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| {{Infobox scientist
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| | name = Friedrich Hasenöhrl
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| | image = Hasenoehrl.jpg|300px
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| | caption = Friedrich Hasenöhrl
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| | birth_date = {{birth date|1874|11|30|mf=y}}
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| | birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
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| | death_date = {{death date and age|1915|10|7|1874|11|30|mf=y}}
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| | death_place = [[Vielgereuth]], [[Welschtirol]], Austria-Hungary
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| | residence = [[Austria-Hungary]]
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| | nationality = [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]]
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| | field = [[Physicist]]
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| | work_institution = [[University of Vienna]]
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| | alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]
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| | doctoral_advisor = [[Franz S. Exner]]
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| | doctoral_students = [[Karl Herzfeld]]<br>[[Erwin Schrödinger]]
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| | known_for = [[Cavity radiation]]
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| | prizes =
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| | religion =
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| | footnotes =
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| }}
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| '''Friedrich Hasenöhrl''' ({{IPA-de|ˈhaːzn̩øːɐ̯l|lang}}; November 30, 1874 – October 7, 1915), was an [[Austria]]n [[physicist]]. | |
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| ==Life==
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| Friedrich Hasenöhrl was born in [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1874. His father was a lawyer and his mother belonged to a prominent aristocratic family. After his elementary education, he studied natural science and mathematics at the [[University of Vienna]] under [[Joseph Stefan]] (1835–1893) and [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] (1844–1906). He worked under [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] in [[Leiden]] at the low temperature laboratory, and there he also was friendly connected with [[Hendrik Lorentz|H. A. Lorentz]].
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| In 1907 he became Boltzmann's successor at the University of Vienna as the head of the Department of Theoretical Physics. He had a number of illustrious pupils there and had an especially significant impact on [[Erwin Schrödinger]], who later won the [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] for his contributions to [[Quantum Mechanics]].
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| When the war broke out in 1914, he volunteered at once into the Austria-Hungarian army. He fought as Oberleutnant against the Italians in [[county of Tyrol|Tyrol]]. He was wounded, recovered and returned to the front. He was then killed by a grenade in an attack on Mount Plaut on October 7, 1915 at the age of 40.
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| ==Cavity radiation==
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| {{Main|Electromagnetic mass}}
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| Since [[J. J. Thomson]] in 1881, many physicists like [[Wilhelm Wien]] (1900), [[Max Abraham]] (1902), and [[Hendrik Lorentz]] (1904) used equations equivalent to
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| :<math>m_{em}=\frac{4}{3} \cdot \frac{E_{em}}{c^2}</math>
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| for the so-called "[[electromagnetic mass]]", which expresses how much electromagnetic energy contributes to the mass of bodies. And [[Henri Poincaré]] (1900) implicitly used the expression ''m=E/c<sup>2</sup>'' for the mass of electromagnetic energy.
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| Following this line of thought, Hasenöhrl (1904, 1905) published several papers on the inertia of a cavity containing radiation.<ref group=H name=has1 /><ref group=H name=has2 /> This was an entirely classical derivation (no use of special relativity) and used [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell's]] equation for the [[radiation pressure|pressure of light]]. Hasenöhrl specifically associated the "apparent" mass via inertia with the energy concept through the equation:<ref group=H name=has1 />
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| :<math>\mu=\frac{8}{3}\frac{E_{0}}{\mathfrak{B}^{2}}</math>,
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| where μ is the apparent mass, E<sub>0</sub> is the radiation energy, and <math>\mathfrak{B}</math> the speed of light. Subsequently, he used the notation:<ref group=H name=has2 />
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| :<math>m=\frac{8}{3} \cdot \frac{h \, \varepsilon_0}{c^2}</math>,
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| where hε<sub>0</sub> is the radiation energy. He also concluded that this result is valid for all radiating bodies, i.e. for all bodies whose temperature is > 0°K. For this result Hasenöhrl was awarded the [[Haitinger prize]] of the [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]]. He wrote in 1904:<ref group=H name=has2 />
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| {{Quote|Since the heat content of every body partly consists of radiating heat, the things that we have demonstrated at a cavity, are true ''mutatis mutandis'' for every body whose temperature is different from 0° A.. In particular, every body must have an apparent mass determined by the inner radiation, and which is therefore above all dependent on the temperature.}}
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| However, it was shown by Abraham that Hasenöhrl's calculation for the apparent mass was incorrect, so he published another paper in 1905, where he presented Abraham's criticism and corrected his formula to:<ref group=H name=has3 />
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| :<math>m=\frac{4}{3} \cdot \frac{h \, \varepsilon_0}{c^2}</math>
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| This was the same relation (as Hasenöhrl noted himself) as for the [[electromagnetic mass]] formula given above. Hasenöhrl's results (concerning apparent mass and thermodynamics) by using cavity radiation was further elaborated and criticized by [[Kurd von Mosengeil]] (1906/7) who already incorporated [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[theory of relativity]] in his work. A broad outline of relativistic thermodynamics and [[mass-energy equivalence]] using cavity radiation was given by [[Max Planck]] in 1907.<ref>{{Cite book
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| |author=Miller, Arthur I.
