|
|
| (One intermediate revision by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| In [[physics]], in the area of [[dynamical systems]], the '''Olami–Feder–Christensen model''' is an [[earthquake]] model conjectured to be an example of [[self-organized criticality]] where local exchange dynamics are not conservative. Despite the original claims of the authors and subsequent claims of other authors such as Lise, whether or not the model is self organized critical remains an open question.
| | Marvella is what you can call her but it's not the most female title out there. Bookkeeping is her day job now. To do aerobics is a factor that I'm completely addicted to. Her husband and her reside in Puerto Rico but she will have to transfer one day or another.<br><br>My blog ... std testing at home ([http://www.ddaybeauty.com/node/14766 the original source]) |
| | |
| The system behaviour reproduces some empirical laws that earthquakes follow (such as the [[Gutenberg–Richter law]] and [[Omori Law|Omori's Law]])
| |
| <!--
| |
| There's still controversy if the model is critical -->
| |
| | |
| == Model definition ==
| |
| | |
| The model is a simplification of the [[Burridge-Knopoff model]], where the blocks move instantly to their balanced positions when submitted to a force greater than their friction.
| |
| | |
| Let ''S'' be a [[square lattice]] with ''L × L'' sites and let ''K<sub>mn</sub>'' ≥ 0 be the tension at site (m,n). The sites with tension greater than 1 are called critical and go through a relaxation step where their tension spreads to their neighbours. Through analogy with the Burridge-Knopoff model, what is being simulated is a [[fault (geology)|fault]], where one of the lattice's dimensions is the flaw depth and the other one follows the flaw.
| |
| | |
| === Model rules ===
| |
| | |
| If there are no critical sites, then the system suffers a continuous drive, until a site becomes critical:
| |
| | |
| : <math>
| |
| K_\max = \underset{(i,j)\in S}{\max} K_{ij} \,
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| : <math>
| |
| K_{ij} \leftarrow K_{ij} + (1-K_\max) \,
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| else if the sites ''C''<sub>1</sub>, ''C''<sub>2</sub>, ..., ''C''<sub>''m''</sub> are critical the relaxation rule is applied in parallel:
| |
| | |
| : <math>
| |
| K_{C_i} \leftarrow 0 ,\quad i=1,\ldots,m \,
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| : <math>
| |
| K_j \leftarrow K_j + \alpha K'_{C_i}\, \forall\, j\in \Gamma_{C_i} ,\quad i=1,\ldots, m
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| where K'<sub>''C''</sub> is the tension prior to the relaxation and Γ<sub>C</sub> is the set of neightbours of site ''C''. ''α'' is called the conservative parameter and can range from 0 to 0.25 in a square lattice. This can create a chain reaction which is interpreted as an earthquake.
| |
| | |
| These rules allow us to define a time variable that is update during the driving step
| |
| | |
| : <math>
| |
| t \leftarrow t + (1 - K_\max) \,
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| this is equivalent to define a constant drive
| |
| | |
| : <math>
| |
| \frac{dK_i}{dt} = 1 \,\forall\, i \in S
| |
| </math>
| |
| | |
| and assume the relaxation step is instantaneous, which is a good approximation for an earthquake model.
| |
| | |
| == Behaviour and criticality ==
| |
| | |
| The system's behaviour is heavily influenced by the α parameter. For α=0.25 the system is conservative (in the sense that the local exchange is conservative, as there is still tension loss in the borders) and clearly critical. For values α<0.25 the dynamics is very different, even in the limit α → 0.25, with greater noise and much greater transients. For low α, there are less possibilities of chain reactions which could lead to cut-offs in the earthquake size distribution, implying the model is not critical. Also, for α = 0, the model is trivially not critical.
| |
| | |
| These observations lead to the question of what is the value α<sub>c</sub> where the system makes the transition from critical to non-critical behaviour, which is still an open question.
| |
| | |
| == References ==
| |
| | |
| * {{cite journal
| |
| | author = Christensen, K. and Olami, Z.
| |
| | year = 1992
| |
| | title = Variation of the Gutenberg-Richter <math>b</math> values and nontrivial temporal correlations in a spring-block model for earthquakes
| |
| | journal = [[Journal of Geophysical Research|Journal of Geophysical Research B]]
| |
| | volume = 97
| |
| | pages = 8729–8735
| |
| | doi = 10.1029/92JB00427
| |
| | bibcode=1992JGR....97.8729C}}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite journal
| |
| | author = Grassberger, P.
| |
| | year = 1994
| |
| | title = Efficient large-scale simulations of a uniformly driven system
| |
| | journal = [[Physical Review|Physical Review E]]
| |
| | volume = 49
| |
| | pages = 2436–2444
| |
| | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevE.49.2436
| |
| |bibcode = 1994PhRvE..49.2436G }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite journal
| |
| | author = Lise, S. and [[Maya Paczuski|Paczuski, M.]]
| |
| | year = 2001
| |
| | title = Self-organized criticality and universality in a nonconservative earthquake model
| |
| | journal = [[Physical Review|Physical Review E]]
| |
| | volume = 63
| |
| | pages = 036111
| |
| | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevE.63.036111
| |
| |arxiv = cond-mat/0008010 |bibcode = 2001PhRvE..63c6111L }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite journal
| |
| | author = Lise, S. and [[Maya Paczuski|Paczuski, M.]]
| |
| | year = 2001
| |
| | title = Scaling in a nonconservative earthquake model of self-organized criticality
| |
| | journal = [[Physical Review|Physical Review E]]
| |
| | volume = 64
| |
| | pages = 046111
| |
| | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevE.64.046111
| |
| |bibcode = 2001PhRvE..64d6111L |arxiv = cond-mat/0104032 }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite journal
| |
| | author = Olami, Z., Feder, H. J. S. and Christensen, K.
| |
| | year = 1992
| |
| | title = Self-organized criticality in a continuous, nonconservative cellular automaton modeling earthquakes
| |
| | journal = [[Physical Review Letters]]
| |
| | volume = 68
| |
| | pages = 1244–1247
| |
| | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1244
| |
| | pmid=10046116
| |
| | bibcode=1992PhRvL..68.1244O}}
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Olami-Feder-Christensen model}}
| |
| [[Category:Fractals]]
| |
| [[Category:Self-organization]]
| |
| [[Category:Seismology measurement]]
| |
Marvella is what you can call her but it's not the most female title out there. Bookkeeping is her day job now. To do aerobics is a factor that I'm completely addicted to. Her husband and her reside in Puerto Rico but she will have to transfer one day or another.
My blog ... std testing at home (the original source)