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{{merge from|Tag and release|discuss=Talk:Mark and recapture#Merge discussion| date=May 2013}}
{{More footnotes|date=March 2008}}
[[File:Collar tagged Rock Hyrax.JPG|thumb|Collar tagged Rock Hyrax]]
[[File:Jackdaw with a ring.JPG|thumb|Jackdaw with a numbered aluminum ring on its left tarsus]]
[[File:Novisuccinea chittenangoensis 5.png|thumb|Biologist is marking a [[Chittenango ovate amber snail]] to monitor the population.]]
[[File:Novisuccinea chittenangoensis 4.png|thumb|alt=right side view of a snail with a number 87 on its shell|Marked Chittenango ovate amber snail.]]
'''Mark and recapture''' is a method commonly used in [[ecology]] to estimate an animal [[population]]'s size. A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion is captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted. Since the number of marked individuals within the second sample should be proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population, an estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample. The method is most useful when it is not practical to count all the individuals in the population. Other names for this method, or closely related methods, include '''capture-recapture''', '''capture-mark-recapture''', '''mark-recapture''', '''sight-resight''', '''mark-release-recapture''', '''multiple systems estimation''', '''band recovery''', '''the Petersen method'''<ref name="krebs119">,{{Cite book|
title=Ecology|
last1=Krebs|
first1=Charles J.|
edition=6th|
isbn=978-0-321-50743-3|
page=119|
year=2009}}</ref> and '''the Lincoln method'''.


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Another major application for these methods is in [[epidemiology]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}, where they are used to estimate the completeness of ascertainment of disease registers. Typical applications include [[estimating]] the number of people needing particular services (i.e. services for children with [[learning disabilities]], services for [[medically frail]] elderly living in the community), or with particular conditions(i.e. illegal drug addicts, people infected with [[HIV]], etc.).{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
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==Field work related to mark-recapture==
Typically a [[researcher]] visits a study area and uses traps to capture a group of individuals alive{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}. Each of these individuals is marked with a unique identifier (e.g., a numbered tag or band), and then is released unharmed back into the environment. A mark recapture method was first used for ecological study in 1896 by [[C.G. Johannes Petersen]] to estimate plaice, ''[[Pleuronectes platessa]]'', populations.<ref name="Southwood">Southwood, T.R.E. & Henderson, P. (2000) ''Ecological Methods'', 3rd edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford.</ref>


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Sufficient time is allowed to pass for the marked individuals to redistribute themselves among the unmarked population{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}.
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<ul>
Next, the researcher returns and captures another [[Sample (statistics)|sample]] of individuals{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}.  Some of the individuals in this second sample will have been marked during the initial visit and are now known as recaptures.  Other animals captured during the second visit will not have been captured during the first visit to the study area.  These unmarked animals are usually given a tag or band during the second visit and then are released{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}.
 
 
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Population size can be estimated from as few as two visits to the study area.  Commonly, more than two visits are made, particularly if estimates of survival or movement are desired{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}.  Regardless of the total number of visits, the researcher simply records the date of each capture of each individual.  The "capture histories" generated are analyzed mathematically to estimate population size, survival, or movement{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}.
 
 
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In the epidemiological setting, different sources of patients take the place of the repeated field visits in [[ecology]]. To take a concrete example, establishing a register of children with [[Type 1 diabetes]] children were identified from hospital admission records, from general practitioners (family doctors), and from the records of the local Diabetes Association{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}. None of these sources had a complete list, but by putting them together it was possible to do two things, first to see how many children were identified in total, and secondly to estimate how many more children with [[Type 1 diabetes]] were living in the vital community.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}
 
 
  <li>[http://www.emil86.fr/spip.php?article1/ http://www.emil86.fr/spip.php?article1/]</li>
==Lincoln-Petersen method of analysis==
 
{{main|Lincoln index}}
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The '''Lincoln-Petersen method'''<ref name="seber">Seber, G.A.F.. The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters. Caldwel,New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN 1-930665-55-5</ref> (also known as the Petersen-Lincoln index<ref name="Southwood"/> or [[Lincoln index]]) can be used to estimate population size if only two visits are made to the study area.  This method assumes that the study population is "closed"{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}.  In other words, the two visits to the study area are close enough in time so that no individuals die, are born, move into the study area ([[immigrate]]) or move out of the study area ([[emigrate]]) between visits. The model also assumes that no marks fall off animals between visits to the field site by the researcher, and that the researcher correctly records all marks.
 
