Stone–Čech compactification: Difference between revisions

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{{Expand Slovene|Jožef Štefan|date=October 2011}}
 
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Joseph Stefan
| image =  Jozef Stefan.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Jožef Stefan (1835–1893)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1835|3|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[St Peter, Austria|St Peter]] (today in [[Klagenfurt am Wörthersee]]), [[Austrian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1893|1|7|1835|3|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| residence = [[Austria]]
| citizenship = [[Austrian Empire]]
| nationality = [[Slovenes|Slovene]]
| ethnicity =
| fields = [[Physicist]]
| workplaces = [[University of Vienna]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Andreas von Ettingshausen]]
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students = [[Ludwig Boltzmann]]<br />[[Marian Smoluchowski]]<br />[[Johann Josef Loschmidt]]
| notable_students =
| known_for = [[Stefan–Boltzmann law]]<br />[[Stefan–Boltzmann constant|Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ]]<br />[[Stefan problem]]<br />[[Stefan's equation]]<br />[[Stefan's formula]]<br />[[Stefan flow]]<br />[[Stefan number]]<br />[[Maxwell–Stefan diffusion]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Lieben Prize]] (1865)
| religion =
| signature = <!--(filename only)-->
| footnotes =
}}
'''Joseph Stefan''' ({{lang-sl|Jožef Stefan}}) (24 March 1835 – 7 January 1893) was a [[Carinthian Slovene]] [[physicist]], [[mathematician]], and [[poet]] of [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] citizenship.
 
== Life and work ==
 
Stefan was born in an outskirt village [[St Peter, Austria|St Peter]] (Slovene ''Sveti Peter'') near [[Ebenthal]] (Slovene ''Žrelec'') (today a district of [[Klagenfurt]]) (''Celovec'') in the [[Austrian Empire]] (now in [[Austria]]) to father Aleš (Aleksander) Stefan, born in 1805 and mother Marija Startinik, born 1815. His parents, both ethnic Slovenes, were married when Jožef was eleven. The Stefans were a modest family. His father was a milling assistant and mother served as a maidservant. Stefan's father died in 1872 while his mother died almost ten years earlier in 1863.
 
Stefan attended elementary school in Klagenfurt, where he showed his talent. They recommended that he continue his schooling, so in 1845 he went to Klagenfurt gymnasium. He experienced the revolutionary year of 1848, as a thirteen-year-old boy, which inspired him to be sympathetic toward [[Slovene literature|Slovene literary]] production.
 
After having graduated top of his class in high school he briefly considered joining the [[Benedictine]] order but his great interest in physics prevailed.  He left for Vienna in 1853 to study [[mathematics]] and [[physics]]. His professor of physics in gymnasium was Karel Robida who wrote the first Slovene physics textbook. Stefan then graduated in mathematics and physics at the [[University of Vienna]] in 1857. During his student years, he also wrote and published a number of poems in Slovene. He taught physics at the University of Vienna, was Director of the Physical Institute from 1866, Vice-President of the Vienna Academy of Sciences and member of several scientific institutions in [[Europe]].  
 
He published nearly 80 scientific articles, mostly in the Bulletins of the Vienna Academy of Sciences, and he is best known for originating a [[physical law|physical]] [[power law]] in 1879 stating that the total [[radiation]] ''j''<sup>*</sup> from a [[black body]]  is proportional to the fourth power of its [[thermodynamic temperature]] ''T'':
 
:<math> j^{\star} = \sigma T^{4}</math>
 
This law was mathematically derived from the measurements of French physicists Dulong and Petit. As both incident radiation and blackbody emission are always equal, this equation applies equally to the temperature of any ideal body subject to incident radiation across its surface. In 1884 the law was extended to apply to grey-body emissions by Stefan's student [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] and hence is known as the [[Stefan–Boltzmann law]]. Boltzmann treated a [[heat engine]] with [[light]] as a working matter. This law is the only physical law of nature named after a Slovene physicist. Today we derive the law from [[Planck's law of black body radiation]]:
 
:<math> j^{\star} = \int_{0}^{\infty} \left( {dj^{\star}\over d\lambda} \right) d\lambda </math>
 
With his law Stefan determined the temperature of the [[Sun]]'s surface and he calculated a value of 5430 [[Celsius|°C]]. This was the first sensible value for the temperature of the Sun.
 
Stefan provided the first measurements of the [[thermal conductivity]] of [[gas]]es, treated [[evaporation]], and among others studied [[diffusion]], [[heat conduction]] in [[fluid]]s. For his treatise on [[optics]] he received the Richard Lieben award from the University of Vienna. Flow from a droplet or particle that is induced by evaporation or sublimation at the surface is now called [[Stefan flow]] because of his early work in calculating evaporation and diffusion rates.
 
