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{{For|other persons of the same name|Alexander Macfarlane (disambiguation)}}
Singapore is the place to reside! Also it's a nation where funding in its the property market yields good return. SingaporePropertyCycle.com.sg supplies you with the graphs and charts to track the property market cycle and make higher actual property funding selections. In search of a brand new dwelling? Take a look at our complete listing of new condominiums in Singapore. Welcome to Singapore Property For Sale! Featuring Singapore, JB Iskandar, London, Australia, Philipiines, Cambodia Property!<br><br>In August, more than 100 folks across sixteen states reportedly have been sickened with salmonella after consuming mangos In September, the Food and Drug Administration detained mango imports from a Mexican packing home after the fruits were linked to the sickenings Save Money On Your Online Purchasing Make saving money when purchasing online a breeze with Bodge's favourite app, Invisible Fingers. This helpful program does the value-checking analysis for you, and can provide you with a warning when a unique site has a better value - or let you understand that you have discovered the very best deal. Watch Posted by Edison Foo  September 29, 2013 FIRE SALE!!! From solely $9xx,000! We hope this checklist will help launch your seek for [http://keysol.properties/index.php?do=/profile-833/info/ new properties in Singapore]. It is illegal to buy ice cream after 6 pm, in Newark.<br><br>Even when the venture options a parking lot, it does not mean that you're going to get a parking slot. It's best to clarify this with the developer. I found a condo that I like, now what? Can collaborating builders seriously look into promotions concentrating on vacationers from prime-spending locations? How about partnering with Singapore Tourism Board for organized procuring tours with free sightseeing, flight and accommodation bundled with booking a luxurious residence, with the 15 % foreigner Further Buyer Stamp Responsibility absorbed by the developers? All residential property loans will now only permit a most mortgage tenor of 35 years. The ABSD is payable by affected patrons at fixed charges on the precise price paid or market worth of the property whichever is the higher.<br><br>Processing of any sale continues to be dealt with by the developer itself. The job of brokers from the appointed agencies is to get buyers in and to clinch sales. Early chicken discount (up to 10%) on the preview earlier than the official launch. The purpose of that is to stimulate demand and to create a shopping for momentum. As soon as this function is achieved, the developer would then take away the low cost so as to maximise his profitability. The developer must open a Undertaking Account with a financial institution or financial institution for each housing project he undertakes, earlier than he's issued with a Sale License (license to promote units in his improvement). All payments from patrons before completion of the project, and development loans, go into the project account. Sea Horizon EC @ Pasir Ris<br><br>Besides tighter Mortgage-to-Value limits, the minimum cash down fee for people applying for a second or subsequent housing mortgage will even be raised from 10% to 25%. 1st Housing Mortgage 2nd Housing Mortgage From 3rd Housing MAS will cap the Mortgage Servicing Ratio (MSR) for housing loans granted by monetary institutions at 30% of a borrower's gross monthly revenue. For loans granted by HDB, the cap on the MSR can be lowered from 40% to 35%. 2. PRs who own a HDB flat shall be disallowed from subletting their entire flat. Elevate the SSD (seller stamp responsibility) rates to sixteen%, 12%, 8% and four% of consideration for residential properties that are purchased on or after 14 January 2011, and are offered within the first, second, third and fourth 12 months of purchase respectively;<br><br>One Balmoral – Ultra High End Freehold Condominium To Match Your Status! One Balmoral is a extremely excessive end freehold condominium situated at One Balmoral Highway. One Balmoral A improvement by Hong Leong Holdings Limited, consisting of 91 models in Oceanfront Suites, irresistible pricing for a 946 leasehold property with magnificent sea view. Dreaming of basking and feeling the warmth of pure sunlight is now just a click on away. Oceanfront Suites - Seaside residing no longer wants to stay an unattainable Ang Mo Kio Cluster House is launching tentatively in April 2013. Click on right here to register your curiosity for Ang Mo Kio Cluster House now! Ang Mo Kio Cluster Home is a rare freehold strata landed improvement along Ang Mo Kio Avenue Pupil's boarding home or hostel<br><br>The Loan-To-Value (LTV) restrict on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS for property purchasers who will not be individuals might be lowered to 50 per cent. This consists of corporations, trusts and collective funding schemes, among others, as well as to joint property purchases by a person and a purchaser who just isn't an individual. The dimensions of every EC unit can now be no larger than 160 sq m. This can handle concerns raised just lately over whether or not the sale of mega penthouses and other luxurious units are consistent with the coverage of conserving them as an reasonably priced possibility for center- revenue Singaporeans. Anyway, the challenge won't be accomplished until 2019. Who knows what the property market will be like 5 years from now?
{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Alexander Macfarlane
|image            = Macfarlane_Alexander_math.jpg
|image_size      = 300px
|caption          = Alexander Macfarlane (1851&nbsp;— 1913)
|birth_date        = {{birth-date| April 21, 1851}}
|birth_place      = [[Blairgowrie and Rattray|Blairgowrie]], [[Scotland]]
|death_date        = {{death-date|August 28, 1913 }}
|death_place      = [[Chatham, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
|residence        = Chatham, Ontario
|citizenship      =
|nationality      = [[Scotland|Scottish]]
|ethnicity        =
|field            = [[Logic]]<br>[[Physics]]<br>[[Mathematics]]
|work_institutions = [[University of Texas]]<br>[[Lehigh University]]
|alma_mater        = [[University of Edinburgh]]
|doctoral_advisor  = [[Peter Guthrie Tait]]
|doctoral_students =
|known_for        = Scientific biographies<br>Algebra of Physics
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences        = [[William Rowan Hamilton]]<br>[[William Kingdon Clifford]]<br>[[Arthur Cayley]]
|influenced        = [[G. W. Pierce]]<br>[[Quaternion Society]]
|prizes            =
|religion          =
|footnotes        =
|signature        =
}}
 
