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[[Image:TwistPerInch.JPG|thumb|250px|Yarn with 2.5 tpi]] | |||
'''TPI''' ('''twists per inch''' or '''turns per inch''') is a term used in the [[textile]] industry. It measures how much twist a yarn has,<ref>Kadolph, Sara J., ed.: ''Textiles'', 10th edition, Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2007, ISBN 0-13-118769-4, p. 197</ref> and can be calculated by counting the number of twists in an inch of yarn.<ref name="SpinOff">Berka, Amanda. "Technically Speaking: Twists Per Inch." ''SpinOff'' Winter 2007: 11-12.</ref> | |||
==Variation per yarn== | |||
Twist is needed in yarn to hold the fibres together, and is added in both the [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] and [[plying]] processes.<ref name="SpinOff"/> The amount of twist varies on the fibre, thickness of yarn, preparation of fibre, manner of spinning, and the desired result.<ref name="SpinOff"/> Fine wool and silk generally use more twist than coarse wool, short [[staple (wool)|staples]] more than long, thin more than thick, and [[short draw (spinning)|short drawn]] more than [[long draw (spinning)|long drawn]]. | |||
The amount of twist in a yarn helps to define the style of yarn- a yarn with a lot of air such as a [[woollen]] yarn will have much less twist than a yarn with little air, like a [[worsted]] yarn. It also affects the stretchiness of the yarn, strength, the halo of the yarn, and many other attributes. [[Weft|Filling or weft yarns]] usually have fewer twists per inch because strength is not as important as with [[warp (weaving)|warp]] yarns, and highly twisted yarns are, in general, stronger. Warp yarns have to be stronger so that they can withstand the tension of the [[loom]]. Filament fibers, such as silk, or many synthetics, need only to be twisted slightly to create a yarn. | |||
==Handspinning== | |||
Handspinners use the number of twists per inch often. Because the amount of twist defines a lot about a yarn, the number of twists per inch is an important measure to recreate a yarn. As a spinner spins, they will often stop every few minutes to check to see that the number of twists per inch is the same throughout the yarn, as well as that the number of wraps per inch (the thickness of the yarn) is the same. Measuring the number of twists per inch while spinning singles also helps the spinner create a balanced yarn when [[plying]]. Yarns that have relatively few twists per inch tend to have a softer hand but are not as strong as yarns with more twists per inch, such as medium twist or hard twist yarns. Yarns that have a very hard twist, enough so that the yarn will double back onto itself when released from tension, are called crepe-twist yarns. | |||
==Determining how many twists per inch== | |||
[[Image:TwistPerInch2.jpg|thumb|130px]] | |||
The number of twists per inch can, in [[plying|plied]] yarns, be determined by counting the number of bumps in one inch, and divide by the number of singles (the strands plied together to make the yarn).<ref name="SpinOff"/> If the picture to the right, for example, was of an inch of two ply yarn, then the number of twists per inch would be 6 divided by 2, or three, as there are six bumps, and it is a two ply. | |||
While this method works very well with plied yarns, singles don't have bumps to count. One way to determine the tpi for a single is to add a contrasting color fibre when spinning it, and then count the number of times the contrasting fibre has wrapped around the yarn. Another method is to measure an inch of yarn and untwist it, counting how many full revolutions it takes until there is no twist left. This can be done by inserting two paper-clips into the yarn, at an inch apart, thus making it easier to count a full revolution.<ref name="SpinOff"/> A less precise method is to allow the single to ply against itself: the resulting two ply yarn is about half the number of twists per inch of the single.<ref name="SpinOff"/> Thus one can roughly find the number of twists per inch for the single, or one can use the doubled back yarn as a measure. | |||
With yarn that is both thick and thin, it is best to count over several inches and average them.<ref name="SpinOff"/> This is because the number of twists per inch will tend to vary from the thin and thick sections. | |||
==In industry== | |||
In the industry the number of twists per inch is calculated as: | |||
<math>TPI = TM \times\sqrt{count}</math> | |||
where <math>TM</math> is the Twist Multiplier, also known as <math>K</math> or the Twist Factor. This Twist Multiplier is an empirical parameter that has been established by experiments and practice that the maximum strength of a yarn is obtained for a definite value of K. In the case of ring spun [[cotton]] yarns, for example, the following values of K have been found to give the best results.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} | |||
<pre> | |||
Warp yarns, 35's and less 4.75 | |||
Warp yarns, 35's to 80's 4.50 | |||
Warp yarns, 80's to 110's 4.25 | |||
Filling yarns, medium numbers 3.50 | |||
</pre> | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Spinning (textiles)|Spinning]] | |||
* [[Weaving]] | |||
* [[Yarn]] | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
{{spinning}} | |||
[[Category:Yarn]] | |||
Revision as of 19:09, 19 August 2013
TPI (twists per inch or turns per inch) is a term used in the textile industry. It measures how much twist a yarn has,[1] and can be calculated by counting the number of twists in an inch of yarn.[2]
Variation per yarn
Twist is needed in yarn to hold the fibres together, and is added in both the spinning and plying processes.[2] The amount of twist varies on the fibre, thickness of yarn, preparation of fibre, manner of spinning, and the desired result.[2] Fine wool and silk generally use more twist than coarse wool, short staples more than long, thin more than thick, and short drawn more than long drawn.