Very important are also his [[Stefan electromagnetic equation|electromagnetic equations]], defined in [[vector (geometry)|vector]] notation, and works in the [[kinetic theory]] of [[heat]]. He was among the first physicists in Europe who fully understood [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell's]] [[electromagnetism|electromagnetic theory]] and one of the few outside of England who expanded on it. He calculated [[inductance|inductivity]] of a [[coil]] with a quadratic cross-section, and he corrected Maxwell's miscalculation. He also researched a phenomenon called the [[skin effect]], where high-frequency [[electric current]] is greater on the surface of a [[Conductor (material)|conductor]] than in its interior.
 
In mathematics the [[Stefan problem]]s or Stefan's tasks with movable boundary are well known. The problem was first studied by [[Gabriel Lamé|Lamé]] and [[Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron|Clapeyron]] in 1831. Stefan solved the problem when he was calculating how quickly a layer of [[ice]] on water grows ([[Stefan's equation]]).
 
He died in [[Vienna]], Austria-Hungary.
 
His life and work is extensively studied by the physicist [[Janez Strnad]].
 
== Eponymous terms ==
 
In physics, several concepts are named after Joseph Stefan. In particular:
* [[Stefan–Boltzmann law]]
* [[Stefan–Boltzmann constant]] σ
* [[Stefan problem]]
* [[Stefan's equation]]
* [[Stefan's formula]]
* [[Stefan flow]]
* [[Stefan number]]
* [[Stefan force|Stefan's force]]
 
The [[Jožef Stefan Institute]] was also named after him.
 
== References ==
{{No footnotes|date=March 2008}}
{{Reflist}}
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.ijs.si/ijsw/Jo%C5%BEef_Stefan_En Jožef Stefan], in the [[Jožef Stefan Institute]] website
* [http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0894177706001361 "Josef Stefan: His life and legacy in the thermal sciences,"] ''Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science'', Volume 31, Issue 7, July 2007, Pages 795-803, by John C. Crepeau
* {{MacTutor|id=Stefan_Josef}}
* [http://www.ostina.org/content/view/1667/640 Extended biography of Josef Stefan], by John C. Crepeau
* {{MathGenealogy|19402}}
 
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Authority control|VIAF=69730968}}
{{Persondata
|NAME= Stefan, Joseph
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Physicist]]
|DATE OF BIRTH= 24 March 1835
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[St Peter, Austria|St Peter]] near [[Klagenfurt]], [[Austrian Empire]]
|DATE OF DEATH= 7 January 1893
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stefan, Joseph}}
{{Scientists whose names are used in physical constants}}
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]
[[Category:Slovenian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Slovenian physicists]]
[[Category:Slovenian scientists]]
[[Category:Austrian scientists]]
[[Category:Austrian physicists]]
[[Category:Slovenian poets]]
[[Category:Carinthian Slovenes]]
[[Category:People from Klagenfurt]]
[[Category:Slovene Austro-Hungarians]]

Latest revision as of 13:12, 23 December 2014

Then you will have no problem growing taller, your level of persistence is very high. I didn't believe my playing partner when he said I couldn't clear it now because I didn't have a club in my bag that I could make it with. Only a small number of people know that there are so many ways to get taller at any age and you can do it naturally or unnaturally. Coming up with your own poems for toddlers are a great way to add your touch to any holiday or classroom themed lesson plan. You wont be able to touch the wall so just try and go as close as possible.

Weak abdominal muscles often contribute to poor posture, so concentrate on strength exercises to promote good posture. The 6-foot-1 guard is a two-time all-state selection in Minnesota after guiding her Sauk Centre High School team to back-to-back conference championships, section titles and two straight state tournament appearances. First of all genetic discoveries may actually help scientists to find treatments and cures for diseases that affect bones, such as osteoarthritis and cancer. If you have or think you might have any heart problems or if you haev any other medical problems, make a call to your doctor to seek advice as to whether or not you should begin this type of exercise. These exercises are not some mystical yoga magic but exercises based upon sound logical and scientific techniques.

The hormone may also interact with other hormones of the body and affect the nervous system. While this is completely normal, you may encounter soreness and some muscle fatigue along the way. That is why good height is even more important to a boy than to a girl. That means each tree will get the moisture from a 5 foot diameter ground area without competition from the tree beside it. You have to realize, however, that growth spurts after puberty are very sporadic and will occur very little in the beginning of taking growing pills.

You can get shoe inserts for height that will give you up to 2 inches of extra height using your regular shoes. It has been speculated that the reason why the Dutch are so tall in general is because of their nutritional habits. Additionally, working on your back muscle to improve the thickness of your spinal disc will aid you to grow. Along with foods that promote bone and muscle growth the right exercises can help you to increase your height. In addition, do not get stressed with getting taller instantly, as there are things when waited patiently fruits abundantly.

Also, sleep allows the body to grow and develop itself naturally. Some of the most effective intense exercises that can help in growing taller naturally are yoga and swimming. It is during your sleep that this process takes place. Big Tex's clothing, a set of denim jeans and red-white-and blue cowboy shirt, contributed to the fast-burning blaze. Bring on the unusual, from humble beginnings in a scotch whisky distillery.

Should you beloved this short article and also you wish to be given more information regarding how can i become taller kindly go to our web site.