'''Alexander Macfarlane''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|FRSE]] (April 21, 1851&nbsp;– August 28, 1913) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[logic]]ian, [[physicist]], and [[mathematician]].
 
Macfarlane was born in [[Blairgowrie and Rattray|Blairgowrie]], [[Scotland]] and studied at the [[University of Edinburgh]].  His [[doctoral thesis]], on the conditions governing the [[electric spark]], was subsequently published in the ''[[Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]''. It brought him to the notice of [[James Clerk Maxwell]], and in 1878 Macfarlane was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
 
During his life, Macfarlane played a prominent role in research and education. He taught at the universities of Edinburgh and [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews]], was physics [[professor]] at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] (1885&nbsp;– 1894),<ref>See the [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00515/cah-00515.html Macfarlane papers at the University of Texas].</ref> professor of Advanced Electricity, and later of [[mathematical physics]], at [[Lehigh University]]. MacFarlane was the secretary of the [[Quaternion Society]] and compiler of its publications.
 
Macfarlane was also the author of a popular 1916 collection of mathematical biographies (''Ten British Mathematicians''), a similar work on physicists (''Lectures on Ten British Physicists of the Nineteenth Century'', 1919), and he compiled a [[bibliography]] on [[quaternion]]s in 1904.
Macfarlane was caught up in the revolution in [[geometry]] during his lifetime,<ref>''1830–1930: A Century of Geometry'', L Boi, D. Flament, JM Salanskis editors, Lecture Notes in Physics #402, Springer-Verlag ISBN 3-540-55408-4</ref> in particular through the influence of [[G. B. Halsted]] who was mathematics professor at the University of Texas. Macfarlane originated an ''Algebra of Physics'', which was his adaptation of quaternions to physical science. His first publication on ''Space Analysis'' preceded the presentation of [[Minkowski Space]] by seventeen years.<ref>A. Macfarlane (1891) "Principles of the Algebra of Physics", ''Proceedings of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]'' 40:65-117. It was 1908 when [[Hermann Minkowski]] proposed his spacetime.</ref>
 
Macfarlane actively participated in several [[International Congress of Mathematicians|International Congresses of Mathematicians]] including the primordial meeting in Chicago, 1893, and the Paris meeting of 1900 where he spoke on "Application of space analysis to curvilinear coordinates".
 
Macfarlane retired to [[Chatham, Ontario]], where he died in 1913.
 
