|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}
| | Research has shown that since the amygdala gives more weight to NEGATIVE, painful experiences than positive ones, that in order for a marriage or relationship to last, you must create 4 positive experiences for each negative one. Hello, I've been a psychologist in private practice for ove. Anxiety attacks and its debilitating symptoms really do affect a person's life, their work, and virtually every part of their day to day life. Like the first type, these set of symptoms also occur before, during and after a test. Courage is a constructive way of thinking before acting making us being alive at all times and not allowing ourselves to go on autopilot. <br><br>Although this disorder reacts to everyone differently, it can be very frustrating to live your life with it. Neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are thought to be the culprits, and when released in the brain can cause of a variety of mental illnesses. This drug is most often prescribed as a blood-pressure lowering agent for people with hypertension. Amazing minds, and incredibly fascinating and useful information. Knowing the truth is going to make you feel so much better, and you should feel a bit at ease once you do. <br><br>Perhaps the first thing to realize about anxiety is that it is not unique to you. Various kinds of life experiences can lead to a temporary depressed mood caused by anxiety and bring on sadness. Many experts say that yoga as well as meditation can really reduce the chance of having anxiety attack. s more important to recognize the important differences. When all your effort is put into one group of people and it fails you're going to suffer a big blow to your confidence. <br><br>It's very important for school counselors to educate students about test anxiety. This amplifies feelings of anxiety and may bring on an attack. Whatever the case, a little small talk prior to the interview can go a long way toward establishing who will be willing to fight for you in the selection process. On the net anxiety forums you'll notice a full variety of sections. Lastly, people will demand for the root causes of all these anxiety conditions. <br><br>When you have them you likely think that this will be the last one because it is going to finally kill you. We have reviewed e - Books, video programs, audio programs, music relaxation and natural herbal remedies and have found none come close to the same effictiveness of Panic Away. thousands people feel far preferable about heading to a real person but for thousands of us this is simply not an alternative irrespective of whether it be from the money standpoint or perhaps a standpoint from the distress of one more human knowing our deficiencies. We become more reserved around our friends and our daily schedules are impacted. Just like humans when we were little and sought the comfort and shelter of our mother or father during a storm or anxious moment.<br><br>When you have almost any issues about exactly where and also how you can work with ways to get rid of anxiety - [http://www.stress-lavoro-correlato.info/sitemap/ www.stress-lavoro-correlato.info] -, you can email us at the website. |
| {{New Testament manuscript infobox
| |
| | form = Uncial
| |
| | number = '''01'''
| |
| | image = Sinaiticus text.jpg
| |
| | isize = 220
| |
| | caption = [[Book of Esther]]
| |
| | name = Sinaiticus
| |
| | sign = <math>\aleph</math>
| |
| | text = [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]
| |
| | script = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| |
| | date = c. 330–360
| |
| | found = Sinai 1844
| |
| | now at = [[British Library|Brit. Libr.]], [[Leipzig University]], [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Russian National Library|Russian Nat. Libr.]]
| |
| | cite = Lake, K. (1911).''Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus'', Oxford.
| |
| | size = {{convert|38|x|34|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| |
| | type = [[Alexandrian text-type]]
| |
| | cat = I
| |
| | hand =
| |
| | note = very close to [[Papyrus 66]]}}
| |
| | |
| '''Codex Sinaiticus''' ({{lang-el|Σιναϊτικός Κώδικας}}, {{lang-he|קודקס סינאיטיקוס}}; Shelfmarks and references: London, [[British Library|Brit. Libr.]], Additional Manuscripts 43725; [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] nº <big>'''א'''</big> [Aleph] or '''01''', [[[Biblical manuscript#Von Soden|Soden]] δ 2]) or "Sinai Bible" is one of the four [[great uncial codices]], an ancient, handwritten copy of the [[Koine Greek|Greek]] Bible.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Metzger | first = Bruce | authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger | coauthors = [[Bart D. Ehrman]] | title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2005 | location = New York – Oxford | page = 62 | url = | isbn = 978-0-19-516122-9}}</ref> The codex is a celebrated historical treasure.<ref>''Sinai: The Site & the History'' by Mursi Saad El Din, Ayman Taher, Luciano Romano 1998 ISBN 0-8147-2203-2 page 101</ref>
| |
| | |
| The codex is an [[Alexandrian text-type]] manuscript written in the 4th century in [[uncial script|uncial]] letters on parchment. Current scholarship considers the Codex Sinaiticus to be one of the best Greek texts of the [[New Testament]],<ref name = Aland>{{Cite book | last = Aland | first = Kurt | authorlink = Kurt Aland | coauthors = Barbara Aland | title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism, trans. Erroll F. Rhodes | publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] | year = 1995 | location = Grand Rapids, Michigan | page = 107 | url = | isbn = 978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref> along with that of the [[Codex Vaticanus]]. Until the discovery by [[Constantin von Tischendorf|Tischendorf]] of the Sinaiticus text, the Codex Vaticanus was unrivaled.<ref name = Scrivener>{{cite book | last = Scrivener | first = Frederick Henry Ambrose | authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener | title = ''Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament and the Ancient Manuscripts'' | year = 1875 | location = Cambridge | page = 26 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vrIqgFRZx7wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=pl#PPA26,M1 | isbn =978-1-4097-0826-1 }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The Codex Sinaiticus came to the attention of scholars in the 19th century at the [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], with further material discovered in the 20th and 21st centuries. Although parts of the [[Codex]] are scattered across four libraries around the world, most of the manuscript today resides within the [[British Library]].<ref name = Aland>{{Cite book | last = Aland | first = Kurt | authorlink = Kurt Aland | coauthors = [[Barbara Aland]]; Erroll F. Rhodes (transl.) | title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] | year = 1995 | location = Grand Rapids, Michigan | pages = 107–108 | url = | isbn = 978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref><ref name = INTF>{{Cite web |url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20001 |title=Liste Handschriften |publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research |accessdate=16 March 2013 |location=Münster}}</ref> Since its discovery, study of the Codex Sinaiticus has proven to be extremely useful to scholars for critical studies of biblical text.
| |
| | |
| Originally, the Codex contained the whole of both Testaments. Approximately half of the [[Greek Old Testament]] (or ''Septuagint'') survived, along with a complete [[New Testament]], plus the [[Epistle of Barnabas]], and portions of [[The Shepherd of Hermas]].<ref name = Aland/>
| |
| | |
| == Description ==
| |
| [[File:Codex Sinaiticus-small.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 11, 2 in Codex Sinaiticus]]
| |
| The codex consists of parchment, originally in double sheets, which may have measured about 40 by 70 cm. The whole codex consists, with a few exceptions, of [[Paper quire|quires]] of eight leaves, a format popular throughout the Middle Ages.<ref>T. C. Skeat, [http://books.google.pl/books?id=jTWlhe7wlN8C&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Early Christian book-production''], in: Peter R. Ackroyd & Geoffrey William Hugo Lampe (eds.) ''The Cambridge history of the Bible'' (Cambridge 1975), pp. 77–78.</ref> Each line of the text has some twelve to fourteen Greek [[uncial]] letters, arranged in four columns (48 lines in column) with carefully chosen line breaks and slightly ragged right edges.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lake |first=Kirsopp |title=Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus: The New Testament, the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas|publisher= Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1911|page=XVI}}</ref> When opened, the eight columns thus presented to the reader have much of the appearance of the succession of columns in a papyrus roll.<ref name = Kenyon>{{Cite book|last=Kenyon|first=Frederic|authorlink=Frederic G. Kenyon|title=Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts|url=http://www.katapi.org.uk/BibleMSS/master.html?http://www.katapi.org.uk/BibleMSS/Ch7.htm|accessdate=5 July 2010|edition=4|year=1939|location=London|page=191|chapter=7}}</ref> The poetical books of the Old Testament are written [[stichometry|stichometrically]], in only two columns per page. The codex has almost 4 000 000 uncial letters.<ref group="n">It was estimated by Tischendorf and used by Scrivener in his ''Introduction to the Sinaitic Codex'' (1867) as an argument against authorship of [[Constantine Simonides|Simonides]] ([http://www.christianism.com/html/add36a2.html ‘‘Christianity’’, p. 1889.])</ref>
| |
| | |
| The work was written in ''[[scriptio continua]]'' with neither [[Greek diacritics|breathings]] nor [[Stress (linguistics)|polytonic accents]].<ref>{{Cite book |last = Scrivener |first = F. H. A. |authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener |title = A Full Collation of the Codex Sinaiticus with the Received Text of the New Testament |publisher = Deighton, Bell, and Co. |location = Cambridge |year = 1864 |page=XIII}}</ref> Occasional points and few [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] are used, though ''[[nomina sacra]]'' with [[overline]]s are employed throughout. Some words usually abbreviated in other manuscripts (such as πατηρ and δαυειδ), are in this codex both written in full and abbreviated forms. The following [[nomina sacra]] are written in abbreviated forms: <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΘΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΚΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΙΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΧΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΠΝΑ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΠΝΙΚΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΥΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΑΝΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΟΥΟΣ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΔΑΔ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΙΛΗΜ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΙΣΡΛ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΜΗΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΠΗΡ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΣΩΡ</span>.<ref>Jongkind, Dirk (2007), pp. 22–50. ''Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus'', [[Gorgias Press]] LLC, pp. 67–68.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Almost regularly, a plain [[iota]] is replaced by the epsilon-iota diphthong (commonly if imprecisely known as [[itacism]]), e.g. ΔΑΥΕΙΔ instead οf ΔΑΥΙΔ, ΠΕΙΛΑΤΟΣ instead of ΠΙΛΑΤΟΣ, ΦΑΡΕΙΣΑΙΟΙ instead of ΦΑΡΙΣΑΙΟΙ, etc.<ref>Jongkind, Dirk (2007). ''Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus'', Gorgias Press LLC, p. 74 ff, 93–94.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Each rectangular page has the proportions 1.1 to 1, while the block of text has the reciprocal proportions, 0.91 (the same proportions, rotated 90°). If the gutters between the columns were removed, the text block would mirror the page's proportions. Typographer [[Robert Bringhurst]] referred to the codex as a "subtle piece of craftsmanship".<ref>Bringhurst, Robert (2004). ''The Elements of Typographic Style (version 3.0)'', pp. 174–75. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-205-5.</ref>
| |
| | |
| The folios are made of [[vellum]] parchment primarily from calf skins, secondarily from sheep skins.<ref>Morehead, Gavin "Parchment Assessment of the Codex Sinaiticus", http://codexsinaiticus.org/en/project/conservation_parchment.aspx, Retrieved 11 December 2011</ref> (Tischendorf himself thought that the parchment had been made from antelope skins, but modern microscopic examination has shown otherwise.) Most of the quires or signatures contain four leaves save two containing five. It is estimated that about 360 animals were slaughtered for making the folios of this codex, assuming all animals yielded a good enough skin. As for the cost of the material, time of scribes and binding, it equals the lifetime wages of one individual at the time.<ref name = Bruce/>
| |
| | |
| The portion of the codex held by the British Library consists of 346½ [[Bookbinding|folio]]s, 694 pages (38.1 cm x 34.5 cm), constituting over half of the original work. Of these folios, 199 belong to the Old Testament, including the [[apocrypha]] ([[deuterocanonical books|deuterocanonical]]), and 147½ belong to the New Testament, along with two other books, the [[Epistle of Barnabas]] and part of [[The Shepherd of Hermas]]. The apocryphal books present in the surviving part of the Septuagint are [[2 Esdras]], [[Book of Tobit|Tobit]], [[Judith]], [[1 Maccabees|1]] & [[4 Maccabees]], [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]] and [[Wisdom of Sirach|Sirach]].<ref name = Bruce/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.codex-sinaiticus.net/en/codex/content.aspx |title=The Codex Sinaiticus Website |publisher=Codex-sinaiticus.net |accessdate=4 February 2010}}</ref> The books of the New Testament are arranged in this order: the four [[Gospels]], the [[Pauline epistles|epistles of Paul]] ([[Epistle to the Hebrews|Hebrews]] follows [[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians|2 Thess.]]), the [[Acts of the Apostles]],<ref group="n">Also in [[Minuscule 69]], [[Minuscule 336]], and several other manuscripts Pauline epistles precede Acts.</ref> the [[General Epistles]], and the [[Book of Revelation]]. The fact that some parts of the codex are preserved in good condition, while others are in very poor condition, implies they were separated and stored in several places.<ref name = Skeat>{{Cite journal|last=Skeat|first=Theodore Cressy|year=2000|title=The Last Chapter in the History of the Codex Sinaiticus|journal=Novum Testamentum|publisher=BRILL|volume=XLII, 4|pages=313–315|doi=10.1163/156853600506708|issue=4}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The codex has been corrected many thousands of times, making it one of the most corrected manuscripts in existence; see below.
