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[[File:Light dispersion of a mercury-vapor lamp with a flint glass prism IPNr°0125.jpg|thumb|right|Analysis of white light by [[Dispersion (optics)|dispersing]] it with a prism is an example of spectroscopy.]]
Gems are as an essential source in Clash of Clans as gold or elixirs.<br>They help pace up the building to an quick, and can replenish gold and elixirs at the time they have run out. The least complicated way to gain gems is spending for them following all, Clash of Clans is a absolutely free to enjoy match. The other way, the totally free way, to get gems is a a great deal for a longer period system, but it can be value it in particular if you take pleasure in a very good problem.<br><br>Completing achievements are the ideal way in earning gems in Clash of Clans. Achievements assortment from combating 10 multiplayer battles to just achieving stage five to gain a overall of a hundred,000 gold. They established aims to contend in the sport, which adds a minimal a lot more playability to the activity.<br><br>Finding concealed gems by clearing the rocks and trees about the base also gives totally free gems, but it does cost gold or elixir. The scaled-down types this kind of as a rock or patch of mushrooms expense much less, and the more substantial objects such as trees or boulders will value additional. If you're out of gold or elixir, you can use gems to refill the gold or elixir you have to have, and if you're lucky, you may get much more gems than the price, a gem revenue if you will.<br><br>The most difficult way in earning absolutely free gems in Clash of Clans is being in the prime clans in the video game, and becoming the best player in the activity. A lot of the leading clans are invitation only, so you have to have to pique their appealing in signing up for, or know anyone who can invite you.<br>Just by staying in these clans, you'll get totally free gems at the stop of each time. Remaining a top participant in the leader boards will also give you free gems at the finish of just about every time. <br><br>Facebook competitions are also a way to get totally free gems day by day. All you have to do is tag a bunch of good friends who enjoy Clash of Clans on Facebook, write a comment, and you are going to get the gems. However, it is random each individual working day, so going about it this way can get aged after awhile, but the grand prize is 14,000 gems, so it really is very tempting to check out to gain this every single day.<br><br>The very last factor is a gem box. It can be a chest that'll exhibit up randomly on foundation at the time a working day, and will offer 25 gems. It truly is not a lot, but it can be more than enough to assist establish models more quickly. <br><br>Just like any other totally free to participate in games, it fees revenue to truly get forward in the match. If you adored this article and you also would like to be given more info relating to clash of clans cheats hack for gems iphone ipod ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2QhF06R_Cs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2QhF06R_Cs]) generously visit our site. Nonetheless, the finest varieties usually keep a stability in between free progression, and fast income paying out development. Clash of Clans does it very well given that earning the totally free gems in the game is all portion of participating in the match.<br>It could be lengthy and time consuming, but all the hard do the job set into it can make it all the much more worthwhile.
'''Spectroscopy''' {{IPAc-en|s|p|ɛ|k|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|s|k|ə|p|i}} is the study of the interaction between [[matter]] and [[radiation|radiated energy]].<ref name="em-spec"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Herrmann|first=R.|coauthors=C. Onkelinx|title=Quantities and units in clinical chemistry: Nebulizer and flame properties in flame emission and absorption spectrometry (Recommendations 1986)|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|year=1986|volume=58|issue=12|pages=1737&ndash;1742|doi=10.1351/pac198658121737}}</ref> Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of [[visible spectrum|visible light]] dispersed according to its [[wavelength]], by a [[Prism (optics)|prism]]. Later the concept was expanded greatly to comprise any interaction with radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or [[frequency]]. Spectroscopic data is often represented by a [[spectrum]], a plot of the response of interest as a function of wavelength or frequency.
 
==Introduction==
'''Spectroscopy''' and '''spectrography''' are terms used to refer to the measurement of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength and are often used to describe [[experimental]] spectroscopic methods. Spectral measurement devices are referred to as [[spectrometers]], [[spectrophotometers]], [[spectrograph]]s or [[spectral analyzer]]s.
 
