|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
| | http://www.indetec.gob.mx/js/nike/sitemap.xml Cualquieг visitante ɑ nuestro territorio, si quiere un d vеr roquedos y cortados eѕpеctaculares, llevar unos prіsm y oƄservar poblacioneѕ dе rapaces variadɑs y caminar սn rato por el sendero que lleva pօr el Rudr este eѕ el sitio. Es սn espacio donde residen especіes ɗe Rapaces tan vаriadas como: El buitгe leonado, el alimoche, el halc рeregrino. Incluso por su еxcepcіonalidad еxisten algunas parejas de real, alg quebrantahuesos e incluso el perdiϲera.. <br>http://www.cpagin.org.ar/js/casual-sko/sitemap-1.xml Moѕt wealthy girls are members оf a tennis club and know Һow yoս can play tennis. They display their stock on the internet from ԝhich a girl ϲan decide on an suitable 1 and spot ordeгs for it. They claim to supply the best [http://Thesaurus.com/browse/attainable+cost attainable cost] with regards towards the ongoing market place cost.. http://gallonimoveis.com.br/novatr/dc-comics/sitemap-1.xml<br>[https://Www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&tbm=nws&q=Certains+d%27entre Certains d'entre] eux scintillent aux extrémités, les décߋlletés des robеs sont гebrodés de fourrure. Une jupe [http://Bio-tec.net/fckeditor/files/pres.php?supra/shoes=adidas-shoes-9.8 louis vuitton metis bag price] midi droite sе termine en [http://Wordpress.org/search/dentelle dentelle]. Les robes transparentes rebrodéеs ne cherchent paѕ à être sexy, elles sont là poսr un [http://Photo.net/gallery/tag-search/search?query_string=rendu+boudoir rendu boudoir].. July's ground-breaҡing iѕsue of Vogue [http://Browse.deviantart.com/?q=Italia+featured Italia featured] all black models including Sessilee ʟopez, Jourdan Dunn and the incomparable [http://browse.deviantart.com/?q=Naomi+Campbell Naomi Campbell]. in 72 hours, Vogue Italіa has just rushed to reƿrint 30,000 extra cοpies for American newsstands, another 10,000 foг Britain and 20,000 more in Italy. Тhe only complаints about the reprints might come from those currently trying tο sell copies on eBay for $45 apiece.". http://ludicar.com.br/gaarden/sitemap-1.xml<br>In those times leather became the material of choice rather than the more basic woven materials. The ladies would carry 'sweet' bags containing perfumes and herbs for their handkerchiefs, to disguise the foul smells of the era. The gentlemen would carry their coinage or counters for gambling. http://www.indetec.gob.mx/js/nike/sitemap-1.xml |
| {{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
| |
| '''Robert McNeill Alexander''', [[CBE]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (born 7 July 1934, [[Lisburn]], Northern Ireland) is a British [[zoologist]]. He was educated at the [[University of Cambridge]] (MA, PhD) and the [[University of Wales]] (DSc). After a Lectureship at the then University College of North Wales (now [[Bangor University]]) from 1958 to 1969, he was [[Professor]] of Zoology at the [[University of Leeds]] from 1969 until his retirement in 1999 when the title of [[Emeritus]] Professor was conferred upon him.<ref>[http://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/staff/profile.php?tag=Alexander R McNeill Alexander academic homepage at Leeds]</ref>
| |
| | |
| Professor Alexander was Secretary of the [[Zoological Society of London]] (1992-1999) which included supervising the management of [[London Zoo|London]] and [[Whipsnade Zoo]]s. He was President of the [[Society for Experimental Biology]] (1995-1997), President of the International Society of Vertebrate Morphologists (1997-2001) and editor of the prestigious [[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] (1998-2004).<ref>[http://isbnow.isbweb.org/?p=783 International Society of Biomechanics, Newsletter March 2011]</ref>
| |
| | |
| Alexander married Ann Elizabeth Coulton in 1961.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=3NSTvJvIZR4C&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Robert+McNeill+Alexander+leeds&source=bl&ots=unXfAy6g3Q&sig=61po84M2eWphnXyOYQ6pwlla9Z0&hl=en&ei=Be4STPTBLMP6lwejxrCjDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Robert%20McNeill%20Alexander%20leeds&f=false ''The International Who's Who 2004,'' Europa Publications]</ref>
| |
| | |
| Professor Alexander has specialised in research on animal mechanics and apart from the books listed below, he has also published numerous research papers in this field since 1959. He is still an active research scientist and continues to publish papers regularly.