==Space analysis==
Alexander Macfarlane stylized his work as "Space Analysis". In 1894 he published his five earlier papers and a book review of [[Alexander MacAulay]]’s ''Utility of Quaternions in Physics''. This collection is now available on-line.<ref>A. Macfarlane (1894) ''[http://www.archive.org/details/principlesalgeb01macfgoog Papers on Space Analysis]'', B. Westerman, New York, weblink from [[archive.org]]</ref>
Page numbers are carried from previous publications, and the reader is presumed familiar with quaternions. The first paper is "Principles of the Algebra of Physics" where he first proposes the [[hyperbolic quaternion]] algebra, since "a student of physics finds a difficulty in principle of quaternions which makes the square of a vector negative." The second paper is "The Imaginary of the Algebra". Here he introduces the [[versor#Hyperbolic versor|hyperbolic versor]] as the hyperbolic quaternion corresponding to the [[versor]] of Hamilton. The presentation is encumbered by the notation
:<math>h \alpha ^ A = \cosh A + \sinh A \ \alpha ^{\pi/2}.</math>
Later he conformed to the notation exp(A α) used by Euler and Sophus Lie. The expression <math>\alpha ^{\pi/2}</math> is meant to emphasize that α is a ''right versor'', where π/2 is the measure of a [[right angle]] in [[radian]]s. The π/2 in the exponent is, in fact, superfluous.
 
Papers three and four are "Fundamental Theorems of Analysis Generalized for Space" and "On the definition of the Trigonometric Functions", which he had presented the previous year in Chicago at the ''Congress of Mathematicians'' held in connection with the [[World's Columbian Exhibition]]. He follows [[George Salmon]] in exhibiting the [[hyperbolic angle]], argument of [[hyperbolic function]]s. The fifth paper is "Elliptic and Hyperbolic Analysis" which considers the [[spherical law of cosines]] as the fundamental theorem of the [[sphere]], and proceeds to analogues for the ellipsoid of revolution, general [[ellipsoid]], and equilateral [[hyperboloid]]s of one and two sheets, where he provides the [[hyperbolic law of cosines]].
 
In 1900 Alexander published "Hyperbolic Quaternions"<ref>Macfarlane (1900) "Hyperbolic Quaternions" ''Proceedings of the Royal Society at Edinburgh'', 1899-1900 session, pp. 169–181</ref> with the Royal Society in Edinburgh, and included a sheet of nine figures, two of which display conjugate [[hyperbola]]s. Having been stung in the ''Great Vector Debate'' over the non-associativity of his Algebra of Physics, he restored associativity by reverting to [[biquaternion]]s, an algebra used by students of Hamilton since 1853.
 
==Works==
* {{cite book | last = Macfarlane | first = Alexander | title = Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | location = New York | year = 1916 | url = http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=math;cc=math;view=toc;subview=short;idno=05070001}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mason, Thomas E.|title=Review: Alexander Macfarlane, ''Ten British Mathematicians''|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|year=1917|volume=23|issue=4|pages=191–192|url=http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1917-23-04/S0002-9904-1917-02913-8/}}</ref>
* {{cite book | last = Macfarlane | first = Alexander | title = Lectures on Ten British Physicists of the Nineteenth Century | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | location = New York | year = 1919 | url = http://www.archive.org/details/lecturesontenbri00macfrich}}
* {{gutenberg author|id=Alexander_MacFarlane|name=Alexander Macfarlane}}
 
==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}
 
* {{cite journal | author = Colaw, J. M. | title = Alexander Macfarlane, M.A., D. Sc., LL.D | journal = The American Mathematical Monthly | year = 1895 | volume = 2 | pages = 1–4 | doi = 10.2307/2971573 }}
* Robert de Boer (2009) [http://www.webcitation.org/5kmWeo7j0 Biography of Alexander Macfarlane] from [[WebCite]].
* [http://www.electricscotland.com/history/canada/kent/macfarlane_alexander.htm Electric Scotland historical biography]
* [[Cargill Gilston Knott|Knott, Cargill Gilston]], ''Alexander Macfarlane'' (obituary), [[Nature (journal)|Nature]], 25 September 1913.
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00515/cah-00515.html Macfarlane papers at the University of Texas]
 
{{Authority control|VIAF=50005071}}
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Macfarlane, Alexander
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British mathematician and physicist
| DATE OF BIRTH    = April 21, 1851
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Blairgowrie and Rattray|Blairgowrie]], [[Scotland]]
| DATE OF DEATH    = August 28, 1913
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Chatham, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Macfarlane, Alexander}}
[[Category:1851 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Blairgowrie and Rattray]]
[[Category:Scottish mathematicians]]
[[Category:Scottish logicians]]
[[Category:Scottish physicists]]
[[Category:19th-century British mathematicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish people]]
[[Category:20th-century mathematicians]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Lehigh University faculty]]
[[Category:People from Chatham-Kent]]
[[Category:Relativists]]
[[Category:Scottish expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty]]
[[Category:ICM 1900 Plenary and Invited Speakers]]
[[Category:Geometers]]
[[Category:Scottish philosophers]]

Latest revision as of 22:47, 25 June 2014

Singapore is the place to reside! Also it's a nation where funding in its the property market yields good return. SingaporePropertyCycle.com.sg supplies you with the graphs and charts to track the property market cycle and make higher actual property funding selections. In search of a brand new dwelling? Take a look at our complete listing of new condominiums in Singapore. Welcome to Singapore Property For Sale! Featuring Singapore, JB Iskandar, London, Australia, Philipiines, Cambodia Property!