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| |year=1981
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| |title=Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911)
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| |location=Reading
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| |publisher=Addison–Wesley
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| |isbn=0-201-04679-2
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| |pages=359–374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
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| |doi=10.1002/andp.19073270504
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| |author=Mosengeil, Kurd von
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| |year=1907
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| |title=[[s:de:Theorie der stationären Strahlung|Theorie der stationären Strahlung in einem gleichförmich bewegten Hohlraum]]
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| |journal=Annalen der Physik
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| |volume=327
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| |issue=5
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| |pages=867–904|bibcode = 1907AnP...327..867V }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
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| |author=Planck, Max
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| |year=1907
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| |title=[[s:On the Dynamics of Moving Systems|On the Dynamics of Moving Systems]]
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| |series=Erster
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| |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin
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| |volume=Halbband
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| |issue=29
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| |pages=542–570}}</ref>
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| In some additional papers (1907, 1908)<ref group=H name=has4 /> Hasenöhrl elaborated further on his 1904-work and concluded that his new results were now in accordance to the theories of Mosengeil and Planck. However, he complained about the fact that Planck (1907) did not mention his earlier 1904-results (like the dependency of apparent mass on temperature). In 1908 Planck wrote that the results of Hasenöhrl's new approach from 1907 were indeed equivalent to those of relativity.<ref>{{Cite journal
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| |author=Planck, Max
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| |year=1908
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| |title=[[s:Notes on the Principle of Action and Reaction in General Dynamics|Notes on the Principle of Action and Reaction in General Dynamics]]
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| |journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift
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| |volume=9
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| |issue=23
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| |pages=828–830}}</ref>
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| Afterwards, several authors gave credit to Hasenöhrl for his 1904 achievements on cavity radiation.
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| {{Cquote|That the [[black body]] radiation possesses [[inertia]] was first pointed out by F. Hasenöhrl.<ref>{{Citation
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| |author=Planck, Max
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| |year=1909/1915
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| |chapter=[[s:General Dynamics. Principle of Relativity|General Dynamics. Principle of Relativity]]
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| |title=Eight lectures on theoretical physics
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| |location=New York
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| |publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref>|author=[[Max Planck]], 1909.}}
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| {{Cquote|''Radiation in a moving cavity''. This case is of historic interest, since it can be treated by electrodynamics alone, even without relativity theory. Then one necessarily comes to ascribe momentum and thus inertial mass to the moving radiation energy. It's interesting that this result was already found by F. Hasenöhrl before the introduction of relativity theory. However, his conclusions were in some points in need of correction. A complete solution of this problem was first given by K. v. Mosengeil.<ref>{{Citation|author=Pauli, Wolfgang|authorlink=Wolfgang Pauli|year=1921|journal=Encyclopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften|title= Die Relativitätstheorie|chapter=Die Strahlung im bewegten Hohlraum|volume=5|issue=2|pages=685–689|url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=201990}}</ref>|author=[[Wolfgang Pauli]], 1921}}
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| ===Explanations===
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| There are different explanations for this result and its deviation from the relativistic formula <math>E=mc^2</math>. [[Enrico Fermi]] and others argued<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fermi, E.|year=1923|title=Sulla massa della radiazione in uno spazio vuoto
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| |journal=Rendiconti Lincei|volume=32|pages=162–164}}</ref><ref>Mathpages: [http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath601/kmath601.htm Another Derivation of Mass-Energy Equivalence].</ref> that this problem is analogous to the so-called 4/3 problem of electromagnetic mass. That is, if Hasenöhrl had included the shell in his calculations in a way consistent with relativity, the pre-factor of 4/3 would have been 1, so yielding <math>m = E/c^2</math>. He could not have done this, since he did not have relativistic mechanics, with which he could model the shell.