The amount of twist in a yarn helps to define the style of yarn- a yarn with a lot of air such as a woollen yarn will have much less twist than a yarn with little air, like a worsted yarn. It also affects the stretchiness of the yarn, strength, the halo of the yarn, and many other attributes. Filling or weft yarns usually have fewer twists per inch because strength is not as important as with warp yarns, and highly twisted yarns are, in general, stronger. Warp yarns have to be stronger so that they can withstand the tension of the loom. Filament fibers, such as silk, or many synthetics, need only to be twisted slightly to create a yarn.
Handspinning
Handspinners use the number of twists per inch often. Because the amount of twist defines a lot about a yarn, the number of twists per inch is an important measure to recreate a yarn. As a spinner spins, they will often stop every few minutes to check to see that the number of twists per inch is the same throughout the yarn, as well as that the number of wraps per inch (the thickness of the yarn) is the same. Measuring the number of twists per inch while spinning singles also helps the spinner create a balanced yarn when plying. Yarns that have relatively few twists per inch tend to have a softer hand but are not as strong as yarns with more twists per inch, such as medium twist or hard twist yarns. Yarns that have a very hard twist, enough so that the yarn will double back onto itself when released from tension, are called crepe-twist yarns.
Determining how many twists per inch
The number of twists per inch can, in plied yarns, be determined by counting the number of bumps in one inch, and divide by the number of singles (the strands plied together to make the yarn).[2] If the picture to the right, for example, was of an inch of two ply yarn, then the number of twists per inch would be 6 divided by 2, or three, as there are six bumps, and it is a two ply.
While this method works very well with plied yarns, singles don't have bumps to count. One way to determine the tpi for a single is to add a contrasting color fibre when spinning it, and then count the number of times the contrasting fibre has wrapped around the yarn. Another method is to measure an inch of yarn and untwist it, counting how many full revolutions it takes until there is no twist left. This can be done by inserting two paper-clips into the yarn, at an inch apart, thus making it easier to count a full revolution.[2] A less precise method is to allow the single to ply against itself: the resulting two ply yarn is about half the number of twists per inch of the single.[2] Thus one can roughly find the number of twists per inch for the single, or one can use the doubled back yarn as a measure.
With yarn that is both thick and thin, it is best to count over several inches and average them.[2] This is because the number of twists per inch will tend to vary from the thin and thick sections.
In industry
In the industry the number of twists per inch is calculated as:
where is the Twist Multiplier, also known as or the Twist Factor. This Twist Multiplier is an empirical parameter that has been established by experiments and practice that the maximum strength of a yarn is obtained for a definite value of K. In the case of ring spun cotton yarns, for example, the following values of K have been found to give the best results.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
Warp yarns, 35's and less 4.75 Warp yarns, 35's to 80's 4.50 Warp yarns, 80's to 110's 4.25 Filling yarns, medium numbers 3.50
See also
Notes
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