Daily observations of [[color]] can be related to spectroscopy. [[Neon lighting]] is a direct application of [[atomic spectroscopy]]. Neon and other [[noble gases]] have characteristic emission frequencies (colors). Neon lamps use collision of electrons with the gas to excite these emissions. [[Inks]], [[dyes]] and [[paints]] include chemical compounds selected for their spectral characteristics in order to generate specific colors and hues. A commonly encountered [[Emission spectrum|molecular spectrum]] is that of [[nitrogen dioxide]]. Gaseous nitrogen dioxide has a characteristic red absorption feature, and this gives air polluted with nitrogen dioxide a reddish brown color. [[Rayleigh scattering]] is a spectroscopic scattering phenomenon that accounts for the color of the sky.
 
Spectroscopic studies were central to the development of [[quantum mechanics]] and included [[Max Planck|Max Planck's]] explanation of [[blackbody radiation]], [[Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein's]] explanation of the [[photoelectric effect]] and [[Niels Bohr|Niels Bohr's]] explanation of [[atomic structure]] and spectra. Spectroscopy is used in [[physical chemistry|physical]] and [[analytical chemistry]] because [[atoms]] and [[molecules]] have unique spectra. As a result, these spectra can be used to detect, identify and quantify information about the atoms and molecules. Spectroscopy is also used in [[astronomical spectroscopy|astronomy]] and [[remote sensing]] on earth. Most research [[telescopes]] have spectrographs. The measured spectra are used to determine the chemical composition and [[physical property|physical properties]] of [[astronomical objects]] (such as their [[temperature]] and [[velocity]]).
 
==Theory==
One of the central concepts in spectroscopy is a [[resonance]] and its corresponding resonant frequency. Resonances were first characterized in mechanical systems such as [[pendulums]]. Mechanical systems that vibrate or oscillate will experience large amplitude oscillations when they are driven at their resonant frequency. A plot of amplitude vs. excitation frequency will have a peak centered at the resonance frequency. This plot is one type of spectrum, with the peak often referred to as a [[spectral line]], and most spectral lines have a similar appearance.
 
In quantum mechanical systems, the analogous resonance is a coupling of two quantum mechanical [[stationary state]]s of one system, such as an [[atom]], via an oscillatory source of energy such as a [[photon]]. The coupling of the two states is strongest when the energy of the source matches the energy difference between the two states. The energy <math>(E)</math> of a photon is related to its frequency <math>(\nu)</math> by <math>E = h\nu</math> where <math>h</math> is [[Planck constant|Planck's constant]], and so a spectrum of the system response vs. photon frequency will peak at the resonant frequency or energy. Particles such as [[electron]]s and [[neutron]]s have a comparable relationship, the [[de Broglie relations]], between their kinetic energy and their wavelength and frequency and therefore can also excite resonant interactions.
 
Spectra of atoms and molecules often consist of a series of spectral lines, each one representing a resonance between two different quantum states. The explanation of these series, and the spectral patterns associated with them, were one of the experimental enigmas that drove the development and acceptance of quantum mechanics. The [[hydrogen spectral series]] in particular was first successfully explained by the [[Bohr model|Rutherford-Bohr quantum model]] of the hydrogen atom. In some cases spectral lines are well separated and distinguishable, but spectral lines can also overlap and appear to be a single transition if the [[density of states|density of energy states]] is high enough.
 
==Classification of methods==
Spectroscopy is a sufficiently broad field that many sub-disciplines exist, each with numerous implementations of specific spectroscopic techniques. The various implementations and techniques can be classified in several ways.
 
