler uses a set of futuristic electronic gyroscopes, or [[Control Moment Gyroscope|control momentum gyroscope]]s, to ensure it remains upright and balanced, similar to the positioning technology used in the [[International Space Station]] and the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]. The only similarities the Lit C-1 shares with the Segway is an [[Inertial measurement unit|IMU]]. A similar device has been used in the RYNO and Honda UX3 monocycles.
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| An electric powered flywheel gyroscope inserted in a bicycle wheel is being sold as a training wheel replacement.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Aerotrim]]
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| * [[Anti-rolling gyro]] — Ship gyroscopic roll stabilizers.
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| * [[Attitude indicator]]
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| * [[Balancing machine]]
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| * [[Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics]]
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| * [[Countersteering]]
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| * [[Euler angles]]
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| * [[Eric Laithwaite]]
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| * [[Gyro monorail]]
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| * [[Gyrocar]]
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| * [[Gyrotheodolite]]
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| * [[Gyroscopic exercise tool]]
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| * [[Heading indicator]]
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| * [[Reaction wheel]]
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| * [[Rifling]]
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| * [[Rigid body dynamics]]
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| * [[Top]]
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| * [[Turn and bank indicator]]
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| * [[Turn coordinator]]
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| * [[LN-3 Inertial Navigation System]]
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| * [[Stabilizer (ship)]]
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| * [[Vibrating structure gyroscope]]
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * [[Felix Klein]] and [[Arnold Sommerfeld]], "''Über die Theorie des Kreisels''" (Tr., About the theory of the gyroscope). Leipzig, Berlin, B.G. Teubner, 1898–1914. 4 v. illus. 25 cm.
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| * Audin, M. ''Spinning Tops: A Course on Integrable Systems''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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| * Proceedings of Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy (19–21 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine). - Kyiv-Kharkiv. ATS of Ukraine. 2009. ISBN 978-976-0-25248-6{{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (6) does not correspond to calculated figure.}}.
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| * E. Leimanis (1965). ''The General Problem of the Motion of Coupled Rigid Bodies about a Fixed Point''. (Springer, New York).
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| * Walter Wrigley, Walter M. Hollister, and William G. Denhard (1969). ''Gyroscopic Theory, Design, and Instrumentation.'' (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
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| * Provatidis, C. G. (2012). Revisiting the Spinning Top, ''International Journal of Materials and Mechanical Engineering'', Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 71–88, open access at http://www.ijm-me.org/files/pdf/1397.pdf (ISSN Online: 2164-280X, ISSN Print: 2162-0695).
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| == External links ==
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| {{Wikibooks|High School Physics/Rotational Motion}}
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| * [http://www.gyroscopes.org/1974lecture.asp The Royal Institution's 1974–75 Christmas Lecture] Professor Eric Laithwaite
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| * [http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/OneWheeledRobotGyrostat/ One-Wheeled Robot-Gyrostat] by Olga Kapustina and Yuri Martynenko [[Wolfram Demonstrations Project]]
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| * [http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=PiEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=86&query=destroyer+escort The Little Top That Aims a Gun] by Gold Sanders, [[Popular Science]] July 1945
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| * Apostolyuk V. [http://www.astrise.com/research/library/memsgyro.pdf Theory and Design of Micromechanical Vibratory Gyroscopes]
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| [[Category:Gyroscopes| ]]
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| [[Category:1852 introductions]]
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