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[[File:GA at SVR.JPG|thumb|[[LNER Class V2 4771 Green Arrow]]. Note Gresley conjugated valve gear located ahead of the piston valves, driven from the valve spindles]] | |||
The '''Gresley conjugated valve gear''' is a [[valve gear]] for [[steam locomotive]]s designed by [[Sir Nigel Gresley]], chief mechanical engineer of the [[LNER]], assisted by [[Harold Holcroft]]. It enables a three-cylinder locomotive to operate with only the two sets of valve gear for the outside cylinders, and derives the valve motion for the inside cylinder from them by means of levers (the "2 to 1 lever" and "equal lever").<ref>[http://www.watercressline.co.uk/tw/pics/bitn2to1.jpg Restoration of Gresley A4 #60019 Bittern] Diagram of Gresley and Walschaerts valve gear arrangement on LNER A4 locomotive - retrieved 4 October 2006</ref> The gear is sometimes known as the '''Gresley-Holcroft''' gear, acknowledging Holcroft's major contributions to its development. | |||
==Operation== | |||
[[File:Arhs 57 class.jpg|thumb|New South Wales Government Railways D57 class 4-8-2, with Gresley conjugated gear visible at front below the smokebox. The longer 2 to 1 Lever is located on the right side of the locomotive, and the shorter Equal Lever on the left side.]] | |||
The Gresley conjugated gear is effectively an adding machine, where the position of the valve for the inside cylinder is the sum of the positions of the two outside cylinders, but reversed in direction. It can also be thought of as a rocking lever between one outside cylinder and the inside cylinder, as is common on 4-cylinder steam locomotives, but with the pivot point being moved back and forth by a lever from the other outside cylinder. | |||
If we approximate the motion of each valve by a sine wave — if we say the position of a valve in its back-and-forth travel is exactly proportional to the sine of the "driver angle", once we have set the zero point of driver angle at the position it needs to be for that valve — then the mathematics is simple. The position of the valve that is pinned to the long end of the 2-to-1 lever is <math> \scriptstyle \sin \; \theta </math>, while the positions of the other two valves are supposed to be <math> \scriptstyle \sin (\theta + 120^ \circ)</math> and <math> \scriptstyle \sin (\theta - 120^ \circ)</math>. The position of the short end of the 2-to-1 lever is <math> \scriptstyle - \tfrac {1}{2} \sin \theta </math>{{pad}}—which, it turns out, is midway between <math> \scriptstyle \sin (\theta + 120^ \circ)</math> and <math> \scriptstyle \sin (\theta - 120^ \circ)</math> for any value of <math> \scriptstyle \;\! \theta</math>. So a 1-to-1 lever pivoted on the short arm of the 2-to-1 lever will do the trick. | |||
==Crank angles== | |||
Locomotives with Gresley valve gear must have the three pistons operating at precisely 120 degree intervals. (Different spacings could be accommodated by different lever proportions, if there were any advantage to a spacing other than 120-120-120.) In order for the inside crank to clear the leading coupled axle, the inside cylinder of a locomotive with Gresley valve gear is typically positioned higher than the outside cylinders and angled downward.<ref>[http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/images/12800/12800-00001-000058-140.asp Public Record Office Victoria photograph of cylinder castings for VR S class] -retrieved 4 October 2006. Note incline of centre cylinder.</ref> To maintain a smooth flow of torque, the crank angles are offset from equal 120 degree spacing to compensate for the angle of the inside cylinder (e.g. 120/113/127 degrees). The resultant timing of the blast from steam exiting the cylinders still gives these three-cylinder locomotives a regular exhaust beat. | |||
==Problems== | |||
The main difficulty with this valve gear was that at high speeds, inertial forces caused the long conjugating lever to bend or "whip"{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}. This had the effect of causing the middle cylinder to operate at a longer [[Cutoff (steam engine)|cutoff]] than the outer cylinders, and therefore to produce a disproportionate share of the total power output, leading to increased wear of the middle big end. Sustained high speed running could sometimes cause the big end to wear rapidly enough that the increased travel afforded to the middle piston by the increased play in the bearing was enough to knock the ends off the middle cylinder.