===Type of radiative energy===
Types of spectroscopy are distinguished by the type of radiative energy involved in the interaction. In many applications, the spectrum is determined by measuring changes in the intensity or frequency of this energy. The types of radiative energy studied include:
*[[Electromagnetic radiation]] was the first source of energy used for spectroscopic studies. Techniques that employ electromagnetic radiation are typically classified by the wavelength region of the spectrum and include [[microwave spectroscopy|microwave]], [[terahertz spectroscopy|terahertz]], [[infrared spectroscopy|infrared]], [[near infrared spectroscopy|near infrared]], [[Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy|visible and ultraviolet]], [[x-ray spectroscopy|x-ray]] and [[gamma spectroscopy]].
*Particles, due to their [[de Broglie wavelength]], can also be a source of radiative energy and both [[electron spectroscopy|electrons]] and [[neutron spectroscopy|neutrons]] are commonly used. For a particle, its [[kinetic energy]] determines its wavelength.
*[[Spectrogram|Acoustic spectroscopy]] involves radiated pressure waves.
*[[Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy|Mechanical]] methods can be employed to impart radiating energy, similar to acoustic waves, to solid materials.
 
===Nature of the interaction===
Types of spectroscopy can also be distinguished by the nature of the interaction between the energy and the material. These interactions include:<ref name="em-spec">{{cite book |author=Crouch, Stanley; Skoog, Douglas A. |title=Principles of instrumental analysis |publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole |location=Australia |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-495-01201-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Absorption spectroscopy|Absorption]] occurs when energy from the radiative source is absorbed by the material. Absorption is often determined by measuring the fraction of energy transmitted through the material; absorption will decrease the transmitted portion.
*[[Emission spectroscopy|Emission]] indicates that radiative energy is released by the material. A material's [[blackbody spectrum]] is a spontaneous emission spectrum determined by its temperature. Emission can also be induced by other sources of energy such as [[flame spectroscopy|flames]] or sparks or electromagnetic radiation in the case of [[fluorescence spectroscopy|fluorescence]].
*[[Elastic scattering]] and [[reflectivity|reflection]] spectroscopy determine how incident radiation is reflected or scattered by a material. [[Crystallography]] employs the scattering of high energy radiation, such as [[x-ray crystallography|x-rays]] and [[electron crystallography|electrons]], to examine the arrangement of atoms in proteins and solid crystals.
*[[Impedance spectroscopy]] studies the ability of a medium to impede or slow the transmittance of energy. For [[optics|optical applications]], this is characterized by the [[index of refraction]].
*[[Inelastic scattering]] phenomena involve an exchange of energy between the radiation and the matter that shifts the wavelength of the scattered radiation. These include [[Raman spectroscopy|Raman]] and [[Compton scattering]].
*[[Coherent spectroscopy|Coherent]] or resonance spectroscopy are techniques where the radiative energy couples two quantum states of the material in a [[coherence (physics)|coherent]] interaction that is sustained by the radiating field. The coherence can be disrupted by other interactions, such as particle collisions and energy transfer, and so often require high intensity radiation to be sustained. [[NMR spectroscopy|Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy]] is a widely used resonance method and [[ultrafast laser spectroscopy|ultrafast laser]] methods are also now possible in the infrared and visible spectral regions.
 
===Type of material===
Spectroscopic studies are designed so that the radiant energy interacts with specific types of matter.
 
====Atoms====
Atomic spectroscopy was the first application of spectroscopy developed. [[Atomic absorption spectroscopy]] (AAS) and [[atomic emission spectroscopy]] (AES) involve visible and ultraviolet light. These absorptions and emissions, often referred to as [[atomic spectral line]]s, are due to [[Atomic structure#Energy levels|electronic transitions]] of outer shell electrons as they rise and fall from one electron orbit to another. Atoms also have distinct x-ray spectra that are attributable to the excitation of inner shell electrons to excited states.
 
Atoms of different elements have distinct spectra and therefore atomic spectroscopy allows for the identification and quantitation of a sample's elemental composition. [[Robert Bunsen]] and [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] discovered new elements by observing their emission spectra. Atomic absorption lines are observed in the solar spectrum and referred to as [[Fraunhofer lines]] after their discoverer. A comprehensive explanation of the [[Hydrogen spectral series|hydrogen spectrum]] was an early success of quantum mechanics and explained the [[Lamb shift]] observed in the hydrogen spectrum led to the development of [[quantum electrodynamics]].
 