 
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Given those conditions, estimated population size is:
 
 
</ul>
:<math>N = \frac{MC}{R},</math>
 
where
 
: ''N'' = Estimate of total population size
: ''M'' = Total number of animals captured and marked on the first visit
: ''C'' = Total number of animals captured on the second visit
: ''R'' = Number of animals captured on the first visit that were then recaptured on the second visit
 
===Adaptation of the Lincoln-Petersen method===
It is assumed (Krebs, 1998) that all individuals have the same probability of being captured in the second sample, regardless of whether they were previously captured in the first sample (with only two samples, this assumption cannot be tested directly).
 
This implies that, in the second sample, the proportion of marked individuals that are caught (<math>R/M</math>) should equal the proportion of the total population that is caught (<math>C/N</math>). For example, if half of the marked individuals were recaptured, it would be assumed that half of the total population was included in the second sample.
 
In symbols,
:<math>\frac{R}{M} = \frac{C}{N}.</math>
 
A rearrangement of this gives
:<math>N=\frac{MC}{R}, </math>
the formula used for the Lincoln–Petersen method (Krebs, 1998).
 
===Sample calculation===
A biologist wants to estimate the size of a population of turtles in a lake.  She captures 10 turtles on her first visit to the lake, and marks their backs with paint. A week later she returns to the lake and captures 15 turtles. Five of these 15 turtles have paint on their backs, indicating that they are recaptured animals.
 
: <math>N = \frac{MC}{R} = \frac{10\times 15}{5} = 30</math>
 
In this example, the Lincoln–Petersen method estimates that there are 30 turtles in the lake.
 
===A refined form, the Chapman Estimator===
The Lincoln-Peterson estimator is asymptotically unbiased as sample size approaches infinity, but is biased at small sample sizes.<ref name="Chapman1951">{{cite journal|author=Chapman, D.G.|title=Some properties of the hypergeometric distribution with applications to zoological sample censuses|year=1951}}</ref> An alternative [[shrinkage estimator|less biased estimator]] of population size is given by the Chapman Estimator:<ref name="Chapman1951"/>
 
:<math>N = \frac{(M+1)(C+1)}{R+1} - 1,</math>
 
where, as before,
 
: ''N'' = Estimate of total population size
: ''M'' = Total number of animals captured and marked on the first visit
: ''C'' = Total number of animals captured on the second visit
: ''R'' = Number of animals captured on the first visit that were then recaptured on the second visit
 
An approximately unbiased [[variance]] of ''N'', or var(''N''), can be estimated as:
 
: <math> \operatorname{var}(N) = \frac{(M+1)(C+1)(M-R)(C-R)}{(R+1)(R+1)(R+2)}.</math>
 
==More than two visits==
The literature on the analysis of capture-recapture studies has blossomed since the early 1990s{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}. There are very elaborate statistical models available for the analysis of these experiments{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}. A simple model which easily accommodates the three source, or the three visit study, is to fit a [[Poisson regression]] model. Sophisticated mark-recapture models can be fit using Rcapture,<ref name=CRAN>{{cite web|title=CRAN - Package Rcapture|url=http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcapture/index.html|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref> a package of the Open Source [[R programming language]], or specialized programs such as [[MARK (Software)|MARK]] <ref name=MARK>{{cite web|title=Program MARK|url=http://www.warnercnr.colostate.edu/~gwhite/mark/mark.htm|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref> or [[M-SURGE]].<ref name=Logiciels>{{cite web|title=Logiciels|url=http://www.cefe.cnrs.fr/biom/Logiciels.htm}}</ref> Other related methods which are often used include the [[Jolly-Seber model]] (used in open populations and for multiple census estimates) and Schnabel estimators (described above as an expansion to the Lincoln-Peterson method for closed populations). These are described in detail by Sutherland.<ref name="sutherland">{{cite book|title=Ecological Census Techniques: A Handbook|editor=William J. Sutherland|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521478154}}</ref>
 