<ref name="cjallen">Allen, CJ, "Two Million Miles of Train Travel", ISBN 0-7110-0298-3</ref> Although the problem could be contained in a peacetime environment with regular maintenance and inspections, it proved to be poorly suited to the rigours of heavy running and low maintenance levels of [[World War II]]. This gave rise to big-end problems on the centre cylinder connecting rod on the famous A4 class of streamlined Pacifics and many of these locomotives were fitted with a reduced diameter piston and had the inside cylinder lined up as a temporary measure. It should be noted that '''Mallard''' suffered centre cylinder big-end damage (indicated to the driver by the fracture of a "stink bomb" attached to the bearing, which fractures during overheating of the white metal) during its world record run and was forced to limp back to its depot for repairs afterwards. Gresley's successor at the LNER, [[Edward Thompson (engineer)|Edward Thompson]], was critical of this particular [[valve gear]].<ref>[http://www.lner.info/eng/thompson.shtml (LNER) Encyclopedia Edward Thompson page] retrieved 1 October 2006</ref> As well as introducing new two-cylinder designs, he set about rebuilding Gresley locomotives with separate sets of [[Walschaerts valve gear]] for each cylinder.<ref>[http://www.lner.info/locos/A/a1_1.shtml (LNER) Encyclopedia A1/1 page] retrieved 1 October 2006</ref> | |||
==USA and Australia== | |||
[[File:UP 9000.jpg|thumb|right|175px|The third cylinder and Gresley gear are visible below the smokebox of this 4-12-2.]] | |||
Gresley conjugated valve gear was used by the [[American Locomotive Company]] under license and the [[4-12-2]] locomotives they built for the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] between 1926 and 1930 were the largest locomotives to use this valve gear. It was also used in Australia for the [[Victorian Railways]] [[Victorian Railways S class|S class]] [[4-6-2]] of 1928 <ref>[http://www.railwaymuseum.org.au/history2.html AHRS Railway Museum History: 1900 - 1950] retrieved 1 October 2006</ref> and [[New South Wales Government Railways]] [[New South Wales D57 class locomotive|D57 class]] [[4-8-2]] of 1929.<ref>[http://www.australiansteam.com/nsw.htm australiansteam.com NSW page] retrieved 1 October 2006</ref> | |||
As in the UK, the mechanism was not without its problems. Some of the Union Pacific 9000 class locomotives were converted to a "double Walschaerts" valve gear, while later examples were built with [[roller bearing]]s for the moving parts of the Gresley mechanism. In Australia, later VR and NSWGR 3 cylinder locomotive designs used alternative mechanisms to the Gresley system in an effort to overcome its high maintenance overhead.<ref name=d5758>{{cite journal | author=Slee, David E. | title =D57 and D58 Classes - Design Differences and Power Comparisons | journal = Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, |date=January 2000 | pages = pp. 3–19}}</ref><ref name=oberg>{{cite book| author=Oberg, Leon |year=2007 |title=Locomotives of Australia 1854-2007 |publisher=Rosenberg Publishing| page=201 |isbn=1-877058-54-8}}</ref> The [[Victorian Railways H class]] of 1941 was fitted with a German [[Henschel & Son|Henschel und Sohn]] conjugated valve gear mechanism which was judged to be superior to the Gresley system,<ref name=lee165>{{cite book| author= Lee, Robert |title=The Railways of Victoria 1854-2004 |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-0-522-85134-2 | page=165 }}</ref> while in New South Wales the [[New South Wales D58 class locomotive|D58 class]] of 1950 utilised a [[rack and pinion]] system which while in theory an improvement over the Gresley system, proved in practice to be even more problematic.<ref name=d5758 /> | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Holcroft valve gear]] | |||
* [[South African Class 18 2-10-2]] | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==External links== | |||
* [http://www.trainweb.org/rlhs/collection/UP_locomotives/UP_9000.html Southern California Chapter of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society] Information on Union Pacific ALCO-built three cylinder 4-12-2 UP9000, including sound recordings and photographs | |||
{{Locomotive running gear}} | |||
{{steam engine configurations}} | |||
[[Category:Locomotive valve gear]] | |||
Latest revision as of 15:23, 2 August 2013
30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí. Template:Use British English
The Gresley conjugated valve gear is a valve gear for steam locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, chief mechanical engineer of the LNER, assisted by Harold Holcroft. It enables a three-cylinder locomotive to operate with only the two sets of valve gear for the outside cylinders, and derives the valve motion for the inside cylinder from them by means of levers (the "2 to 1 lever" and "equal lever").[1] The gear is sometimes known as the Gresley-Holcroft gear, acknowledging Holcroft's major contributions to its development.
Operation
The Gresley conjugated gear is effectively an adding machine, where the position of the valve for the inside cylinder is the sum of the positions of the two outside cylinders, but reversed in direction. It can also be thought of as a rocking lever between one outside cylinder and the inside cylinder, as is common on 4-cylinder steam locomotives, but with the pivot point being moved back and forth by a lever from the other outside cylinder.
