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{{otherpeople2|William Huggins (disambiguation)}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Sir William Huggins
| image            = Sir William Huggins by John Collier.jpg
| image_size        = 225px
| alt              =
| caption          = Portrait by [[John Collier (artist)|John Collier]], 1905
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1824|02|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place      = [[Cornhill, London|Cornhill]], [[Middlesex]]
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1910|05|12|1824|02|07|df=yes}}
| death_place      = [[London]], England
| residence        =
| citizenship      =
| nationality      = [[United Kingdom|British]]
| fields            = [[astronomy]]
| workplaces        =
| alma_mater        =
| doctoral_advisor  =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students  =
| known_for        = [[astronomical spectroscopy]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences        =
| influenced        =
| awards            = [[Royal Medal]] (1866)<br>[[Rumford Medal]] (1880)<br>[[Copley Medal]] (1898)<br>[[Henry Draper Medal]] (1901)<br>[[Bruce Medal]] (1904)
| signature        = <!--(filename only)-->
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}}
[[File:Huggins William 1910.jpg|thumb|William Huggins (1910)]]


Sir '''William Huggins''', [[Order of Merit|OM]],  [[Order of the Bath|KCB]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (7 February 1824 – 12 May 1910) was an English astronomer best known for his pioneering work in astronomical spectroscopy together with his wife [[Margaret Lindsay Huggins]].
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==Biography==
William Huggins was born at [[Cornhill, London|Cornhill]], [[Middlesex]] in 1824.  He married [[Margaret Lindsay Huggins|Margaret Lindsay]], daughter of John Murray of Dublin, who also had an interest in astronomy and scientific research.<ref name=Becker4>
{{citation
| last1 = Becker
| first1 = Barbara J.
| title = Eclecticism, Opportunism, and the Evolution of a New Research Agenda: William and Margaret Huggins and the Origins of Astrophysics
| chapter = Ch 4—1 - Margaret Huggins: The Myth of the 'able assistant'
| url = https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/huggins/ch4.html
}}
</ref> She encouraged her husband's photography and helped to systemise their research.
 
Huggins built a private [[observatory]] at [[Tulse Hill|90 Upper Tulse Hill]], [[London|South London]] from where he and his wife carried out extensive observations of the spectral [[emission line]]s and [[absorption line]]s of various celestial objects. On August 29, 1864, Huggins was the first to take the spectrum of a [[planetary nebula]] when he analyzed [[NGC 6543]].<ref name=Kwok1>{{citation
| last1 = Kwok
| first1 = Sun
| author1-link = Sun Kwok
| title = The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae
| chapter = Chapter1: History and overview
| year = 2000
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| pages = 1–7
| isbn = 0-521-62313-8
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=7NfqpZxO_o0C
}}</ref>  He was also the first to distinguish between [[nebula]]e and [[galaxy|galaxies]] by showing that some (like the [[Orion Nebula]]) had pure emission spectra characteristic of [[gas]], while others like the [[Andromeda Galaxy]] had spectra characteristic of [[star]]s. Huggins was assisted in the analysis of spectra by his neighbour, the chemist [[William Allen Miller]]. Huggins was also the first to adopt [[dry plate]] photography in imaging astronomical objects.<ref name=Becker4 />
 
Huggins was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in June, 1865, was awarded their [[Royal Medal]] (1866), [[Rumford Medal]] (1880) and [[Copley Medal]] (1898) and delivered their [[Bakerian Lecture]] in 1885. He then served as their president from 1900 to 1905.
 
He died at his home in Tulse Hill, London after an operation in 1910 and was buried at [[Golders Green]] Cemetery.
 
==Honours and awards==
'''Awards'''
*[[Royal Medal]] (1866)
*[[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] (1867 with [[William Allen Miller]], 1885)
*[[Rumford Medal]] (1880)
* Member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] (1883)
* [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (1897)<ref>{{cite journal|title='''HUGGINS, Sir Wm.''', K.C.B. cr. 1897|journal=Who's Who,|year=1907|volume= 59|pages=pp. 889–890|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA889}}</ref>
*[[Copley Medal]] (1898)
*[[Henry Draper Medal]] from the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] (1901)<ref name=Draper>{{cite web|title=Henry Draper Medal|url=http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/henry-draper-medal.html|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=19 February 2011}}</ref>
*[[Order of Merit]] (1902)
*[[Bruce Medal]] (1904)
'''Named after him'''
*[[Huggins (lunar crater)]]
*[[Huggins (Martian crater)]]
*[[Asteroid]] [[2635 Huggins]]
 
==Publications==
[[File:William huggins00.jpg|thumb|right|Caricature of Huggins by [[Leslie Ward]] in [[Vanity Fair (British magazine 1868-1914)|Vanity Fair]]]]
*''Spectrum analysis in its application to the heavenly bodies''. Manchester, 1870  (Science lectures for the people; series 2, no. 3)
*(with Lady [[Margaret Lindsay Huggins|Huggins]]): ''An Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra from  <math>\lambda</math>4870 to <math>\lambda</math>3300, together with a discussion of the evolution order of the stars, and the interpretation of their spectra; preceded by a short history of the observatory''. London, 1899 (Publications of Sir William Huggins's Observatory; v. 1)
*''The Royal Society, or, Science in the state and in the schools''. London, 1906.
*''The Scientific Papers of Sir William Huggins''; edited by Sir William and Lady Huggins.  London, 1909 (Publications of Sir William Huggins's Observatory; v. 2)
 
==See also==
* [[Planetary nebula#Observations]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34039 Huggins, Sir William (1824–1910)] Barbara J. Becker, [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]], 2004 (subscription required)
* [http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1845.htm Audio description of Huggins' work]
* [http://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/huggins/index.html Eclecticism, Opportunism, and the Evolution of a New Research Agenda: William and Margaret Huggins and the Origins of Astrophysics] Barbara J. Becker
 
{{Copley Medallists 1851-1900}}
{{Royal Society presidents 1900s}}
 
{{Authority control|VIAF=17378802|GND=117054720}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Huggins, William
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British astronomer
| DATE OF BIRTH    = 7 February 1824
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Cornhill, London|Cornhill]], [[Middlesex]]
| DATE OF DEATH    = 12 May 1910
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[London]], England
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Huggins, William}}
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:English astronomers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:People educated at the City of London School]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bruce Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:Royal Medal winners]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:National Academy of Sciences laureates]]
[[Category:Spectroscopists]]

Latest revision as of 07:02, 30 December 2014

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