| |
| | |
| ==Dinosaur locomotion==
| |
| One particular area of his research interest has been into the mechanics of [[Dinosaur]] motion.<ref>[http://www.pterosaur.co.uk/biblio/A-C/AlexanderR.htm ''The Pterosaur Database'']</ref> He contributed greatly to the development of a formula used to calculate the speed of motion of dinosaurs, the so-called 'dinosaur speed calculator,' which is in fact mathematically derived from the [[Froude number]]:
| |
| | |
| "The key to deriving estimates of dinosaur gait and speed from trackways was provided by the zoologist R. McNeill Alexander (1976). From observations of modern animals he derived a general relationship between an animal's speed of locomotion (v) and its hip height (h) and its stride length (SL), which is
| |
| | |
| ::::::::<math>{v}=0.25.{g^{-0.5}}.{SL^{1.67}}.{h^{-1.17}}</math>
| |
| | |
| Alexander also pointed out that this formula could be applied to dinosaur trackways since the stride length can be measured directly and the hip height could be estimated from the size of the foot print."<ref>[http://www.sorbygeology.group.shef.ac.uk/DINOC01/dinocal1.html Dinosaur speed calculator, University of Sheffield]</ref>
| |
| | |
| Originally, Alexander stated: "I have now obtained a relationship between speed, stride length and body size from observations of living animals and applied this to dinosaurs to achieve estimates of their speeds. The estimated speeds are rather low—between 1.0 and 3.6 m s−1."<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v261/n5556/abs/261129a0.html Alexander, R. M. Estimates of speeds of Dinosaurs, Nature 261, pp.129-130 (1976)]</ref>
| |
| | |
| But modifications to the original formula gave rise to revised estimates. And "Alexander (1996) argued that based on the bone dimensions of Tyrannosaurus it is unlikely they could have travelled at more than 8ms-1."<ref>[http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Tracks/Report7/speed.html Dinosaur Gait and Estimates of Speeds, University of Bristol]</ref> Several calculations using variants of the formula indicate that dinosaurs probably travelled at around 3 ms-1 with a top speed of 8 ms-1. This translates to a speed range of roughly 6-20 mph.
| |
| | |
| ==Awards== | |
| *1979 Linnean Medal for Zoology [[Linnean Society of London]]
| |
| *1987 Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] (FRS)<ref>[http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/ The Royal Society, List of Presidents & Fellows]</ref>
| |
| *2000 [[Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] (CBE)<ref>[http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/455/honours.htm The University of Leeds, Reporter 455, September 2000]</ref>
| |
| *2001 Foreign Honorary Member [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
| |
| *2002 Honorary Fellow [[Zoological Society of London]]
| |
| *2003 Borelli Award [[American Society of Biomechanics]]
| |
| | |
| ==Publications==
| |
| | |
| ===Books===
| |
| * ''Functional Design in Fishes,'' Hutchinson University Library, 1967, 1970, ISBN 0-09-104751-X
| |
| * ''Animal Mechanics,'' Sidgwick & Jackson, 1968
| |
| * ''Size and Shape,'' (Institute of Biology Studies in Biology), Edward Arnold, 1971
| |
| * ''The Chordates,'' Cambridge University Press, 1975
| |
| * ''Mechanics and energetics of animal locomotion,'' with G. Goldspink, Halsted Press, 1977
| |
| * ''The Invertebrates,'' Cambridge University Press, 1979.
| |
| * ''Optima for Animals,'' Hodder Arnold H&S, 1982.
| |
| * ''Locomotion of animals,'' (Tertiary Level Biology), Springer, 1985
| |
| * ''The Collins Encyclopedia of Animal Biology,'' HarperCollins Publishers, 1986
| |
| * ''Elastic Mechanisms in Animal Movement,'' Cambridge University Press. 1988,
| |
| * '' Dynamics of Dinosaurs and other Extinct Giants,'' Columbia University Press, 1989.
| |
| * ''Animals,'' Cambridge University Press, 1990.
| |
| * ''How dinosaurs ran,'' Scientific American, 1991
| |
| * ''Animals'', Cambridge University Press, 1991
| |
| * ''The Human Machine'', Natural History Museum, Stationery Office Books, 1992
| |
| * ''Exploring Biomechanics: Animals in Motion,'' W H Freeman & Co, 1992
| |
| * ''Bones: The Unity of Form and Function,'' Macmillan General Reference, 1994
| |
| * ''Energy for Animal Life'' (Oxford Animal Biology Series), Oxford University Press, USA, 1999
| |
| * ''Exploring biomechanics: animals in motion'', Nikei Saiensusha, ISBN 978-4-532-52017-5
| |
| * ''Hydraulic mechanisms in locomotion,'' ''In Body Cavities: Function and Phylogeny,'' pp. 187–198, Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I., 8, Modena: Mucchi.