==Integrated approaches==
Modelling mark-recapture data is trending towards a more integrative approach,<ref name="maunder1">Maunder M.N. (2003) Paradigm shifts in fisheries stock assessment: from integrated analysis to Bayesian analysis and back again. Natural Resource Modeling 16:465-475</ref> which combines mark-recapture data with [[population dynamics]] models and other types of data. The integrated approach is more computationally demanding, but extracts more information from the data improving [[parameter]] and [[uncertainty]] estimates.<ref name="maunder2">Maunder, M.N. (2001) Integrated Tagging and Catch-at-Age Analysis (ITCAAN). In Spatial Processes and Management of Fish Populations, edited by G.H. Kruse,N. Bez, A. Booth, M.W. Dorn, S. Hills, R.N. Lipcius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy, S.J. Smith, and D. Witherell, Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. AK-SG-01-02, University of Alaska Fairbanks, pp. 123-146.</ref>
 
==See also==
{{portal|Ecology}}
* [[German tank problem]], for estimation of population size when the elements are numbered.
* [[Tag and release]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Besbeas|first=P|coauthors=Freeman, S. N., Morgan, B. J. T., Catchpole, E. A.|title=Integrating mark-recapture-recovery and census data to estimate animal abundance and demographi parameters.|journal=Biometrics|volume=58|pages=540–547|doi=10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00540.x|pmid=12229988|year=2002|issue=3}}
* {{Cite journal
|last=Martin-Löf |first=P.|authorlink=Per Martin-Löf
|title=Mortality rate calculations on [[bird ringing|ringed birds]] with special reference to the [[Dunlin]] ''Calidris alpina''
|journal=Arkiv för Zoologi (Zoology files), Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) Serie 2
|volume=Band 13
|issue=21
|year=1961
}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Maunder|first=M. N.|title=Population viability analysis, based on combining integrated, Bayesian, and hierarchical analyses|journal=Acta Oecologica|volume=26|pages=85–94|doi=10.1016/j.actao.2003.11.008|year=2004|issue=2}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first=C. A.|coauthors=M. J. Dreslik, J. R. Johnson, and J. E. Petzing|year=2001|title=Application of population estimation to pond breeding salamanders|journal=Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science|volume=94|issue=2|pages=111–118}}
* {{Cite book|last=Royle|first=J. A.|coauthors=R. M. Dorazio|title=Hierarchical Modeling and Inference in Ecology|publisher=Elsevier|year=2008|isbn=1-930665-55-5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Seber|first=G.A.F.|title=The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters|publisher=Blackburn Press|location=Caldwel,New Jersey|isbn=1-930665-55-5}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Schaub|first=M|coauthors=Gimenez, O., Sierro, A., and Arlettaz, R|year=2007|title=Use of Integrated Modeling to Enhance Estimates of Population Dynamics Obtained from Limited Data|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=21|issue=4|pages=945–955|doi= 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00743.x|pmid=17650245}}
* {{Cite book|last=Williams|first=B. K.|coauthors=J. D. Nichols, and M. J. Conroy|title=Analysis and Management of Animal Populations|publisher=Academic Press|location=San Diego, California|year=2002|isbn=0-12-754406-2}}
 
==Further reading==
* Bonett, D.G., Woodward, J.A., & Bentler, P.M. (1986). "A Linear Model for Estimating the Size of a Closed Population", ''British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 39,'' 28-40.
* Evans, M.A., Bonett, D.G., & McDonald, L. (1994). "A General Theory for Analyzing Capture-recapture Data in Closed Populations." ''Biometrics, 50,'' 396-405.
* Lincoln, F. C. (1930). "Calculating Waterfowl Abundance on the Basis of Banding Returns". ''United States Department of Agriculture Circular'', 118, 1–4.
* Petersen, C. G. J. (1896). "The Yearly Immigration of Young Plaice Into the Limfjord From the German Sea", ''Report of the Danish Biological Station (1895)'', 6, 5–84.
* Schofield, J. R. (2007). "Beyond Defect Removal: Latent Defect Estimation With Capture-Recapture Method", Crosstalk, August, 2007; 27-29.
 