| |
| | |
| == The text of the codex ==
| |
| | |
| === Contents ===
| |
| The text of the Old Testament contains the following passages:<ref>{{Cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst |title = Der Text des Alten Testaments |publisher = [[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]] | edition = 2nd |place= Stuttgart |year = 1988 | url= | page = 85 | isbn = 3-438-06006-X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last = Swete |first = Henry Barclay |authorlink = Henry Barclay Swete | title = An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek | publisher = Macmillan and Co. | location = Cambridge | year = 1902 | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/anintrotooldtes00swetuoft#page/128/mode/2up | pages = 129–130}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| :* [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 23:19 – Genesis 24:46 – fragments
| |
| :* [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 5:26–Numbers 7:20 – fragments
| |
| :* [[1 Chronicles]] 9:27–1 Chronicles 19:17
| |
| :* [[Ezra-Nehemiah]] (from Esdr. 9:9).
| |
| :* [[Book of Psalms]]–[[Wisdom of Sirach]]
| |
| :* [[Book of Esther]]
| |
| :* [[Book of Tobit]]
| |
| :* [[Book of Judith]]
| |
| :* [[Book of Joel]]–[[Book of Malachi]]
| |
| :* [[Book of Isaiah]]
| |
| :* [[Book of Jeremiah]]
| |
| :* [[Book of Lamentations]]
| |
| :* [[1 Maccabees]]–[[4 Maccabees]]
| |
| | |
| [[File:Adulterae.JPG|thumb|John 7:52–8:12 without the pericope 7:53–8:11 in ''Sinaiticus'']]
| |
| The text of the New Testament lacks several passages:<ref>Bruce M. Metzger (2001). "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament", ''Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft'', Stuttgart: United Bible Societies.</ref>
| |
| : Omitted verses
| |
| :* [[Gospel of Matthew]] {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|12:47}}, [[Matthew 16:2b-3|16:2b-3]], {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|17:21}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|18:11}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|23:14}}, Matthew 24:35;
| |
| :* [[Gospel of Mark]] {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|7:16}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|9:44}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|9:46}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|11:26}}, {{bibleverse-nb||Mark|15:28}}, [[Mark 16|16:9–20]] (Long ending of the Gospel Mark, referring to the appearance of Jesus to many people following the resurrection)
| |
| :* [[Gospel of Luke]] {{bibleverse-nb||Luke|17:36}}
| |
| :* [[Gospel of John]] {{bibleverse-nb||John|5:4}}, [[Jesus and the woman taken in adultery|Pericope adulterae (7:53–8:11)]] (see Image "John 7:53–8:11"), 16:15, 20:5b-6, {{bibleverse-nb||John|21:25}}
| |
| :* [[Acts of the Apostles]] 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29;<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft: Stuttgart 2001), pp. 315, 388, 434, 444.</ref>
| |
| :* [[Epistle to the Romans]] {{bibleverse-nb||Romans|16:24}}
| |
| | |
| [[File:Codex Sinaiticus Matthew 6,4-32.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Page of the codex with text of Matthew 6:4–32]]
| |
| : Omitted phrases
| |
| :* [[Matthew 5:44]] εὐλογεῖτε τοὺς καταρωμὲνους ὑμᾶς, καλῶς ποιεῖτε τοῖς μισοῦσιν ὑμᾶς (''bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you'');<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, [[Carlo Maria Martini|C. M. Martini]], B. M. Metzger, and [[Allen Wikgren|A. Wikgren]], in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 16 [UBS3]</ref>
| |
| :* {{bibleverse||Matthew|6:13}} – {{Unicode|ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν}} (''For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen.'') omitted.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (United Bible Societies, Stuttgart 1983), p. 18.</ref>
| |
| :* Matthew 10:39a – {{Unicode|ο ευρων την ψυχην αυτου απολεσει αυτην, και}} (''Ηe who finds his life will lose it, and'');<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, p. 26</ref>
| |
| :* Matthew 15:6 – {{Unicode|η την μητερα (αυτου)}} (''or (his) mother'');<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, p. 41</ref>
| |
| :* Matthew 20:23 {{Unicode|και το βαπτισμα ο εγω βαπτιζομαι βαπτισθησεσθε}} (''and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with'')<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, p. 56</ref>
| |
| :* Matthew 23:35 – {{Unicode|υιου βαραχιου}} (''son of Barachi'ah'') omitted; this omission is supported only by codex [[Minuscule 59|59]] (by the first hand), three Evangelistaria ([[Lectionary 6|'''ℓ''' ''6'']], [[Lectionary 13|'''ℓ''' ''13'']], and [[Lectionary 185|'''ℓ''' ''185'']]), and [[Eusebius]].<ref>{{cite book
| |
| | last = Scrivener
| |
| | first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
| |
| | authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
| |
| | coauthors = Edward Miller
| |
| | title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
| |
| | publisher = [[George Bell & Sons]]
| |
| | year = 1894
| |
| | location = London
| |
| | edition = 4
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | page = 342
| |
| | url =
| |
| | isbn =
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| :* {{bibleverse||Mark|1:1}} – {{Unicode|υιου θεου}} "''the Son of God''" omitted.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (United Bible Societies, Stuttgart 1983), p. 118.</ref>
| |
| :* {{bibleverse||Mark|10:7}} – omitted {{Unicode|και προσκολληθησεται προς την γυναικα αυτου}} (''and be joined to his wife''), as in codices [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]], [[Codex Athous Lavrensis]], [[Minuscule 892|892]], [[Lectionary 48|'''ℓ''' ''48'']], syr<sup>s</sup>, goth.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (United Bible Societies, Stuttgart 1983), p. 164.</ref>
| |
| | |
| :* Luke 9:55b-56a – {{Unicode|καὶ εἶπεν, Οὐκ οἲδατε ποίου πνεύματος ἐστε ὑμεις; ὁ γὰρ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἦηλθεν ψυχὰς ἀνθρώπων ἀπολέσαι ἀλλὰ σῶσαι}} (''and He said: "You do not know what manner of spirit you are of; for the Son of man came not to destroy men's lives but to save them'') omitted as in codices: [[Papyrus 45|P<sup>45</sup>]], [[Papyrus 75|P<sup>75</sup>]], B, C, L, Θ, Ξ, [[Minuscule 33|33]], 700, 892, 1241, syr, cop<sup>bo</sup>;<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, p. 190</ref>
| |
| :* John 4:9 – {{Unicode|ου γαρ συνχρωνται Ιουδαιοι Σαμαριταις}} (''Jews have no dealings with Samaritans''), it is one of so-called [[Western non-interpolations]]; omission is supported by D, [[Codex Vercellensis|a]], [[Codex Veronensis|b]], d, [[Codex Palatinus|e]], [[Codex Purpureus Sarzanensis|j]], [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Middle Egypt|cop<sup>fay</sup>]], it was supplemented by the first corrector (before leaving scriptorium);<ref>NA26, p. 256; ''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 333</ref>
| |
| | |
| Some passages were excluded by the correctors:
| |
| [[File:Codex Sinaiticus John 21,7.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Additional phrase to John 21:7 on the margin – οι δε ειπον δι οληϲ τηϲ νυκτοϲ ε κοπιαϲαμεν και ουδεν ελαβομεν επι δε τω ϲω ρηματι βαλουμεν]]
| |
| :* Matthew 24:36 – phrase ουδε ο υιος (''nor the Son'') the first corrector marked as doubtful, but the second corrector (b) removed the mark.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with [[INTF]], ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 95.</ref>
| |
| :* Mark 10:40 ητοιμασται υπο του πατρος μου (instead of ητοιμασται) – the first corrector marked "υπο του πατρος μου" as doubtful, but the second corrector removed the mark.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 168.</ref>
| |
| :* In Luke 11:4 {{Unicode|ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ}} (''but deliver us from evil'') included by the original scribe, marked by the first corrector (a) as doubtful, but the third corrector (c) removed the mark.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 256.</ref>
| |
| :* [[Christ's agony at Gethsemane]] (Luke 22:43–44) – included by the original scribe, marked by the first corrector as doubtful, but the third corrector (c) removed the mark.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 305.</ref>
| |
| :* [[Sayings of Jesus on the cross#Father forgive them, for they know not what they do|Luke 23:34a]], "''Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do''" – it was included by the first scribe, marked by the first corrector as doubtful, but a third corrector removed the mark.<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''Novum Testamentum Graece'' 26th edition, Stuttgart 1991, p. 239.</ref>
| |
| These omissions are typical for the [[Alexandrian text-type]].<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 311 [UBS3]</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Interpolations ===
| |
| [[Matthew 8:13]] (see Luke 7:10)
| |
| : It has additional text: {{Unicode|καὶ ὑποστρέψας ὁ ἑκατοντάρχος εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῃ τῇ ὦρᾳ εὗρεν τὸν παῖδα ὑγιαίνοντα}} (''and when the centurion returned to the house in that hour, he found the slave well'') as well as codices [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]], ([[Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus|N]]), [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]], ([[Uncial 0250|0250]]), [[Family 1|''f''<sup>1</sup>]], ([[Minuscule 33|33]], 1241), [[Codex Sangermanensis I|g<sup>1</sup>]], syr<sup>h</sup>.<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, p. 18</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[Matthew 10:12]] (see Luke 10:5)