Modern implementations of atomic spectroscopy for studying visible and ultraviolet transitions include [[flame emission spectroscopy]], [[inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy]], [[Glow discharge#Use in analytical chemistry|glow discharge spectroscopy]], [[microwave induced plasma|microwave induced plasma spectroscopy]], and spark or arc emission spectroscopy. Techniques for studying x-ray spectra include [[X-ray spectroscopy]] and [[X-ray fluorescence]] (XRF).
 
====Molecules====
The combination of atoms into molecules leads to the creation of unique types of energetic states and therefore unique spectra of the transitions between these states. Molecular spectra can be obtained due to electron spin states ([[electron paramagnetic resonance]]), [[rotational spectroscopy|molecular rotations]], [[molecular vibration]] and electronic states. Rotations are collective motions of the atomic nuclei and typically lead to spectra in the microwave and millimeter-wave spectral regions; rotational spectroscopy and microwave spectroscopy are synonymous. Vibrations are relative motions of the atomic nuclei and are studied by both [[infrared spectroscopy|infrared]] and [[Raman spectroscopy]]. Electronic excitations are studied using [[ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy|visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy]] as well as [[fluorescence spectroscopy]].
 
Studies in molecular spectroscopy led to the development of the first [[maser]] and contributed to the subsequent development of the [[laser]].
 
====Crystals and extended materials====
The combination of atoms or molecules into crystals or other extended forms leads to the creation of additional energetic states. These states are numerous and therefore have a high density of states. This high density often makes the spectra weaker and less distinct, i.e., broader. For instance, blackbody radiation is due to the thermal motions of atoms and molecules within a material. Acoustic and mechanical responses are due to collective motions as well.
 
Pure crystals, though, can have distinct spectral transitions and the crystal arrangement also has an effect on the observed molecular spectra. The regular [[lattice structure]] of crystals also scatters x-rays, electrons or neutrons allowing for crystallographic studies.
 
====Nuclei====
Nuclei also have distinct energy states that are widely separated and lead to [[gamma ray]] spectra. Distinct nuclear spin states can have their energy separated by a magnetic field, and this allows for [[Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy|NMR spectroscopy]].
 