==External links==
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~yuc2/cr/history.htm A historical introduction to capture-recapture methods]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mark And Recapture}}
[[Category:Ecological techniques]]
[[Category:Epidemiology]]
[[Category:Statistical data types]]
[[Category:Environmental statistics]]

Revision as of 23:36, 3 February 2014

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Collar tagged Rock Hyrax
Jackdaw with a numbered aluminum ring on its left tarsus
Biologist is marking a Chittenango ovate amber snail to monitor the population.
right side view of a snail with a number 87 on its shell
Marked Chittenango ovate amber snail.

Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size. A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion is captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted. Since the number of marked individuals within the second sample should be proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population, an estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample. The method is most useful when it is not practical to count all the individuals in the population. Other names for this method, or closely related methods, include capture-recapture, capture-mark-recapture, mark-recapture, sight-resight, mark-release-recapture, multiple systems estimation, band recovery, the Petersen method[1] and the Lincoln method.

Another major application for these methods is in epidemiologyPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park., where they are used to estimate the completeness of ascertainment of disease registers. Typical applications include estimating the number of people needing particular services (i.e. services for children with learning disabilities, services for medically frail elderly living in the community), or with particular conditions(i.e. illegal drug addicts, people infected with HIV, etc.).Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

Field work related to mark-recapture

Typically a researcher visits a study area and uses traps to capture a group of individuals alivePotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.. Each of these individuals is marked with a unique identifier (e.g., a numbered tag or band), and then is released unharmed back into the environment. A mark recapture method was first used for ecological study in 1896 by C.G. Johannes Petersen to estimate plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, populations.[2]

Sufficient time is allowed to pass for the marked individuals to redistribute themselves among the unmarked populationPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park..

Next, the researcher returns and captures another sample of individualsPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.. Some of the individuals in this second sample will have been marked during the initial visit and are now known as recaptures. Other animals captured during the second visit will not have been captured during the first visit to the study area. These unmarked animals are usually given a tag or band during the second visit and then are releasedPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park..

Population size can be estimated from as few as two visits to the study area. Commonly, more than two visits are made, particularly if estimates of survival or movement are desiredPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.. Regardless of the total number of visits, the researcher simply records the date of each capture of each individual. The "capture histories" generated are analyzed mathematically to estimate population size, survival, or movementPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park..

In the epidemiological setting, different sources of patients take the place of the repeated field visits in ecology. To take a concrete example, establishing a register of children with Type 1 diabetes children were identified from hospital admission records, from general practitioners (family doctors), and from the records of the local Diabetes AssociationPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.. None of these sources had a complete list, but by putting them together it was possible to do two things, first to see how many children were identified in total, and secondly to estimate how many more children with Type 1 diabetes were living in the vital community.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

Lincoln-Petersen method of analysis

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. The Lincoln-Petersen method[3] (also known as the Petersen-Lincoln index[2] or Lincoln index) can be used to estimate population size if only two visits are made to the study area. This method assumes that the study population is "closed"Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.. In other words, the two visits to the study area are close enough in time so that no individuals die, are born, move into the study area (immigrate) or move out of the study area (emigrate) between visits. The model also assumes that no marks fall off animals between visits to the field site by the researcher, and that the researcher correctly records all marks.

Given those conditions, estimated population size is:

where

N = Estimate of total population size
M = Total number of animals captured and marked on the first visit
C = Total number of animals captured on the second visit
R = Number of animals captured on the first visit that were then recaptured on the second visit

Adaptation of the Lincoln-Petersen method

It is assumed (Krebs, 1998) that all individuals have the same probability of being captured in the second sample, regardless of whether they were previously captured in the first sample (with only two samples, this assumption cannot be tested directly).