| |
| : It reads {{Unicode|λέγοντες εἰρήνη τῷ οἴκῳ τούτῳ}} (''say peace to be this house'') after αυτην. The reading was deleted by the first corrector, but the second corrector restored it. The reading is used by manuscripts: [[Codex Bezae|Bezae]], [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|Regius]], [[Codex Washingtonianus|Washingtonianus]], [[Codex Koridethi|Koridethi]], manuscripts [[Family 1|''f'' <sup>1</sup>]], [[Minuscule 22|22]], 1010 (1424), it, vg<sup>cl</sup>.<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, p. 24</ref><ref>''[[Editio octava critica maior]]'', p. 49</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[Matthew 27:49]] (see John 19:34)
| |
| : In Matthew 27:49 the codex contains added text: {{Unicode|ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἒνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὖδορ καὶ αἳμα}} (''the other took a spear and pierced His side, and immediately came out water and blood''). This reading was derived from John 19:34 and occurs in other manuscripts of the Alexandrian text-type.<ref>Bruce M. Metzger (2001). ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'', ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', Stuttgart: United Bible Societies, p. 59</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Unique and other textual variants ===
| |
| [[File:Codex Sinaiticus Paralipomenon 9,27-10,11.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Page from facsimile edition (1862); 1 Chr 9:27–10:11]]
| |
| | |
| [[Matthew 7:22]] – It has additional word πολλα (''numerous''): "and cast out '''numerous''' demons in your name?". It is not supported by any other manuscript.<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, p. 17.</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[Matthew 8:12]] – It has ἐξελεύσονται (''will go out'') instead of ἐκβληθήσονται (''will be thrown''). This variant is supported only by one Greek manuscript [[Uncial 0250]], and by [[Codex Bobiensis]], syr<sup>c, s, p, pal</sup>, arm, Diatessaron.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 26</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[Matthew 13:54]] – Ordinary reading εις την πατριδα αυτου (''to his own country'') changed into εις την αντιπατριδα αυτου (''to his own [[Antipatris]]''), and in Acts 8:5 εις την πολιν της [[Samaria|Σαμαρειας]] replaced into εις την πολιν της [[Caesarea|Καισαριας]]. These two variants do not exist in any other manuscript, and it seems they were made by a scribe. According to [[Theodore Cressy Skeat|T. C. Skeat]] they suggest Caesarea as a place in which the manuscript was made.<ref name=skeat-1999>{{cite journal |last=Skeat |first=T. C. |year=1999 |title=The Codex Sinaiticus, The Codex Vaticanus and Constantine |journal=Journal of Theological Studies |volume=50 |issue= 2|pages=583–625 |id= |url= |quote= |doi=10.1093/jts/50.2.583 }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[Matthew 16:12]] – It has textual variant της ζυμης των αρτων των Φαρισαιων και Σαδδουκαιων (''leaven of bread of the Pharisees and Sadducees'') supported only by [[Codex Corbeiensis I]] and [[Curetonian Gospels]].
| |
| | |
| Luke 1:26 – "Nazareth" is called "a city of Judea".
| |
| | |
| Luke 2:37 – εβδομηκοντα (''seventy''), all manuscripts have ογδοηκοντα (''eighty'');<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, p. 158.</ref>
| |
| | |
| John 1:28 – The second corrector made unique textual variant Βηθαραβα. This textual variant has only codex [[Minuscule 892|892]], syr<sup>h</sup> and several other manuscripts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bibletranslation.ws/trans/john.pdf |title=BibleTranslation.ws |format=PDF |accessdate=4 February 2010}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| John 1:34 – It reads ὁ ἐκλεκτός (''chosen one'') together with the manuscripts [[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 208 + 1781|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>5</sup>]], [[Papyrus 106|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>106</sup>]], [[Codex Veronensis|b]], [[Codex Laudianus|e]], [[Codex Corbeiensis II|ff<sup>2</sup>]], [[Curetonian Gospels|syr<sup>c</sup>]], and [[Syriac Sinaiticus|syr<sup>s</sup>]] instead of ordinary word υἱος (''son'').
| |
| | |
| John 2:3 – Where ordinarily reading "And when they wanted wine", or "And when wine failed", Codex Sinaiticus has "And they had no wine, because the wine of the marriage feast was finished" (supported by [[Codex Vercellensis|a]] and [[Codex Purpureus Sarzanensis|j]]);
| |
| | |
| John 6:10 – It reads τρισχιλιοι (''three thousands'') for πεντακισχιλιοι (''five thousands''); the second corrector changed into πεντακισχιλιοι.<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, p. 264</ref>
| |
| | |
| Acts 11:20 – It reads εὐαγγελιστας (''Evangelists'') instead of ἑλληνιστάς (''Hellenists'');<ref name = Scrivener47/>
| |
| | |
| In Acts 14:9, the word "not" inserted before "heard"; in Hebr. 2:4 "harvests" instead of "distributions"; in 1 Peter 5:13 word "Babylon" replaced into "Church".<ref name = Scrivener47>{{cite book
| |
| | last = Scrivener
| |
| | first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
| |
| | authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
| |
| | title = Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament and the Ancient Manuscripts which contain it
| |
| | publisher = [[Deighton, Bell & Co.]]
| |
| | year = 1875
| |
| | location = London
| |
| | page = 47
| |
| | url =
| |
| | isbn =
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| 2 Timothy 4:10 – it reads Γαλλιαν for Γαλατιαν, the reading of the codex is supported by along with Ephraemi Rescriptus, [[Minuscule 81|81]], [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 326|326]], 436.<ref>UBS3, p. 737.</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Witness of some readings of "majority" ===
| |
| It is the oldest witness for the phrase μη αποστερησης (''do not defraud'') in Mark 10:19. This phrase was not included by the manuscripts: Codex Vaticanus (added by second corrector), [[Codex Cyprius]], [[Codex Washingtonianus]], [[Codex Athous Lavrensis]], [[Family 1|''f''<sup>1</sup>]], [[Family 13|''f''<sup>13</sup>]], [[Minuscule 28|28]], [[Minuscule 700|700]], [[Minuscule 1010|1010]], 1079, 1242, 1546, 2148, [[Lectionary 10|'''ℓ''' ''10'']], '''ℓ''' ''950'', '''ℓ''' ''1642'', '''ℓ''' ''1761'', syr<sup>s</sup>, arm, geo. This is variant of the majority manuscripts.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 165.</ref>
| |
| | |
| In Mark 13:33 it is the oldest witness of the variant και προσευχεσθε (''and pray''). Codex B and D do not include this passage.<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, p. 136.</ref>
| |
| | |
| In Luke 8:48 it has θυγατερ (''daughter'') as in the Byzantine manuscripts, instead of the Alexandrian θυγατηρ (''daughter''), supported by the manuscripts: B K L W Θ.<ref>Nestle-Aland, ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, p. 184.</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Orthodox reading ===
| |
| In 1 John 5:6 it has textual variant δι' ὕδατος καὶ αἵματος καὶ πνεύματος (''through water and blood and spirit'') together with the manuscripts: [[Codex Alexandrinus]], [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 424|424<sup>c</sup>]], [[Minuscule 614|614]], [[Minuscule 1739|1739<sup>c</sup>]], [[Minuscule 2412|2412]], 2495, '''ℓ''' ''598''<sup>m</sup>, syr<sup>h</sup>, [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|cop<sup>sa</sup>]], [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Bohairic|cop<sup>bo</sup>]], [[Origen]].<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 823.</ref><ref group="n">For another variants of this verse see: [[Textual variants in the New Testament#First Epistle of John|Textual variants in the First Epistle of John]].</ref> [[Bart D. Ehrman]] says this was a corrupt reading from the orthodox party.<ref>[[Bart D. Ehrman]], ''The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture'', [[Oxford University Press]], Oxford 1993, p. 60.</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Text-type and relationship to other manuscripts ===
| |
| For most of the New Testament, ''Codex Sinaiticus'' is in general agreement with ''[[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]]'' and ''[[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus]]'', attesting the [[Alexandrian text-type]].
| |
| A notable example of an agreement between the Sinaiticus and Vaticanus texts is that they both omit the word εικη ('without cause', 'without reason', 'in vain') from [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 5:22 "''But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother '''without a cause''' shall be in danger of the judgement''".<ref group="n">The same variant present manuscripts: [[Magdalen papyrus|P<sup>67</sup>]], [[Minuscule 2174|2174]], in manuscripts of [[Vulgate]], and in manuscripts of Ethiopic version.</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[File:Codex sinaticus.jpg|thumb|A portion of the ''Codex Sinaiticus'', containing [[Book of Esther|Esther]] {{bibleverse-nb||Esther|2:3–8|31}}.]]