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| On the other hand, Stephen Boughn and [[Tony Rothman]] in 2011<ref>Stephen Boughn, Tony Rothman (2011): ''Hasenöhrl and the Equivalence of Mass and Energy'', {{arxiv|1108.2250}}</ref> (and Boughn in 2012<ref>{{Cite journal
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| |author=Stephen Boughn
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| |year=2013
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| |title=Fritz Hasenöhrl and E = mc2
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| |journal=[[European Physical Journal H]]
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| |doi=10.1140/epjh/e2012-30061-5
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| |arxiv=1303.7162|bibcode = 2013EPJH...38..261B }}</ref>), who gave a historical account of different solutions to the problem, argued that the above explanation is insufficient. After providing a complete relativistic description and solution of the cavity problem (in the "constant velocity case" and "slow acceleration case"), they wrote:
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| {{Quote|... more generally the reason he [Hasenöhrl] achieved an incorrect result on both occasions is that he wants to rigorously equate the work performed to kinetic energy, as the work-energy theorem demands. Unfortunately, he does not know how to properly compute the energy. In particular, Hasenöhrl does not conceive of the fact that if the radiators are losing energy, they must be losing mass, which contains an element of irony because it is precisely a mass-energy relation that he is trying to establish. [...]<br /> Let us end by saying that Fritz Hasenöhrl attempted a legitimate thought experiment and tackled it with the tools available at the time. He was working during a transition period and did not create the new theory necessary to allow him to solve the problem correctly and completely. Nevertheless, his basic conclusion remained valid and for that he should be given credit.}}
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| ==Hasenöhrl and Einstein==
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| The formulas for [[electromagnetic mass]] (like those of Hasenöhrl's) were similar to the famous equation for [[mass–energy equivalence]]:
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| :<math>\displaystyle{E=mc^2}</math>
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| published by [[Albert Einstein]] in September 1905 in the ''Annalen der Physik'' —a few editions after Hasenöhrl published his results on cavity radiation. The similarity between those formulas led some critics of Einstein, up until the 1930s, to claim that he [[plagiarize]]d the formula from Hasenöhrl, often in connection with the [[antisemitic]] [[Deutsche Physik]].
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| As an example, [[Phillip Lenard]] published a paper in 1921 in which he gave priority for "E=mc²" to Hasenöhrl (Lenard also gave credit to [[Johann Georg von Soldner]] and [[Paul Gerber]] in relation to some effects of [[general relativity]]).<ref>{{Cite journal
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| |last=Lenard, P.
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| |year=1921
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| |title=Vorbemerkung Lenards zu Soldners: Über die Ablenkung eines Lichtstrahls von seiner geradlinigen Bewegung durch die Attraktion eines Weltkörpers, an welchem er nahe vorbeigeht;
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| |journal=Annalen der Physik
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| |volume =65
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| |issue=15
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| |pages =593–604
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| |doi=10.1002/andp.19213701503
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| |first1=J.|bibcode = 1921AnP...370..593S }}</ref>
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| However, [[Max von Laue]] quickly rebutted those claims by saying that the inertia of ''electromagnetic'' energy was long known before Hasenöhrl, especially by the works of [[Henri Poincaré]] (1900) and [[Max Abraham]] (1902), while Hasenöhrl only used their results for his calculation on cavity radiation. Laue continued by saying that credit for establishing the ''inertia of all forms of energy'' (the ''real'' mass-energy equivalence) goes to Einstein, who was also the first to understand the deep implications of that equivalence in relation to relativity.<ref>{{Cite journal
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| |last=Laue, M.v.