If we approximate the motion of each valve by a sine wave — if we say the position of a valve in its back-and-forth travel is exactly proportional to the sine of the "driver angle", once we have set the zero point of driver angle at the position it needs to be for that valve — then the mathematics is simple. The position of the valve that is pinned to the long end of the 2-to-1 lever is , while the positions of the other two valves are supposed to be and . The position of the short end of the 2-to-1 lever is Template:Pad—which, it turns out, is midway between and for any value of . So a 1-to-1 lever pivoted on the short arm of the 2-to-1 lever will do the trick.
Crank angles
Locomotives with Gresley valve gear must have the three pistons operating at precisely 120 degree intervals. (Different spacings could be accommodated by different lever proportions, if there were any advantage to a spacing other than 120-120-120.) In order for the inside crank to clear the leading coupled axle, the inside cylinder of a locomotive with Gresley valve gear is typically positioned higher than the outside cylinders and angled downward.[2] To maintain a smooth flow of torque, the crank angles are offset from equal 120 degree spacing to compensate for the angle of the inside cylinder (e.g. 120/113/127 degrees). The resultant timing of the blast from steam exiting the cylinders still gives these three-cylinder locomotives a regular exhaust beat.
Problems
The main difficulty with this valve gear was that at high speeds, inertial forces caused the long conjugating lever to bend or "whip"Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.. This had the effect of causing the middle cylinder to operate at a longer cutoff than the outer cylinders, and therefore to produce a disproportionate share of the total power output, leading to increased wear of the middle big end. Sustained high speed running could sometimes cause the big end to wear rapidly enough that the increased travel afforded to the middle piston by the increased play in the bearing was enough to knock the ends off the middle cylinder.[3] Although the problem could be contained in a peacetime environment with regular maintenance and inspections, it proved to be poorly suited to the rigours of heavy running and low maintenance levels of World War II. This gave rise to big-end problems on the centre cylinder connecting rod on the famous A4 class of streamlined Pacifics and many of these locomotives were fitted with a reduced diameter piston and had the inside cylinder lined up as a temporary measure. It should be noted that Mallard suffered centre cylinder big-end damage (indicated to the driver by the fracture of a "stink bomb" attached to the bearing, which fractures during overheating of the white metal) during its world record run and was forced to limp back to its depot for repairs afterwards. Gresley's successor at the LNER, Edward Thompson, was critical of this particular valve gear.[4] As well as introducing new two-cylinder designs, he set about rebuilding Gresley locomotives with separate sets of Walschaerts valve gear for each cylinder.[5]
USA and Australia
Gresley conjugated valve gear was used by the American Locomotive Company under license and the 4-12-2 locomotives they built for the Union Pacific Railroad between 1926 and 1930 were the largest locomotives to use this valve gear. It was also used in Australia for the Victorian Railways S class 4-6-2 of 1928 [6] and New South Wales Government Railways D57 class 4-8-2 of 1929.[7]
As in the UK, the mechanism was not without its problems. Some of the Union Pacific 9000 class locomotives were converted to a "double Walschaerts" valve gear, while later examples were built with roller bearings for the moving parts of the Gresley mechanism. In Australia, later VR and NSWGR 3 cylinder locomotive designs used alternative mechanisms to the Gresley system in an effort to overcome its high maintenance overhead.[8][9] The Victorian Railways H class of 1941 was fitted with a German Henschel und Sohn conjugated valve gear mechanism which was judged to be superior to the Gresley system,[10] while in New South Wales the D58 class of 1950 utilised a rack and pinion system which while in theory an improvement over the Gresley system, proved in practice to be even more problematic.[8]
See also
References
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External links
- Southern California Chapter of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Information on Union Pacific ALCO-built three cylinder 4-12-2 UP9000, including sound recordings and photographs
Template:Locomotive running gear Template:Steam engine configurations
- ↑ Restoration of Gresley A4 #60019 Bittern Diagram of Gresley and Walschaerts valve gear arrangement on LNER A4 locomotive - retrieved 4 October 2006
- ↑ Public Record Office Victoria photograph of cylinder castings for VR S class -retrieved 4 October 2006. Note incline of centre cylinder.
- ↑ Allen, CJ, "Two Million Miles of Train Travel", ISBN 0-7110-0298-3
- ↑ (LNER) Encyclopedia Edward Thompson page retrieved 1 October 2006
- ↑ (LNER) Encyclopedia A1/1 page retrieved 1 October 2006
- ↑ AHRS Railway Museum History: 1900 - 1950 retrieved 1 October 2006
- ↑ australiansteam.com NSW page retrieved 1 October 2006
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