| |
| In [[Gospel of John|John]] 1:1–8:38 ''Codex Sinaiticus'' differs from Vaticanus and all other Alexandrian manuscripts. It is in closer agreement with ''[[Codex Bezae]]'' in support of the [[Western text-type]]. For example, in John 1:4 Sinaiticus and Codex Bezae are the only Greek manuscripts with textual variant ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἐστίν (''in him is life'') instead of ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ᾓν (''in him was life''). This variant is supported by Vetus Latina and some Sahidic manuscripts. This portion has a large number of corrections.<ref>[[Gordon Fee|Fee, G. D.]] (1968–9). ''Codex Sinaiticus in the Gospel of John'', NTS 15, pp. 22–44.</ref>
| |
| There are a number of differences between Sinaiticus and Vaticanus; [[Herman C. Hoskier|Hoskier]] enumerated 3036 differences:
| |
| ::::Matt–656
| |
| ::::Mark–567
| |
| ::::Luke–791
| |
| ::::John–1022
| |
| ::::Total—3036.<ref>Hoskier, H. C. (1914). ''Codex B and Its Allies, a Study and an Indictment'', London, p.1.</ref>
| |
| | |
| A large number of these differences are due to [[iotacism]]s and variants in transcribing Hebrew names. These two manuscripts were not written in the same [[scriptorium]].
| |
| According to [[Fenton John Anthony Hort|Hort]] ''Sinaiticus'' and ''Vaticanus'' were derived from a common original much older source, "the date of which cannot be later than the early part of the second century, and may well be yet earlier".<ref>Westcott, B. F. and Hort, F. J. A. (1860). ''Introduction to the Study of the Gospels'', p.40.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Example of differences between Sinaiticus and Vaticanus in Matt 1:18–19:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Codex Sinaiticus
| |
| ! Codex Vaticanus
| |
| |-
| |
| | Του δε '''<span style="text-decoration: overline">ΙΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΧΥ</span>''' η γενεσις ουτως ην <br /> μνηστευθισης της μητρος αυτου <br /> Μαριας τω Ιωσηφ πριν ην συνελθιν αυτους <br /> ευρεθη εν γαστρι εχουσα εκ <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΠΝΣ</span> αγιου <br /> Ιωσηφ δε ο ανηρ αυτης δικαιος ων <br /> και μη θελων αυτην '''παρα'''διγματισαι <br /> εβουληθη λαθρα απολυσαι αυτην
| |
| | Του δε '''<span style="text-decoration: overline">ΧΥ</span> <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΙΥ</span>''' η γενεσις ουτως ην <br /> μνηστευθ'''ε'''ισης της μητρος αυτου <br /> Μαριας τω Ιωσηφ πριν ην συνελθ'''ε'''ιν αυτους <br /> ευρεθη εν γαστρι εχουσα εκ <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΠΝΣ</span> αγιου <br /> Ιωσηφ δε ο ανηρ αυτης δικαιος ων <br /> και μη θελων αυτην δ'''ε'''ιγματισαι <br /> εβουληθη λαθρα απολυσαι αυτην
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| [[Burnett Hillman Streeter|B. H. Streeter]] remarked a great agreement between the codex and [[Vulgate]] of [[Jerome]]. According to him [[Origen]] brought to [[Caesarea]] the [[Alexandrian text-type]] which was used in this codex, and used by Jerome.<ref name = Streeter>Streeter, B. H. (1924). [http://www.katapi.org.uk/4Gospels/APP4.htm ''The Four Gospels, a Study of Origins treating of the Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, & Dates''], pp. 590–597.</ref>
| |
| | |
| Between the 4th and 12th centuries, seven or more correctors worked on this codex, making it one of the most corrected manuscripts in existence.<ref>Milne, H. J. M. and Skeat, T.C. (1938). ''Scribes and Correctors of Codex Sinaiticus''. London: Trustees of the British Museum.</ref> Tischendorf during his investigation in Petersburg enumerated 14,800 corrections only in the portion which was held in Petersburg (2/3 of the codex).<ref name = Metzger77>[[Bruce Metzger|Metzger, Bruce M.]], (1991). ''Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography'', Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], p. 77.</ref> According to [[David C. Parker]] the full codex has about 23,000 corrections.<ref>Parker D. C., ''Codex Sinaiticus. The Story of the World’s Oldest Bible'', London: The British Library, 2010, p. 3.</ref> In addition to these corrections some letters were marked by dots as doubtful (e.g. ṪḢ). Corrections represent the [[Byzantine text-type]], just like corrections in codices: [[Papyrus 66|Bodmer II]], [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|Regius]] (L), [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|Ephraemi]] (C), and [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Sangallensis]] (Δ). They were discovered by E. A. Button.<ref>Button, E. A. (1911). ''An Atlas of Textual Criticism'', Cambridge, p. 13.</ref>
| |
| | |
| == History of the codex ==
| |
| | |
| === Early history of codex ===
| |
| | |
| ==== Provenance ====
| |
| Little is known of the manuscript's early history. According to [[Fenton John Anthony Hort|Hort]], it was written in the West, probably in Rome, as suggested by the fact that the chapter division in the Acts common to Sinaiticus and Vaticanus occurs in no other Greek manuscript, but is found in several manuscripts of the Latin [[Vulgate]].<ref>Brook F. Westcott and Fenton J. A. Hort, ''Introduction to the New Testament in the Original Greek'' (New York: Harper & Bros., 1882; reprint, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1988), pp. 264–267.</ref> [[Armitage Robinson|Robinson]] countered this argument, suggesting that this system of chapter divisions was introduced into the Vulgate by [[Jerome]] himself, as a result of his studies at [[Early centers of Christianity#Caesarea|Caesarea]].<ref>Robinson, ''Euthaliana'', pp. 42, 101.</ref> According to [[Frederic G. Kenyon|Kenyon]] the forms of letters are Egyptian and they were found in Egyptian papyri of earlier date.<ref name = FGK128>Frederic G. Kenyon, [http://www.archive.org/stream/ourbibleancient00keny#page/128/mode/2up ''Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts''], Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1896, p. 128.</ref> [[Victor Gardthausen|Gardthausen]]<ref>Victor Gardthausen, [http://www.archive.org/stream/griechischepaleo02gard#page/124/mode/2up ''Griechische paleographie''], 2 vol., Leipzig, 1913, pp. 124–125.</ref> Ropes and [[Sidney Jellicoe|Jellicoe]] thought it was written in [[Egypt]]. [[J. Rendel Harris|Harris]] believed that the manuscript came from the [[Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima|library of Pamphilus]] at Caesarea, [[Palestine]].<ref name = FGK128/> [[Burnett Hillman Streeter|Streeter]],<ref name = Streeter/> Skeat, and Milne also believed that it was produced in Caesarea.<ref name=skeat-1999/>
| |
| | |
| ==== Date of the codex ====
| |
| The codex was written in the 4th century. It could not have been written before 325 because it contains the [[Eusebian Canons]], which is a ''[[terminus post quem]]''. It could not have been written after 360 because of certain references to Church fathers in the margin. This means that 360 is a ''[[terminus ad quem]]''.<ref name = Bruce>[[Bruce Metzger|Metzger, Bruce M.]], (1991). ''Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography'', Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], p. 76.</ref>
| |
| | |
| According to Tischendorf, Codex Sinaiticus was one of the [[Fifty Bibles of Constantine|fifty copies of the Bible]] commissioned from [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]] by [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine]] after his conversion to Christianity (''De vita Constantini'', IV, 37).<ref>Price, I. M. (1923). ''The Ancestry of Our English Bible an Account of Manuscripts, Texts and Versions of the Bible'', Sunday School Times Co, p. 146 f.</ref> This hypothesis was supported by [[Pierre Batiffol]],<ref>Pierre Batiffol, ''Codex Sinaiticus'', in DB. 1, 1883–1886.</ref> Gregory, and [[T. C. Skeat]] believed that it was already in production when Constantine placed his order, but had to be suspended in order to accommodate different page dimensions.<ref name=skeat-1999/>
| |
| | |
| [[Frederic G. Kenyon]] argued: "There is not the least sign of either of them ever having been at Constantinople. The fact that Sinaiticus was collated with the manuscript of Pamphilus so late as the sixth century seems to show that it was not originally written at Caesarea".<ref>Frederic G. Kenyon, "Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament", London<sup>2</sup>, 1912, p. 83.</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==== Scribes and correctors ====
| |
| Tischendorf also believed that four separate scribes copied the work (whom he named A, B, C and D) and that five correctors (whom he designated a, b, c, d and e) amended portions. He posited that one of the correctors was contemporaneous with the original scribes, and that the others dated to the 6th and 7th centuries. It is now agreed, after [[Herbert John Mansfield Milne|Milne]] and [[T. C. Skeat|Skeat's]] reinvestigation, that Tischendorf was wrong—scribe C never existed.<ref>Milne, H. J. M. and Skeat, T. C., (1938). ''Scribes and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus'', London: British Museum, pp. 22–50.</ref> According to Tischendorf, scribe C wrote poetic books of the Old Testament. These are written in a different format from the rest of the manuscript – they are in two columns (the rest of books is in four columns) and written stichometrically. Tischendorf probably interpreted the different formatting as indicating the existence of another scribe.<ref name = Jongkind>Jongkind, Dirk (2007), pp. 22–50. ''Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus'', Gorgias Press LLC, pp. 12–13.</ref> The three remaining scribes are still identified by the letters that Tischendorf gave them: A, B, and D.<ref name = Jongkind/> Correctors were more, at least seven (a, b, c, ca, cb, cc, e).<ref name = Aland/>
| |
| | |