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| |year=1921
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| |title=Erwiderung auf Hrn. Lenards Vorbemerkungen zur Soldnerschen Arbeit von 1801
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| |journal=Annalen der Physik
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| |volume =66
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| |issue=20
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| |pages = 283–284
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| |doi=10.1002/andp.19213712005
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| |first1=M.|bibcode = 1921AnP...371..283L }}</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Mass–energy equivalence]]
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| * [[History of special relativity]]
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| ==Publications==
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| {{Wikisourceauthor}}
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| {{Wikisourcelang|de}}
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| ;Hasenöhrl's papers on cavity radiation and thermodynamics: | |
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| <references group=H>
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| <ref name=has1>[[s:de:Zur Theorie der Strahlung bewegter Körper|Zur Theorie der Strahlung bewegter Körper]] (1904), Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien. 113 IIa, 1039.
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| :*English Wikisource translation: [[s:Translation:On the Theory of Radiation of Moving Bodies|On the Theory of Radiation of Moving Bodies]].</ref>
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| <ref name=has2>[[s:de:Zur Theorie der Strahlung in bewegten Körpern|Zur Theorie der Strahlung in bewegten Körpern]] (1904), Annalen der Physik 15, 344-370.
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| :*English Wikisource translation: [[s:Translation:On the Theory of Radiation in Moving Bodies|On the Theory of Radiation in Moving Bodies]].</ref>
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| <ref name=has3>[[s:de:Zur Theorie der Strahlung in bewegten Körpern. Berichtigung|Zur Theorie der Strahlung in bewegten Körpern. Berichtigung]] (1905), Annalen der Physik 16, 589-592).
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| :*English Wikisource translation: [[s:Translation:On the Theory of Radiation in Moving Bodies. Correction|On the Theory of Radiation in Moving Bodies. Correction]].</ref>
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| <ref name=has4>[[s:de:Zur Thermodynamik bewegter Systeme|Zur Thermodynamik bewegter Systeme]] and [[s:de:Zur Thermodynamik bewegter Systeme (Fortsetzung)|Zur Thermodynamik bewegter Systeme (Fortsetzung)]] (1907-1908), Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien. 116 IIa (9): 1391-1405, ''1907'' and 117 IIa (2): 207-215, ''1908'')
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| :*English Wikisource translation: [[s:Translation:On the Thermodynamics of Moving Systems|On the Thermodynamics of Moving Systems]].</ref>
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| </references>
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| ==Notes and references==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Known Family==
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| * Married <name unknown> and had at least one known son, Victor Hasenohrl (? - 1982) who married Elizabeth Sayre (? - 1968) and had three children:
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| ** '''Frederick Hasenohrl''' [deceased] (married Victoria ?)
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| *** Children: Fritz and Issca
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| ** '''Elizabeth Sayre Reich''' (married Joseph D. Reich[deceased] and lives in Rockville, Maryland, USA)
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| *** Children: Daniel S. Reich (lives in Lutherville, Maryland, USA) and Eric K. Reich (lives in Boyds, Maryland, USA)
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| ** '''Margaret Hasenohrl''' (never married and resides in Silver Spring, Maryland, USA)
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| ==Further reading==
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| * Lenard, Philipp, ''Great Men of Science.'' Translated from the second German edition, G. Bell and sons, London (1950) ISBN 0-8369-1614-X
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| * Moore, Walter "Schrödinger: Life and Thought" University of Cambridge (1989) ISBN 0-521-43767-9.
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.univie.ac.at/archiv/tour/17.htm Career at University of Vienna]
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| *[http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/10_14.html Military record]
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=8141500}}
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| {{Persondata
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| |NAME= Hasenöhrl, Friedrich
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| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
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| |SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Austria]]n [[physicist]]
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| |DATE OF BIRTH= November 30, 1874
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| |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
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| |DATE OF DEATH= October 7, 1915
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| |PLACE OF DEATH= [[county of Tyrol|Tyrol]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Hasenohrl, Friedrich}}
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| [[Category:1874 births|Hasenohrl,Friedrich]]
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| [[Category:1915 deaths|Hasenohrl,Friedrich]]
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| [[Category:Scientists from Vienna|Hasenohrl,Friedrich]]
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| [[Category:Austrian physicists|Hasenohrl,Friedrich]]
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