==Other types==
Other types of spectroscopy are distinguished by specific applications or implementations:
*[[Acoustic resonance spectroscopy]] is based on sound waves primarily in the [[Sound|audible]] and [[Ultrasound|ultrasonic]] regions
*[[Auger electron spectroscopy|Auger spectroscopy]] is a method used to study surfaces of materials on a micro-scale. It is often used in connection with [[electron microscopy]].
*[[Cavity ring down spectroscopy]]
*[[Circular Dichroism|Circular Dichroism spectroscopy]]
*[[Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy]] (CARS) is a recent technique that has high sensitivity and powerful applications for ''in vivo'' spectroscopy and imaging.<ref>C.L. Evans and X.S. Xie.2008. Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy: Chemical Imaging for Biology and Medicine., {{doi|10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112754}} ''Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry'', '''1''': 883–909.</ref>
*[[Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy]]
*[[Correlation spectroscopy]] encompasses several types of two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy.
*[[Deep-level transient spectroscopy]] measures concentration and analyzes parameters of electrically active defects in [[semiconductor|semiconducting materials]]
*[[Dual polarisation interferometry]] measures the real and imaginary components of the complex refractive index
*[[Electron spin resonance|EPR spectroscopy]]
*[[Force spectroscopy]]
*[[Fourier transform spectroscopy]] is an efficient method for processing spectra data obtained using interferometers. [[Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy]] (FTIR) is a common implementation of infrared spectroscopy. NMR also employs [[Fourier transforms]].
*[[Hadron spectroscopy]] studies the energy/mass spectrum of hadrons according to [[spin (physics)|spin]], [[parity (physics)|parity]], and other particle properties. [[Baryon spectroscopy]] and [[meson spectroscopy]] are both types of hadron spectroscopy.
*[[Hyperspectral imaging]] is a method to create a complete picture of the environment or various objects, each pixel containing a full visible, VNIR, NIR, or infrared spectrum.
*[[Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy]] (IETS) uses the changes in current due to inelastic electron-vibration interaction at specific energies that can also measure optically forbidden transitions.
*[[Inelastic neutron scattering]] is similar to Raman spectroscopy, but uses [[neutron]]s instead of [[photon]]s.
*[[Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy|Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy]] (LIBS), also called Laser-induced plasma spectrometry (LIPS)
*Laser spectroscopy uses [[tunable laser]]s<ref>[[W. Demtröder]], ''Laser Spectroscopy'', 3rd Ed. (Springer, 2003).</ref> and other types of coherent emission sources, such as optical parametric oscillators,<ref>[[F. J. Duarte]] (Ed.), [http://www.opticsjournal.com/tla.htm ''Tunable Laser Applications'', 2nd Ed. (CRC, 2009) Chapter 2.]</ref> for selective excitation of atomic or molecular species.
*Mass spectroscopy is an historical term used to refer to [[mass spectrometry]]. Current recommendations<ref name="MurrayBoyd2013">{{cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=Kermit K.|last2=Boyd|first2=Robert K.|last3=Eberlin|first3=Marcos N.|last4=Langley|first4=G. John|last5=Li|first5=Liang|last6=Naito|first6=Yasuhide|title=Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|year=2013|pages=1|issn=0033-4545|doi=10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06|volume=85|issue=7}}</ref> are to use the latter term. Use of the term mass spectroscopy originated in the use of [[phosphor]] screens to detect ions.
*[[Mössbauer spectroscopy]] probes the properties of specific [[isotope|isotopic]] [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]] in different atomic environments by analyzing the resonant absorption of [[gamma-rays]]. See also [[Mössbauer effect]].
*[[Neutron spin echo]] spectroscopy measures internal dynamics in proteins and other [[soft matter]] systems
*[[Photoacoustic spectroscopy]] measures the sound waves produced upon the absorption of radiation.
*[[Photoemission spectroscopy]]
*[[Photothermal spectroscopy]] measures heat evolved upon absorption of radiation.
*[[Pump-probe spectroscopy]] can use ultrafast laser pulses to measure [[reaction intermediate]]s in the femtosecond timescale.
*[[Raman optical activity|Raman optical activity spectroscopy]] exploits Raman scattering and optical activity effects to reveal detailed information on chiral centers in molecules.
*[[Raman spectroscopy]]
*[[Saturated spectroscopy]]
*[[Scanning tunneling spectroscopy]]
*[[Spectrophotometry]]
*[[Time-resolved spectroscopy]] measures the decay rate(s) of excited states using various spectroscopic methods.
*[[Time stretch analog-to-digital converter|Time-Stretch]] Spectroscopy<ref>D. R. Solli, J. Chou, and B. Jalali, "Amplified wavelength–time transformation for real-time spectroscopy," ''Nature Photonics'' 2, 48-51, 2008. [http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v2/n1/full/nphoton.2007.253.html]</ref><ref>J. Chou, D. Solli, and B. Jalali, "Real-time spectroscopy with subgigahertz resolution using amplified dispersive Fourier transformation," ''Applied Physics Letters'' 92, 111102, 2008. [http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v92/i11/p111102_s1]</ref>
*[[Thermal infrared spectroscopy]] measures thermal radiation emitted from materials and surfaces and is used to determine the type of bonds present in a sample as well as their lattice environment.  The techniques are widely used by organic chemists, [[mineralogy|mineralogists]], and [[planetary science|planetary scientists]].
*[[Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy]] (UPS)
*[[Video spectroscopy]]
*[[Vibrational circular dichroism]] spectroscopy
*[[X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy]] (XPS)
 