| Modern analysis identifies at least three scribes. Scribe A wrote most of the historical and poetical books of the Old Testament, almost the whole of the New Testament, and Epistle of Barnabas. Scribe B was responsible for the Prophets and the Shepherd of Hermas. Scribe D wrote the whole of Tobit and Judith, the first half of 4 Maccabees, and first 2/3 of the Psalms, and first five verses of Revelation. Scribe B was a poor speller, and scribe A was not very much better; the best scribe was D.<ref name = Jongkind90>Jongkind, Dirk (2007), ''Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus'', Gorgias Press LLC, p. 90.</ref> Metzger states: "scribe A had made some unusually serious mistakes".<ref name = Metzger77/> Scribes A and B more often used ''nomina sacra'' in contracted forms (ΠΝΕΥΜΑ contracted in all occurrences, ΚΥΡΙΟΣ contracted except 2 occurrences), scribe D more often used forms uncontracted.<ref>Jongkind, Dirk (2007), ''Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus'', Gorgias Press LLC, pp. 77–78.</ref> D distinguished between sacral and nonsacral using of ΚΥΡΙΟΣ.<ref>Jongkind, Dirk (2007), ''Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus'', Gorgias Press LLC, pp. 80–81.</ref> His errors are the substitution of {{Unicode|ΕΙ}} for {{Unicode|Ι}}, and {{Unicode|Ι}} for {{Unicode|ΕΙ}} in medial positions, both equally common. Otherwise substitution of Ι for initial ΕΙ is unknown, and final ΕΙ is only replaced in word ΙΣΧΥΕΙ, confusing of {{Unicode|Ε}} and {{Unicode|ΑΙ}} is very rare.<ref name = Jongkind90/> In the Book of Psalms this scribe has 35 times ΔΑΥΕΙΔ instead of ΔΑΥΙΔ, while scribe A normally uses an abbreviated form ΔΑΔ.<ref>Milne-Skeat. ''Scribes and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus'', (London: British Museum, 1938), p. 94.</ref> Scribe A's was a "worse type of phonetic error". Confusion of {{Unicode|Ε}} and {{Unicode|ΑΙ}} occurs in all contexts.<ref name = Jongkind90/> Scribe B was characterised by Milne and Skeat as "careless and illiterate".<ref>Milne-Skeat. ''Scribes and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus'', (London: British Museum, 1938), pp. 53–55.</ref> The work of the original scribe is designated by the [[siglum]] [[א]]*.<ref name = Aland/>
| |
| | |
| [[File:Caesarea Maritima BW 2010-09-23 09-26-26 stitch.jpg|thumb|In the 6th or 7th century the codex may have been housed at Caesarea]]
| |
| A [[Palaeography|paleographical]] study at the [[British Museum]] in 1938 found that the text had undergone several corrections. The first corrections were done by several scribes before the manuscript left the scriptorium.<ref name = Metzger77/> Readings which they introduced are designated by the siglum א<sup>a</sup>.<ref>Metzger, Bruce M.; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005), ''The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration''. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 66–67</ref> Milne and Skeat have observed that the superscription to 1 Maccabees was made by scribe D, while the text was written by scribe A.<ref>Milne, H. J. M. and T. C. Skeat, (1938). ''Scribes and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus'', London: British Museum, p. 33.</ref> Scribe D corrects his own work and that of scribe A, but scribe A limits to correcting his own work.<ref>Jongkind, Dirk (2007), ''Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus'', Gorgias Press LLC, p. 44.</ref> In the 6th or 7th century, many alterations were made (א<sup>b</sup>), which, according to a [[colophon (book)|colophon]] at the end of the book of [[Esdras]] and [[Book of Esther|Esther]] states, that the source of these alterations was "a very ancient manuscript that had been corrected by the hand of the holy martyr [[Pamphilus of Caesarea|Pamphylus]]" (martyred in 309). If this is so, material beginning with 1 Samuel to the end of Esther is Origen's copy of the [[Hexapla]]. From this colophon, the correction is concluded to have been made in [[Caesarea Maritima]] in the 6th or 7th centuries.<ref>[[Bruce Metzger|Metzger, Bruce M.]], (1992). ''The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration'', (3rd Ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 46.</ref> The pervasive [[iotacism]], especially of the {{lang|grc|ει}} diphthong, remains uncorrected.<ref>{{cite book | last = Gregory | first = C. R. | title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments|volume= 1 | publisher = J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung | year = 1900 | location = Leipzig | pages = 19 | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n31/mode/2up|accessdate=18 March 2010|language= de}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Discovery ===
| |
| The Codex may have been seen in 1761 by the Italian traveller, [[Vitaliano Donati]], when he visited the [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] at Sinai in [[Egypt]]. His diary was published in 1879, in which was written:
| |
| <blockquote>"In questo monastero ritrovai una quantità grandissima di codici membranacei... ve ne sono alcuni che mi sembravano anteriori al settimo secolo, ed in ispecie una Bibbia in membrane bellissime, assai grandi, sottili, e quadre, scritta in carattere rotondo e belissimo; conservano poi in chiesa un Evangelistario greco in caractere d'oro rotondo, che dovrebbe pur essere assai antico".<ref>Lumbroso, G. (1879). ''Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei'', p. 501.</ref></blockquote>
| |
| <blockquote>
| |
| ''In this monastery I found a great number of parchment codices ... there are some which seemed to be written before the seventh century, and especially a Bible (made) of beautiful vellum, very large, thin and square parchments, written in round and very beautiful letters; moreover there are also in the church a Greek Evangelistarium in gold and round letters, it should be very old.''
| |
| </blockquote>
| |
| The "Bible on beautiful vellum" may be the Codex Sinaiticus, and the gold evangelistarium is likely [[Lectionary 300]] on the Gregory-Aland list.<ref>Kirsopp Lake, (1911). ''Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus: The New Testament, the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. V.</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[File:Tischendorf um 1870.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Tischendorf in 1870]]
| |
| German Biblical scholar [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] wrote about his visit to the monastery in Travels to the East, [Reise in den Orient]in 1846, without mentioning the manuscript. Later, in 1860, in his writings about the Sinaiticus discovery, Tischendorf wrote a narrative about the monastery and the manuscript that spanned from 1844 to 1859. He wrote that in 1844, during his first visit to the Saint Catherine's Monastery, he saw some leaves of parchment in a waste-basket. They were "rubbish which was to be destroyed by burning it in the ovens of the monastery",<ref>Skeat, T. C. (2000). "The Last Chapter in the History of the Codex Sinaiticus". ''Novum Testamentum''. Vol. '''42''', Fasc. 3, Jul., 2000. p. 313.</ref> although this is firmly denied by the Monastery. After examination he realized that they were part of the Septuagint, written in an early Greek uncial script. He retrieved from the basket 129 leaves in Greek which he identified as coming from a manuscript of the [[Septuagint]]. He asked if he might keep them, but at this point the attitude of the monks changed. They realized how valuable these old leaves were, and Tischendorf was permitted to take only one-third of the whole, i.e. 43 leaves. These leaves contained portions of 1 Chronicles, Jeremiah, Nehemiah, and Esther. After his return they were deposited in the [[Leipzig University Library]], where they still remain. In 1846 Tischendorf published their contents, naming them the 'Codex Friderico-Augustanus' (in honor of [[Frederick Augustus II of Saxony|Frederick Augustus]] and keeping secret the source of the leaves).<ref>[[Constantin von Tischendorf]], [http://www.archive.org/stream/Tischendorf.iv.monumentaSacraInedita.newcollection.subscript.6vols.1857-1870/02.MonumentaSacraInedita.NCVP.FragSacra.v2.Tischendorf.Subscript.1860.#page/n269/mode/2up ''Monumenta sacra inedita''] (Leipzig 1855), vol. I, pp. 211 ff.</ref> Other portions of the same codex remained in the monastery, containing all of Isaiah and 1 and 4 Maccabees.<ref>Tischendorf, C. v. (1866). ''When Were Our Gospels Written? An Argument by Constantine Tischendorf. With a Narrative of the Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript'', New York: American Tract Society.</ref>
| |
| | |
| In 1845 [[Archimandrite]] [[Porphiryj Uspenski|Porfirij Uspenskij]] (1804–1885), at that time head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem and subsequently Bishop of [[Chigirin]], visited the monastery and the codex was shown to him, together with leaves which Tischendorf had not seen.<ref group="n">Uspienski described: «Первая рукопись, содержащая Ветхий Завет неполный и весь Новый Завет с посланием ап. Варнавы и книгой Ермы, писана на тончайшем белом пергамене. (...) Буквы в ней совершенно похожи на церковно-славянские. Постановка их прямая и сплошная. Над словами нет придыханий и ударений, а речения не отделяются никакими знаками правописания кроме точек. Весь священный текст писан в четыре и два столбца стихомерным образом и так слитно, как будто одно длинное речение тянется от точки до точки.» (Порфирий (Успенский), ''Первое путешествие в Синайский монастырь в 1845 году'', Petersburg 1856, с. 226.)</ref> In 1846, Captain C. K. MacDonald visited Mount Sinai, saw the codex, and bought two codices ([[Minuscule 495|495]] and [[Minuscule 496|496]]) from the monastery.<ref>{{Cite book
| |
| | last = Gregory
| |
| | first = Caspar René
| |
| | authorlink = Caspar René Gregory
| |
| | title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments
| |
| | publisher = J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung
| |
| | year = 1900
| |
| | location = Leipzig
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | pages = 195–196
| |
| | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n207/mode/2up
| |
| | isbn = }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[File:AlexII.JPG|thumb|The codex was presented to [[Alexander II of Russia]]]]
| |
| In 1853, Tischendorf revisited the Saint Catherine's Monastery to get the remaining 86 folios, but without success. Returning in 1859, this time under the [[patronage]] of Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia]], he was shown the ''Codex Sinaiticus''. He would later claim to have found it discarded in a rubbish bin. (This story may have been a fabrication, or the manuscripts in question may have been unrelated to ''Codex Sinaiticus'': Rev. J. Silvester Davies in 1863 quoted "a monk of Sinai who... stated that according to the librarian of the monastery the whole of Codex Sinaiticus had been in the library for many years and was marked in the ancient catalogues... Is it likely... that a manuscript known in the library catalogue would have been jettisoned in the rubbish basket." Indeed, it has been noted that the leaves were in "suspiciously good condition" for something found in the trash.<ref group="n">Davies words are from a letter published in ''The Guardian'' on 27 May 1863, as quoted by Elliott, J.K. (1982) in ''Codex Sinaiticus and the Simonides Affair'', Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies, p. 16; Elliott in turn is quoted by Michael D. Peterson in his essay "Tischendorf and the Codex Sinaiticus: the Saga Continues", in ''The Church and the Library'', ed. Papademetriou and Sopko Boston: Somerset Hall Press (2005), p. 77. See also notes 2 and 3, p. 90, in Papademetriou.</ref>) Tischendorf had been sent to search for manuscripts by [[Russia]]'s [[Tsar]] [[Russian Emperor Alexander II|Alexander II]], who was convinced there were still manuscripts to be found at the Sinai monastery.<ref>{{cite book
| |
| | last = Parker
| |
| | first = D. C.