| |
| * ''Human Bones: A Scientific and Pictorial Investigation,'' with Aaron Diskin, Pi Press, 2004.
| |
| * ''Principles of Animal Locomotion,'' Princeton University Press, 2006
| |
| * ''Knochen! Was uns aufrecht hält - das Buch zum menschlichen Skelett,'' Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2006
| |
| | |
| ===Papers===
| |
| (This is merely a small sample from over 250 papers)
| |
| * ''The Densities of Cyprinidae,'' J Exp Biol 36, June 1959, pp. 333–340.
| |
| * ''Visco-elastic properties of the body-wall of sea anemones,'' J. Exp. Biol. 39, 1962, pp. 373–386.
| |
| * ''Adaptation in the skulls and cranial muscles of South American characinoid fish,'' Zoological Journal of The Linnean Society, vol. 45, no. 305, 1964, pp. 169–190
| |
| * ''Estimates of speeds of dinosaurs,'' Nature, 1976;261:129–130. doi:10.1038/261129a0
| |
| * ''Bending of cylindrical animals with helical fibres in their skin or cuticle,'' J. Theor. Biol. 124, 1987, pp. 97–110.
| |
| * ''Tyrannosaurus on the run,'' Nature, 1996;379:121. doi:10.1038/379121a0
| |
| * ''Dinosaur biomechanics,'' Proc Biol Sci. 2006 August 7; 273(1596): pp. 1849–1855.
| |
| * ''Biomechanics: Stable Running,'' Current Biology, Volume 17, Issue 7, 3 April 2007, pp.R253-R255
| |
| * S. K. S. Thorpe, R. H. Crompton and R. McN. Alexander, ''Orangutans use compliant branches to lower the energetic cost of locomotion,'' Biology Letters, 2007
| |
| * A. Brandwood, A. S. Jayes, R. McN Alexander, ''Incidence of healed fracture in the skeletons of birds, molluscs and primates,'' Journal of Zoology, vol. 208, no. 1, 2009, pp. 55–62
| |
| * ''Biomechanics: Leaping lizards and dinosaurs,'' Nature, (2012), DOI: doi:10.1038/nature10797, 4 January 2012
| |
| | |
| ==Film & TV work==
| |
| * ''Horizon'' (1976) TV series documentary
| |
| * ''The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs'' (1976)
| |
| * ''Walking with Beasts'' (2001) TV series documentary (principal scientific advisor)
| |
| * ''The Future Is Wild'' (2003) TV series documentary
| |
| * ''Extinct: A Horizon Guide to Dinosaurs'' (2001) TV documentary
| |
| <ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1113312/ R McNeill Alexander at Internet Movie Database]</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| * [[Biomechanics]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| *[http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp59312 "(Robert) McNeill Alexander"], ''National Portrait Gallery''
| |
| | |
| {{s-start}}
| |
| {{s-npo|pro}}
| |
| {{s-bef | before = [[Barry Albert Cross]]}}
| |
| {{s-ttl | title = Secretary of the<br>[[Zoological Society of London]] | years = 1992–1999}}
| |
| {{s-aft |after=[[Paul H. Harvey]]}}
| |
| {{s-end}}
| |
| | |
| {{Authority control|VIAF=85245887}}
| |
| | |
| {{Persondata
| |
| | NAME = Alexander, Robert Mcneill
| |
| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| |
| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = British [[zoologist]]
| |
| | DATE OF BIRTH = 7 July 1934
| |
| | PLACE OF BIRTH =
| |
| | DATE OF DEATH =
| |
| | PLACE OF DEATH =
| |
| }}
| |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Robert Mcneill}}
| |
| [[Category:British zoologists]]
| |
| [[Category:1934 births]]
| |
| [[Category:People from Lisburn]]
| |
| [[Category:Academics of the University of Leeds]]
| |
| [[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
| |
| [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
| |
| [[Category:Members of learned societies]]
| |
| [[Category:Fellows of learned societies of the United Kingdom]]
| |
| [[Category:Living people]]
| |
| [[Category:Secretaries of the Zoological Society of London]]
| |