==Applications==
[[File:UVES on UT2-KUEYEN.jpg|thumb|UVES is a high-resolution spectrograph on the [[Very Large Telescope]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Media advisory: Press Conference to Announce Major Result from Brazilian Astronomers|url=http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann13066/|accessdate=21 August 2013|newspaper=ESO Announcement}}</ref> ]]
 
* Estimate weathered wood exposure times using near infrared spectroscopy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2006/fpl_2006_wang002.pdf|title=Using NIR Spectroscopy to Predict Weathered Wood Exposure Times}}</ref>
* [[Cure monitoring]] of [[Composite material|composites]] using [[Optical fibers]]
 
==See also==
{{div col|3}}
*[[Astronomical spectroscopy]]
*[[Applied spectroscopy]]
*[[History of spectroscopy]]
*[[List of spectroscopists]]
*[[Metamerism (color)]]
*[[Operando spectroscopy]]
*[[Scattering theory]]
*[[Spectral power distributions]]
*[[Spectroscopic notation]]
{{div col end}}
 
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
 
==References==
* John M. Chalmers, and Peter Griffiths (Eds.), Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy (5 Volume Set), Wiley, New York (2002).
* Jerry Workman and Art Springsteen (Eds.), Applied Spectroscopy: A Compact Reference for Practitioners, Academic Press, Boston (1998).
 
==External links==
*{{dmoz|/Science/Physics/Optics/Spectroscopy/|Spectroscopy links}}
*{{dmoz|/Science/Astronomy/Amateur/Spectroscopy/|Amateur spectroscopy links}}
<!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================
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    | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or  |
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    | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org)  |
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*[http://nist.gov/pml/data/atomspec.cfm NIST Atomic Spectroscopy Databases]
*[http://web.mit.edu/spectroscopy/history/spec-history.html MIT Spectroscopy Lab's History of Spectroscopy]
*[http://spectroscopyonline.findanalytichem.com/spectroscopy/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=381944&sk=&date=&pageID=1 Timeline of Spectroscopy]
 
{{Analytical chemistry}}
{{BranchesofChemistry}}
{{Organic chemistry}}
{{Lasers}}
{{BranchesofSpectroscopy}}
 
[[Category:Spectroscopy| ]]
[[Category:Observational astronomy]]
[[Category:Scattering]]

Revision as of 08:24, 12 February 2014

Gems are as an essential source in Clash of Clans as gold or elixirs.
They help pace up the building to an quick, and can replenish gold and elixirs at the time they have run out. The least complicated way to gain gems is spending for them following all, Clash of Clans is a absolutely free to enjoy match. The other way, the totally free way, to get gems is a a great deal for a longer period system, but it can be value it in particular if you take pleasure in a very good problem.

Completing achievements are the ideal way in earning gems in Clash of Clans. Achievements assortment from combating 10 multiplayer battles to just achieving stage five to gain a overall of a hundred,000 gold. They established aims to contend in the sport, which adds a minimal a lot more playability to the activity.

Finding concealed gems by clearing the rocks and trees about the base also gives totally free gems, but it does cost gold or elixir. The scaled-down types this kind of as a rock or patch of mushrooms expense much less, and the more substantial objects such as trees or boulders will value additional. If you're out of gold or elixir, you can use gems to refill the gold or elixir you have to have, and if you're lucky, you may get much more gems than the price, a gem revenue if you will.

The most difficult way in earning absolutely free gems in Clash of Clans is being in the prime clans in the video game, and becoming the best player in the activity. A lot of the leading clans are invitation only, so you have to have to pique their appealing in signing up for, or know anyone who can invite you.
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The very last factor is a gem box. It can be a chest that'll exhibit up randomly on foundation at the time a working day, and will offer 25 gems. It truly is not a lot, but it can be more than enough to assist establish models more quickly.

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