| |
| | authorlink = David C. Parker
| |
| | title = Codex Sinaiticus. The Story of the World’s Oldest Bible
| |
| | location = London
| |
| | publisher = The British Library
| |
| | year = 2010
| |
| | pages = 140–142
| |
| | isbn = 978-0-7123-5803-3}}</ref> The text of this part of the codex was published by Tischendorf in 1862:
| |
| * Konstantin von Tischendorf: ''Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus.'' Giesecke & Devrient, Leipzig 1862.
| |
| It was reprinted in four volumes in 1869:
| |
| * Konstantin von Tischendorf, G. Olms (Hrsg.): ''Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus. 1. Prolegomena.'' G. Olms, Hildesheim 1869 (Repr.).
| |
| * Konstantin von Tischendorf, G. Olms (Hrsg.): ''Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus. 2. Veteris Testamenti pars prior.'' G. Olms, Hildesheim 1869 (Repr.).
| |
| * Konstantin von Tischendorf, G. Olms (Hrsg.): ''Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus. 3. Veteris Testamenti pars posterior.'' G. Olms, Hildesheim 1869 (Repr.).
| |
| * Konstantin von Tischendorf, G. Olms (Hrsg.): ''Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus. 4. Novum Testamentum cum Barnaba et Pastore.'' G. Olms, Hildesheim 1869 (Repr.).
| |
| | |
| The complete publication of the codex was made by [[Kirsopp Lake]] in 1911 (New Testament),and in 1922 (Old Testament). It was the full-sized black and white facsimile of the manuscript, "made from negatives taken from St. Petersburg by my wife and myself in the summer of 1908".<ref>Kirsopp Lake, (1911). ''Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus: The New Testament, the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, Preface.</ref>
| |
| | |
| The story of how Tischendorf found the manuscript, which contained most of the Old Testament and all of the New Testament, has all the interest of a romance. Tischendorf reached the monastery on 31 January; but his inquiries appeared to be fruitless. On 4 February, he had resolved to return home without having gained his object:
| |
| [[File:Sinai litografia.jpg|thumb|right|Lithography of the [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] based on sketches made by archimandrite Porphiryj Uspienski 1857)]]
| |
| <blockquote>
| |
| On the afternoon of this day I was taking a walk with the steward of the convent in the neighbourhood, and as we returned, towards sunset, he begged me to take some refreshment with him in his cell. Scarcely had he entered the room, when, resuming our former subject of conversation, he said: "And I, too, have read a Septuagint" – i.e. a copy of the Greek translation made by the Seventy. And so saying, he took down from the corner of the room a bulky kind of volume, wrapped up in a red cloth, and laid it before me. I unrolled the cover, and discovered, to my great surprise, not only those very fragments which, fifteen years before, I had taken out of the basket, but also other parts of the Old Testament, the New Testament complete, and, in addition, the Epistle of Barnabas and a part of the Shepherd of Hermas.<ref>See [http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/extras/tischendorf-sinaiticus.html Constantin von Tischendorf, The Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript], Extract from Constantin von Tischendorf, (1866) ''When Were Our Gospels Written? An Argument by Constantine Tischendorf. With a Narrative of the Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript'' New York: American Tract Society.</ref>
| |
| </blockquote>
| |
| [[File:Chappel of bush litografia.jpg|thumb|left|Saint Catherine's Monastery; lithograph from the album of P. Uspensky]]
| |
| After some negotiations, he obtained possession of this precious fragment. James Bentley gives an account of how this came about, prefacing it with the comment, "Tischendorf therefore now embarked on the remarkable piece of duplicity which was to occupy him for the next decade, which involved the careful suppression of facts and the systematic denigration of the monks of Mount Sinai."<ref>Bentley, James (1986). ''Secrets of Mount Sinai''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, p. 95.</ref> He conveyed it to Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]], who appreciated its importance and had it published as nearly as possible in facsimile, so as to exhibit correctly the ancient handwriting. In 1869 the Tsar sent the monastery 7 000 [[ruble]]s and the monastery of [[Mount Tabor]] 2 000 rubles by way of compensation.<ref name = LakeVI>Kirsopp Lake, (1911). ''Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus: The New Testament, the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. VI.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Parker | first = D. C. | authorlink = David C. Parker | title = Codex Sinaiticus. The Story of the World’s Oldest Bible | location = London | publisher = The British Library | year = 2010 | pages = 145–146 | isbn = 978-0-7123-5803-3}}</ref> The document in Russian formalising this was published in 2007 in Russia and has since been translated.<ref>[http://lenta.ru/news/2010/02/18/sinaiticus/ В архивах МИД РФ нашли документ о правах на Синайский кодекс] at the Lenta.ru</ref>
| |
| | |
| Regarding Tischendorf's role in the transfer to Saint Petersburg, there are several views. Although when parts of [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] and [[Book of Numbers]] were later found in the bindings of other books, they were amicably sent to Tischendorf, the codex is currently regarded by the monastery as having been stolen. This view is hotly contested by several scholars in Europe. [[Kirsopp Lake]] wrote:
| |
| <blockquote>
| |
| Those who have had much to do with Oriental monks will understand how improbable it is that the terms of the arrangement, whatever it was, were ever known to any except of the leaders.<ref>[[Kirsopp Lake|Lake, Kirsopp]], (1911). ''Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus: The New Testament, the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. VI.</ref>
| |
| </blockquote>
| |
| | |
| In a more neutral spirit, New Testament scholar [[Bruce Metzger]] writes:
| |
| | |
| <blockquote>
| |
| Certain aspects of the negotiations leading to the transfer of the codex to the Tsar's possession are open to an interpretation that reflects adversely on Tischendorf's candour and good faith with the monks at Saint Catherine's Monastery. For a recent account intended to exculpate him of blame, see Erhard Lauch's article 'Nichts gegen Tischendorf' in ''Bekenntnis zur Kirche: Festgabe für Ernst Sommerlath zum 70. Geburtstag'' (Berlin, c. 1961); for an account that includes a hitherto unknown receipt given by Tischendorf to the authorities at the monastery promising to return the manuscript from Saint Petersburg 'to the Holy Confraternity of Sinai at its earliest request'.<ref>See Ihor Ševčenko, "New Documents on Tischendorf and the Codex Sinaiticus", published in the journal ''Scriptorium'', xviii (1964), pp. 55–80.</ref><ref>Metzger, Bruce A. (1992) ''The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration'', (3rd Ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 45.</ref>
| |
| </blockquote>
| |
| | |
| [[File:St Catherines From Sinai.JPG|thumb|View of the Saint Catherine's Monastery]]
| |
| | |
| === Simonides ===
| |
| In 13 September 1862 [[Constantine Simonides]], skilled in calligraphy and with a controversial background with manuscripts, made the claim in print in ''[[The Guardian]]'' that he had written the codex himself as a young man in 1839 in the [[Agiou Panteleimonos monastery|Panteleimonos monastery]] at [[Mount Athos|Athos]].<ref>J. K. Elliott (1982) in ''Codex Sinaiticus and the Simonides Affair'', Thessaloniki: Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies, p. 16.</ref><ref>[http://www.sravnika.narod.ru/sin/sin3.htm Странное объявление Симонидеса о Синайском кодексе и ответ Тишендорфа].</ref>
| |
| [[Constantin von Tischendorf]], who worked with numerous Bible manuscripts, was known as somewhat flamboyant, and had ambitiously sought money from several royal families for his ventures, who had indeed funded his trips. Simonides, whose name may be a synonym mocking Tischendorf, had a somewhat obscure history, as he claimed he was at Mt. Athos in the years preceding Tischendorf's contact, making the claim at least plausible. Simonides also claimed his father had died and the invitation to Mt. Athos came from his uncle, a monk there, but subsequent letters to his father were found among his possessions at his death. While the word 'forgery' has been bandied about among scholars regarding the claims on the Sinaiticus by Tischendorf, perhaps a more accurate rendering would be recollation and 'adjusted' restoration as Simonides, an expert on hieroglyphics which are represented throughout the Sinaiticus. Simonides claimed the false nature of the document in the Guardian in an exchange of letters among scholars and others, at the time. Henry Bradshaw, a British librarian known to both men, defended the Tischendorf find of the Sinaiticus, casting aside the accusations of Simonides. Since Bradshaw was a social 'hub' among many diverse scholars of the day, his aiding of Tischendorf was given much weight. Simonides died shortly after, and the issue lay dormant for many years.<ref>Letters of Constantine Simonides, Grolier Library, NY</ref>
| |
| | |
| Tischendorf answered in [[Allgemeine Zeitung]] (December), that only in the New Testament there are many differences between it and all other manuscripts. [[Henry Bradshaw (scholar)|Henry Bradshaw]], a scholar, contributed to exposing the frauds of Constantine Simonides, and exposed the absurdity of his claims in a letter to the Guardian (26 January 1863). Bradshaw showed that the Codex Sinaiticus brought by Tischendorf from the Greek monastery of Mount Sinai was not a modern forgery or written by Simonides. Simonides' "claim was flawed from the beginning".<ref>McKitterick, David (1998) ''A history of Cambridge University Press'', Volume 2: ''Scholarship and Commerce (1698–1872)'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30802-X, page 369.</ref> The controversy seems to regard the misplaced use of the word 'fraud' or 'forgery' since it may have been a repaired text, a copy of the Septuagint based upon Origen's Hexapla, a text which has been rejected for centuries because of its lineage from Eusebius who introduced Arian doctrine into the courts of Constantine I and II.