This implies that, in the second sample, the proportion of marked individuals that are caught () should equal the proportion of the total population that is caught (). For example, if half of the marked individuals were recaptured, it would be assumed that half of the total population was included in the second sample.

In symbols,

A rearrangement of this gives

the formula used for the Lincoln–Petersen method (Krebs, 1998).

Sample calculation

A biologist wants to estimate the size of a population of turtles in a lake. She captures 10 turtles on her first visit to the lake, and marks their backs with paint. A week later she returns to the lake and captures 15 turtles. Five of these 15 turtles have paint on their backs, indicating that they are recaptured animals.

In this example, the Lincoln–Petersen method estimates that there are 30 turtles in the lake.

A refined form, the Chapman Estimator

The Lincoln-Peterson estimator is asymptotically unbiased as sample size approaches infinity, but is biased at small sample sizes.[4] An alternative less biased estimator of population size is given by the Chapman Estimator:[4]

where, as before,

N = Estimate of total population size
M = Total number of animals captured and marked on the first visit
C = Total number of animals captured on the second visit
R = Number of animals captured on the first visit that were then recaptured on the second visit

An approximately unbiased variance of N, or var(N), can be estimated as:

More than two visits

The literature on the analysis of capture-recapture studies has blossomed since the early 1990sPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.. There are very elaborate statistical models available for the analysis of these experimentsPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.. A simple model which easily accommodates the three source, or the three visit study, is to fit a Poisson regression model. Sophisticated mark-recapture models can be fit using Rcapture,[5] a package of the Open Source R programming language, or specialized programs such as MARK [6] or M-SURGE.[7] Other related methods which are often used include the Jolly-Seber model (used in open populations and for multiple census estimates) and Schnabel estimators (described above as an expansion to the Lincoln-Peterson method for closed populations). These are described in detail by Sutherland.[8]

Integrated approaches

Modelling mark-recapture data is trending towards a more integrative approach,[9] which combines mark-recapture data with population dynamics models and other types of data. The integrated approach is more computationally demanding, but extracts more information from the data improving parameter and uncertainty estimates.[10]

See also

Sportspersons Hyslop from Nicolet, usually spends time with pastimes for example martial arts, property developers condominium in singapore singapore and hot rods. Maintains a trip site and has lots to write about after touring Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

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    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

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    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

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    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

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    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

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    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

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  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

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    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

Further reading

  • Bonett, D.G., Woodward, J.A., & Bentler, P.M. (1986). "A Linear Model for Estimating the Size of a Closed Population", British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 39, 28-40.
  • Evans, M.A., Bonett, D.G., & McDonald, L. (1994). "A General Theory for Analyzing Capture-recapture Data in Closed Populations." Biometrics, 50, 396-405.
  • Lincoln, F. C. (1930). "Calculating Waterfowl Abundance on the Basis of Banding Returns". United States Department of Agriculture Circular, 118, 1–4.
  • Petersen, C. G. J. (1896). "The Yearly Immigration of Young Plaice Into the Limfjord From the German Sea", Report of the Danish Biological Station (1895), 6, 5–84.
  • Schofield, J. R. (2007). "Beyond Defect Removal: Latent Defect Estimation With Capture-Recapture Method", Crosstalk, August, 2007; 27-29.

External links

  1. ,20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  2. 2.0 2.1 Southwood, T.R.E. & Henderson, P. (2000) Ecological Methods, 3rd edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
  3. Seber, G.A.F.. The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters. Caldwel,New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN 1-930665-55-5
  4. 4.0 4.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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  8. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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  9. Maunder M.N. (2003) Paradigm shifts in fisheries stock assessment: from integrated analysis to Bayesian analysis and back again. Natural Resource Modeling 16:465-475
  10. Maunder, M.N. (2001) Integrated Tagging and Catch-at-Age Analysis (ITCAAN). In Spatial Processes and Management of Fish Populations, edited by G.H. Kruse,N. Bez, A. Booth, M.W. Dorn, S. Hills, R.N. Lipcius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy, S.J. Smith, and D. Witherell, Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. AK-SG-01-02, University of Alaska Fairbanks, pp. 123-146.