In August, more than 100 folks across sixteen states reportedly have been sickened with salmonella after consuming mangos In September, the Food and Drug Administration detained mango imports from a Mexican packing home after the fruits were linked to the sickenings Save Money On Your Online Purchasing Make saving money when purchasing online a breeze with Bodge's favourite app, Invisible Fingers. This helpful program does the value-checking analysis for you, and can provide you with a warning when a unique site has a better value - or let you understand that you have discovered the very best deal. Watch Posted by Edison Foo September 29, 2013 FIRE SALE!!! From solely $9xx,000! We hope this checklist will help launch your seek for new properties in Singapore. It is illegal to buy ice cream after 6 pm, in Newark.

Even when the venture options a parking lot, it does not mean that you're going to get a parking slot. It's best to clarify this with the developer. I found a condo that I like, now what? Can collaborating builders seriously look into promotions concentrating on vacationers from prime-spending locations? How about partnering with Singapore Tourism Board for organized procuring tours with free sightseeing, flight and accommodation bundled with booking a luxurious residence, with the 15 % foreigner Further Buyer Stamp Responsibility absorbed by the developers? All residential property loans will now only permit a most mortgage tenor of 35 years. The ABSD is payable by affected patrons at fixed charges on the precise price paid or market worth of the property whichever is the higher.

Processing of any sale continues to be dealt with by the developer itself. The job of brokers from the appointed agencies is to get buyers in and to clinch sales. Early chicken discount (up to 10%) on the preview earlier than the official launch. The purpose of that is to stimulate demand and to create a shopping for momentum. As soon as this function is achieved, the developer would then take away the low cost so as to maximise his profitability. The developer must open a Undertaking Account with a financial institution or financial institution for each housing project he undertakes, earlier than he's issued with a Sale License (license to promote units in his improvement). All payments from patrons before completion of the project, and development loans, go into the project account. Sea Horizon EC @ Pasir Ris

Besides tighter Mortgage-to-Value limits, the minimum cash down fee for people applying for a second or subsequent housing mortgage will even be raised from 10% to 25%. 1st Housing Mortgage 2nd Housing Mortgage From 3rd Housing MAS will cap the Mortgage Servicing Ratio (MSR) for housing loans granted by monetary institutions at 30% of a borrower's gross monthly revenue. For loans granted by HDB, the cap on the MSR can be lowered from 40% to 35%. 2. PRs who own a HDB flat shall be disallowed from subletting their entire flat. Elevate the SSD (seller stamp responsibility) rates to sixteen%, 12%, 8% and four% of consideration for residential properties that are purchased on or after 14 January 2011, and are offered within the first, second, third and fourth 12 months of purchase respectively;

One Balmoral – Ultra High End Freehold Condominium To Match Your Status! One Balmoral is a extremely excessive end freehold condominium situated at One Balmoral Highway. One Balmoral A improvement by Hong Leong Holdings Limited, consisting of 91 models in Oceanfront Suites, irresistible pricing for a 946 leasehold property with magnificent sea view. Dreaming of basking and feeling the warmth of pure sunlight is now just a click on away. Oceanfront Suites - Seaside residing no longer wants to stay an unattainable Ang Mo Kio Cluster House is launching tentatively in April 2013. Click on right here to register your curiosity for Ang Mo Kio Cluster House now! Ang Mo Kio Cluster Home is a rare freehold strata landed improvement along Ang Mo Kio Avenue Pupil's boarding home or hostel

The Loan-To-Value (LTV) restrict on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS for property purchasers who will not be individuals might be lowered to 50 per cent. This consists of corporations, trusts and collective funding schemes, among others, as well as to joint property purchases by a person and a purchaser who just isn't an individual. The dimensions of every EC unit can now be no larger than 160 sq m. This can handle concerns raised just lately over whether or not the sale of mega penthouses and other luxurious units are consistent with the coverage of conserving them as an reasonably priced possibility for center- revenue Singaporeans. Anyway, the challenge won't be accomplished until 2019. Who knows what the property market will be like 5 years from now?

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