| |
| | |
| Not every scholar and Church minister was delighted about the codex. [[John William Burgon|Burgon]], a supporter of the [[Textus Receptus]], suggested that Codex Sinaiticus, as well as codices Vaticanus and Codex Bezae, were the most corrupt documents extant. Each of these three codices "clearly exhibits a fabricated text – is the result of arbitrary and reckless recension."<ref>Dean Burgon, ''Revision Revised'', p. 9.</ref> The two most weighty of these three codices, א and B, he likens to the "two false witnesses" of Matthew {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|26:60}}.<ref>Dean Burgon, ''Revised Revision'', p. 48.</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Later story of the codex ===
| |
| In the early 20th century [[Vladimir N. Beneshevich]] (1874–1938) discovered parts of three more leaves of the codex in the bindings of other manuscripts in the library of Mount Sinai. Beneshevich went on three occasions to the monastery (1907, 1908, 1911) but does not tell when or from which book he recovered. These leaves were also acquired for St. Petersburg, where they remain to the present day.<ref>Бенешевич Владимир Николаевич, "Памятники Синая археологические и палеографические", Вып. 2, Sankt Petersburg, 1912; V. N. Beneshevich, "Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Graecorum qui in Monasterio Sanctae Catherinae in Monte Sina Asservantur" St. Petersburg (1911).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.katapi.org.uk/BibleMSS/Sinaiticus.htm |title=Katapi.org.uk |publisher=Katapi.org.uk |accessdate=4 February 2010}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[File:Russian National Library building.jpg|thumb|A two-thirds portion of the codex was held in the National Library of Russia from 1859 until 1933]]
| |
| For many decades, the Codex was preserved in the [[Russian National Library]]. In 1933, the [[Soviet Union]] sold the codex to the [[British Museum]] (after 1973 [[British Library]]) for £100,000 raised by public subscription (worth £{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|100000|1933|r=-5}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}).<ref>{{cite book | last = Metzger |first = Bruce M.| coauthors = Ehrman, Bart D. | title = The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration | edition = 4th | publisher = Oxford University Press | place = New York – Oxford | year = 2005 | pages = 64 | language = {{en icon}} }}</ref> After coming to Britain it was examined by T. C. Skeat and H.J.M. Milne using an [[ultra-violet]] lamp.<ref>T. C. Skeat, ''A four years work on the Codex Sinaiticus: Significant discoveries in reconditioned ms.'', in: T. C. Skeat and J. K. Elliott, [http://books.google.pl/books?id=td_OLXo4RvkC&pg=3#PPA109,M1 ''The collected biblical writings of T. C. Skeat''], Brill 2004, p. 9.</ref>
| |
| | |
| In May 1975, during restoration work, the monks of Saint Catherine's Monastery discovered a room beneath the St. George Chapel which contained many parchment fragments. Among these fragments were twelve complete leaves from the ''Sinaiticus'', 11 leaves of the [[Pentateuch]] and 1 leaf of the [[The Shepherd of Hermas|Shepherd of Hermas]].<ref name = Skeat/> Together with these leaves 67 Greek Manuscripts of New Testament have been found (uncials [[Uncial 0278|0278]] – [[Uncial 0296|0296]] and some minuscules).<ref>[http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/texte/Sinaiticus-75.html Codex Sinaiticus finds 1975] with images</ref>
| |
| | |
| In June 2005, a team of experts from the UK, Europe, Egypt, Russia and USA undertook a joint project to produce a new digital edition of the manuscript (involving all four holding libraries), and a series of other studies was announced.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/news/2005/pressrelease20050311.html World's oldest Bible goes global: Historic international digitisation project announced], British Library: Press Room</ref><ref>[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/british.library.heads.project.in.digitalising.the.worlds.oldest.bible/2338.htm British Library Heads Project in Digitalising the World’s Oldest Bible] Christianity Today, 15 March 2005</ref><ref>Schneider, Ulrich Johannes (ed.) (2007). Codex Sinaiticus. Geschichte und Erschließung der «Sinai-Bibel». Leipzig: Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, p. 42.</ref> This will include the use of [[hyperspectral imaging]] to photograph the manuscripts to look for hidden information such as erased or faded text.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4739369.stm Oldest known Bible to go online]. ''BBC.com''. 31 August 2005. Retrieved 8 June 2006.</ref> This is to be done in cooperation with the British Library.<ref>Henschke, E. (2007). "Digitizing the Hand-Written Bible: The Codex Sinaiticus, its History and Modern Presentation", ''Libri'', vol. '''57''', pp. 45–51.</ref>
| |
| | |
| More than one quarter of the manuscript was made publicly available at [http://www.codex-sinaiticus.net/en/ The Codex Sinaiticus Website] on 24 July 2008. On 6 July 2009, 800 more pages of the manuscript were made available, showing over half of the entire text,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/8135415.stm ''Historical Bible pages put online''] BBC News</ref> although the entire text was intended to be shown by that date.<ref>{{cite press release |title=The world's oldest Bible goes online |date=21 July 2008 |url=http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/project/article.aspx?newsid=15 |accessdate=24 July 2008}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The complete document is now available online in digital form and available for scholarly study. The online version has a fully transcribed set of [[digital page]]s, including amendments to the text, and two images of each page, with both standard lighting and raked lighting to highlight the texture of the parchment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20090706/oldest_bible_090706/20090706?hub=TopStories |title=ctv news story |publisher=Ctv.ca |date=6 July 2009 |accessdate=4 February 2010}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Prior to 1 September 2009, the University of the Arts London PhD student, Nikolas Sarris, discovered the previously unseen fragment of the Codex in the library of Saint Catherine's Monastery. It contains the text of Book of Joshua 1:10.<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=105054§ionid=3510212 Oldest Bible fragment found in Egypt] Press TV</ref><ref>"[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fragment-from-worlds-oldest-bible-found-hidden-in-egyptian-monastery-1780274.html Fragment from world's oldest Bible found hidden in Egyptian monastery]". [[The Independent]], 2 Sept, 2009.</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Present location ==
| |
| [[File:british library london.jpg|thumb|The British Library]]
| |
| The codex is now split into four unequal portions: 347 leaves in the [[British Library]] in London (199 of the Old Testament, 148 of the New Testament), 12 leaves and 14 fragments in the Saint Catherine's Monastery, 43 leaves in the [[Leipzig University Library]], and fragments of 3 leaves in the [[Russian National Library]] in [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref name=Aland/>
| |
| | |
| Saint Catherine's Monastery still maintains the importance of a letter, handwritten in 1844 with an original signature of Tischendorf confirming that he borrowed those leaves.<ref>[http://www.sinaimonastery.com/index.php?lid=107# Ο Σιναϊτικός Κώδικας].</ref> However, recently published documents, including a deed of gift dated 11 September 1868 and signed by Archbishop Kallistratos and the monks of the monastery, indicate that the manuscript was acquired entirely legitimately.<ref name = Zacharova>[http://www.nlr.ru/exib/CodexSinaiticus/zah/ ''"История приобретения Синайской Библии Россией в свете новых документов из российских архивов"''], А.В.Захарова, ''Монфокон: исследования по палеографии, кодикологии и дипломатике'', Ι, Москва—С.-Петербург, 2007, 209–266</ref> This deed, which agrees with a report by Kurt Aland on the matter, has now been published. Unfortunately this development is not widely known in the English-speaking world, as only German- and Russian-language media reported on it in 2009. Doubts as to the legality of the gift arose because when Tischendorf originally removed the manuscript from Saint Catherine's Monastery in September 1859, the monastery was without an archbishop, so that even though the intention to present the manuscript to the Tsar had been expressed, no legal gift could be made at the time. Resolution of the matter was delayed through the turbulent reign of Archbishop Cyril (consecrated 7 December 1859, deposed 24 August 1866), and the situation only formalised after the restoration of peace.<ref name = Zacharova/>
| |
| | |
| Skeat in his article "The Last Chapter in the History of the Codex Sinaiticus" concluded in this way:
| |
| <blockquote>
| |
| This is not the place to pass judgements, but perhaps I may say that, as it seems to me, both the monks and Tischendorf deserve our deepest gratitude, Tischendorf for having alerted the monks to the importance of the manuscript, and the monks for having undertaken the daunting task of searching through the vast mass of material with such spectacular results, and them doing everything in their power to safeguard the manuscript against further loss. If we accept the statement of Uspensky, that he saw the codex in 1845, the monks must have worked very hard to complete their search and bind up the results in so short a period.<ref>Skeat, T. C. (2000). "The Last Chapter in the History of the Codex Sinaiticus." ''Novum Testamentum''. Vol. '''42''', Fasc. 3, Jul., 2000. p. 315.</ref>
| |
| </blockquote>
| |
| | |
| == Impact on biblical scholarship ==
| |
| Along with [[Codex Vaticanus]], the Codex Sinaiticus has is considered one of the most valuable manuscripts for establishing the original text ([[textual criticism]]) of the [[Novum Testamentum Graece|Greek New Testament]], as well as the [[Septuagint]]. It is the only [[uncial script|uncial]] manuscript with the complete text of the New Testament, and the only ancient manuscript of the New Testament written in four columns per page which has survived to the present day.<ref name = Aland/> With only 300 years separating the Codex Sinaiticus and the original manuscripts of the New Testament, it is considered to be more accurate than most later copies in preserving superior readings where many later manuscripts are in error.<ref name = Kenyon/>
| |
| | |
| The Codex Sinaiticus reading of John 9:4 alone is significant to the traditional orthodox interpretation of the omnipotence of the ministry of Jesus Christ. The Codex has, "We must do the works of him who ''sent us'' [in place of other manuscripts' 'sent me'] while it is day; night comes, when no man can work."
| |
| | |
| For the [[Gospel]]s, Sinaiticus is generally considered among scholars as the second most reliable witness of the text (after Vaticanus); in the [[Acts of the Apostles]], its text is equal to that of Vaticanus; in the [[Epistles]], Sinaiticus is the most reliable witness of the text. In the [[Book of Revelation]], however, its text is corrupted and is considered of poor quality, and inferior to the texts of [[Codex Alexandrinus]], [[Papyrus 47]], and even some minuscule manuscripts in this place (for example, [[Minuscule 2053]], [[Minuscule 2062|2062]]).<ref name = Bruce/>
| |
| | |
| == See also ==
| |
| {{Portal|Bible}}
| |
| * [[Biblical manuscript]]
| |
| * [[List of New Testament uncials]]
| |
| * [[Differences between codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus]]
| |
| * [[Fifty Bibles of Constantine]]
| |
| * [[Syriac Sinaiticus]]
| |
| | |
| == Notes ==
| |
| {{reflist|group="n"|colwidth=60em}}
| |
| | |
| == References ==
| |
| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
| |
| | |
| == Further reading ==
| |
| | |
| === Text of the codex ===
| |
| * [[Constantin von Tischendorf]], ''Fragmentum Codicis Friderico-Augustani'', in: [http://www.archive.org/stream/Tischendorf.iv.monumentaSacraInedita.newcollection.subscript.6vols.1857-1870/02.MonumentaSacraInedita.NCVP.FragSacra.v2.Tischendorf.Subscript.1860.#page/n269/mode/2up ''Monumenta sacra inedita''] (Leipzig 1855), vol. I, pp. 211 ff.
| |
| * Constantin von Tischendorf: ''Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus''. Giesecke & Devrient, Leipzig 1862.
