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== Cheap Oakley Sunglasses Australia  predicting that by 2032 ==
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}
'''Eaton A. Hodgkinson''' (26 February 1789 – 18 June 1861) was an [[England|English]] [[engineer]], a pioneer of the application of [[mathematics]] to problems of structural design.


==Early life==
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Hodgkinson was born in the village of [[Anderton with Marbury|Anderton]], near [[Great Budworth]], [[Cheshire]] to a [[farming]] family. His father died when Hodgkinson was six years old and he was raised with his two sisters by his mother who maintained the farming business. She sent her son to [[Witton Grammar School]] in [[Northwich]] where he studied the [[classics]] with the intention that he would fulfill the family's ambition that he prepares for a career in the [[Church of England]]. Unfortunately, the regime was unsuited to his tastes and talents which were already showing promise in mathematics. His mother moved him to a less prestigious private school in Northwich where his enthusiasm for mathematics was encouraged and fostered but, as the young Hodgkinson grew physically, he became indispensable on the family farm and soon left education to devote himself there.
 
 
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However, farming was no more to his taste than [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]] and his mother yearned to satisfy her son's appetites. Family friends advised that Hodgkinson might find some more suitable outlet in nearby [[Manchester]] and so, in 1811, the family left for [[Salford, Greater Manchester|Salford]] to open a [[pawnbroking]] business. Hodgkinson used all his spare time in reading [[science]] and mathematics and soon introduced himself into Manchester's scientific community, meeting, among others, his future collaborator, Sir [[William Fairbairn]]. He became a pupil of [[John Dalton]], studying mathematics, and the two remained firm friends until Dalton's death in 1844. He retired early from the family business to devote a modest pension to his scientific work.
 
 
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He married twice, to Catherine Johns and to a Miss Holditch. There were no children.
 
 
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==Scientific work==
 
[[File:Hodgkinson Experiment on column.jpg|thumb|Hodgkinson experimented on the strength of columns, here showing the failure mode]]
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Hodgkinson measured the strength of columns of materials including cast iron and marble in a series of experiments.<ref>[[Henry Moseley (mathematician)|Henry Moseley]]. ''Illustrations of Mechanics''. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, Paternoster-Row. 1839. Page 403.</ref>
 
 
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Hodgkinson worked with Sir [[William Fairbairn]] in [[Manchester]] on the design of [[iron]] [[beam (structure)|beam]]s, especially on the Water Street bridge for the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]] in 1828-30. His improved [[cross section (geometry)|cross section]] was published by the [[Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society]] in 1830 and influenced much nineteenth century [[structural engineering]]. He derived the empirical formula for a concentrated load, ''W'' (in [[ton]]s), at which a beam will fail as a function of its length between simple supports, ''L'' (in inches); its depth, ''d'' (in inches); and its bottom-flange [[area]], ''A'' (inch²):
 
 
</ul>
:<math>W=\frac {26Ad} {L}</math>
 
His expertise with beams led to his retention, along with Fairbairn, as consultant on the novel tubular design for the [[Britannia Bridge]]. Fairbairn built and tested several prototypes, and developed the final form adopted for the bridge. Both Hodgkinson and [[Robert Stephenson]] believed that extra chains would be needed to support the heavy spans, so the towers were built with spaces for the chains. Fairbairn, however, insisted that chains would not be necessary, and his opinion prevailed. He was right, and chains were never used, but the towers remain with their empty recesses.
 
==Later years==
Hodgkinson was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1841 and, in 1847, he became professor of the mechanical principles of engineering at [[University College London]]. In 1849, he was appointed by the [[UK Parliament]] to participate in a [[Royal Commission]] to investigate the application of iron in [[railroad]] structures, performing some early investigations of [[metal fatigue]].
 
Towards the end of his life, his mental faculties failed and he died at [[Higher Broughton]], [[Salford, Greater Manchester|Salford]].
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==Bibliography==
*''Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Application of Iron to Railway Structures'' (1849) cmd. 1123, HMSO
*[[Henry Petroski|Petroski, H.]] (1994) ''Design Paradigms: Case Histories of Error and Judgement in Engineering'' ISBN 0-521-46108-1
*Rawson, R (1865) "Memoir of Eaton Hodgkinson", ''Transactions of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society'', vol II, reprinted in ''Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution'' (1868), pp203–230
*Timoshenko, S. P. (1953) ''History of Strength of Materials'', pp126–129
 
{{Authority control|VIAF=44243411}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Hodgkinson, Eaton
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British engineer
| DATE OF BIRTH    = 26 February 1789
| PLACE OF BIRTH    =
| DATE OF DEATH    = 18 June 1861
| PLACE OF DEATH   =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hodgkinson, Eaton}}
[[Category:1789 births]]
[[Category:1861 deaths]]
[[Category:English Anglicans]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:English engineers]]
[[Category:19th-century English mathematicians]]
[[Category:People from Cheshire West and Chester (district)]]
[[Category:Structural engineers]]
[[Category:Academics of University College London]]
[[Category:People educated at Sir John Deane's College]]
[[Category:Royal Medal winners]]

Latest revision as of 11:59, 16 February 2014

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