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| |title=Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus: The New Testament, the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas
| |
| |first=Kirsopp
| |
| |last=Lake
| |
| |location=Oxford
| |
| |publisher=Clarendon Press
| |
| |year=1911
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| |title=A Full Collation of the Codex Sinaiticus with the Received Text of the New Testament
| |
| |first=Frederick Henry Ambrose
| |
| |last=Scrivener
| |
| |location=Cambridge
| |
| |publisher=Deighton Bell
| |
| |year=1864; 2nd ed. 1867
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=http://www.bibletranslation.ws/down/CollatCdxSinait.pdf
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| |title=CODEX SINAITICUS: The New Testament translated from the Sinaitic Manuscript
| |
| |first=H. T.
| |
| |last=Anderson
| |
| |location=Cincinnati
| |
| |publisher=The Standard Publishing Company
| |
| |year=1918
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=http://www.sinaiticus.com/
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| === Introductions to the Textual Criticism of NT ===
| |
| * {{cite book | last = Gregory | first = C. R. | title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments|volume= 1 | publisher = J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung | year = 1900 | location = Leipzig | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n33/mode/2up |accessdate=18 March 2010|language= de}}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | title=Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography
| |
| | last=Metzger
| |
| | first=Bruce M.
| |
| | authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger
| |
| | location=Oxford
| |
| | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
| |
| | year=1991
| |
| | isbn=978-0-19-502924-6
| |
| | pages=76–79
| |
| | url=
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{cite book | last = Metzger |first = Bruce M.| coauthors = Ehrman, Bart D. | title = The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration | edition = 4th | publisher = Oxford University Press | place = New York – Oxford | year = 2005 | url = http://www.scribd.com/doc/54229464/The-Text-of-NT-4th-Edit-Bruce-Metzger-Bart-Ehrman | pages = 62–67 }}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | last = Scrivener
| |
| | first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
| |
| | authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
| |
| | coauthors = Edward Miller
| |
| | title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
| |
| | publisher = [[George Bell & Sons]]
| |
| | year = 1894
| |
| | location = London
| |
| | edition = 4
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | page = 342
| |
| | url =
| |
| | isbn =
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| |title=The Four Gospels. A Study of Origins the Manuscripts Tradition, Sources, Authorship, & Dates
| |
| |first=Burnett Hillman
| |
| |last=Streeter
| |
| |location=Oxford
| |
| |publisher=MacMillan and Co Limited
| |
| |year=1924
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| === Other works ===
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |title=The New Testament Translated from the Sinaitic Manuscript Discovered by Constantine Tischendorf at Mt. Sinai
| |
| |first=H. T.
| |
| |last=Anderson
| |
| |publisher=The Standard Publishing Company
| |
| |year=1910
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/newtestamenttrf00tiscgoog#page/n4/mode/2up
| |
| }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |title=Griechische paleographie
| |
| |first=Victor
| |
| |last=Gardthausen
| |
| |authorlink=Victor Gardthausen
| |
| |location=Leipzig
| |
| |year=1913
| |
| |volume=2
| |
| |pages=119–134
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=http://www.archive.org/details/griechischepaleo02gard}}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |title=Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus
| |
| |first=Dirk
| |
| |last=Jongkind
| |
| |publisher=Gorgias Press LLC.
| |
| |year=2007
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=}}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| |title=Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts
| |
| |first=Frederic G.
| |
| |last=Kenyon
| |
| |location=London
| |
| |year=1939|edition=4th
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/MN41613ucmf_0#page/n157/mode/2up
| |
| |pages=121–128
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{Cite journal
| |
| | author = Peter M. Head
| |
| | url = http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/vol13/Head2008.pdf
| |
| | title = The Gospel of Mark in Codex Sinaiticus: Textual and Reception-Historical Considerations
| |
| | journal = Journal of Biblical Textual Criticism
| |
| | year = 2008
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{Cite journal
| |
| | author = Magerson, P.
| |
| | year = 1983
| |
| | title = Codex Sinaiticus: An Historical Observation
| |
| | journal = Bib Arch
| |
| | volume = 46
| |
| | pages = 54–56
| |
| }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Milne
| |
| | first = H. J. M.
| |
| | last2 = Skeat
| |
| | first2 = T. C.
| |
| | title = The Codex Sinaiticus and the Codex Alexandrinus
| |
| | location = London
| |
| | series =
| |
| | year = 1951, 1963
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| | last = Milne
| |
| | first = H. J. M.
| |
| | authorlink = Herbert John Mansfield Milne
| |
| | last2 = Skeat
| |
| | first2 = T. C.
| |
| | authorlink2 = T. C. Skeat
| |
| | title = Scribes and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus
| |
| | publisher = British Museum
| |
| | location = London
| |
| | series =
| |
| | year = 1938
| |
| | url = http://books.google.com/books/about/Scribes_and_correctors_of_the_codex_sina.html?id=I4dbAAAAMAAJ
| |
| | isbn = }}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| | last = Parker
| |
| | first = D. C.
| |
| | authorlink = David C. Parker
| |
| | title = Codex Sinaiticus. The Story of the World’s Oldest Bible
| |
| | location = London
| |
| | publisher = The British Library
| |
| | year = 2010
| |
| | pages =
| |
| | isbn = 978-0-7123-5803-3}}
| |
| * T. C. Skeat, ''A four years work on the Codex Sinaiticus: Significant discoveries in reconditioned ms.'', in: T. C. Skeat and J. K. Elliott, [http://books.google.pl/books?id=td_OLXo4RvkC&pg=3#PPA109,M1 ''The collected biblical writings of T. C. Skeat''], Brill 2004, pp. 109–118.
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| |title=Codex Sinaiticus. Geschichte und Erschließung der "Sinai-Bibel"
| |
| |first=Ulrich Johannes (ed.)
| |
| |last=Schneider
| |
| |location=Leipzig
| |
| |publisher=Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig
| |
| |year=2007
| |
| |isbn=978-3-934178-72-4
| |
| |url=
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| |title=Responsa ad Calumnias Romanas
| |
| |first=Constantin von
| |
| |last=Tischendorf
| |
| |location=Leipzig
| |
| |publisher=F. A. Brockhaus
| |
| |year=1870
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/Tischendorf.V.Various/10.ResponsaCalumniasRomanas.SuppNTSinCod.Tischendorf.1865.1870.#page/n5/mode/2up
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| |title=Die Sinaibibel ihre Entdeckung, Herausgabe, und Erwerbung
| |
| |first=Constantin von
| |
| |last=Tischendorf
| |
| |location=Leipzig
| |
| |publisher=Giesecke & Devrient
| |
| |year=1871
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/diesinaibibelih01tiscgoog#page/n5/mode/2up
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| |title=Wann wurden unsere Evangelien verfasst?
| |
| |first=Constantin von
| |
| |last=Tischendorf
| |
| |location=Leipzig
| |
| |publisher=J. C. Hinrichssche Buchhandlung
| |
| |year=1865
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/wannwurdenunser02tiscgoog#page/n3/mode/2up
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{cite book
| |
| |title=When Were Our Gospels Written?, An Argument by Constantine Tischendorf. With a Narrative of the Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript
| |
| |first=Constantin von
| |
| |last=Tischendorf
| |
| |location=New York
| |
| |publisher=American Tract Society
| |
| |year=1866
| |
| |isbn=
| |
| |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/Tischendorf.V.Various/07.WhenWereOurGospelsWritten.Argument.tr.Germ.Tischendorf.2nd.1867.#page/n3/mode/2up
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| == External links ==
| |
| {{Commons category}}
| |
| * [http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/ Codex Sinaiticus Project]
| |
| * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00dy1gc BBC video clip], handling the Codex Sinaiticus at the British Library
| |
| | |
| === Facsimiles of Codex Sinaiticus ===
| |
| * [http://www.csntm.org/Manuscripts/ManuscriptViewPage.aspx?id=202 Codex Sinaiticus] at the ''Center for the Study of NT Manuscripts'' (JPG)
| |
| * [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/virtualbooks/index.html Turn the pages of the Codex Sinaiticus online (British Library interactive)]
| |
| * ''[http://publishing.bl.uk/book/codex-sinaiticus-facsimile Codex Sinaiticus: A Facsimile]'' (ISBN 9780712349987), due to be published by the [[British Library]] in conjunction with Hendrickson Publishers on 6 January 2011
| |
| | |
| === Articles ===
| |
| * [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uAleph Codex Sinaiticus] at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
| |
| * [http://www.bible-researcher.com/codex-aleph.html Codex Sinaiticus page at bible-researcher.com]
| |
| * [http://www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/tc_codexs.html Earlham College facsimile of Codex Sinaiticus]
| |
| * [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/codexsinai.html Codex Sinaiticus page at the British Library website]
| |
| * [http://www.connectedphotographer.com/issues/issue200506/00001581001.html A real-life Bible Code: the amazing story of the Codex Sinaiticus]
| |
| * [http://www.itsee.bham.ac.uk/projects/sinaiticus Joint project managed by ITSEE for digitizing the codex]
| |
| * [http://www.librijournal.org/pdf/2007-1pp45-51.pdf E. Henschke, The Codex Sinaiticus, its History and Modern Presentation]
| |
| * [http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=33&Issue=6&ArticleID=7 Who Owns the Codex Sinaiticus] Biblical Archaeology Review Library
| |
| * [http://www.sbible.ru/sinaj2.htm Bibliorum Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus 1862 (one from 120 facsimile-examples)]
| |
| * [http://www.nlr.ru/eng/exib/CodexSinaiticus/ The Codex Sinaiticus and the Manuscripts of Mt Sinai in the Collections of the National Library of Russia] The National Library of Russia, 2009
| |
| * [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/2439897/Codex-Sinaiticus-the-worlds-oldest-Bible-goes-online.html Codex Sinaiticus, the world's oldest Bible, goes online] The Telegraph
| |
| | |
| {{good article}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:4th-century biblical manuscripts]]
| |
| [[Category:British Library additional manuscripts]]
| |
| [[Category:Greek New Testament uncials|Sinaiticus]]
| |
| [[Category:Septuagint manuscripts]]
| |
| [[Category:Great uncial codices]]
| |
| | |
| {{Link FA|pl}}
| |
| {{link GA|ru}}
| |