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| {{distinguish|Goniometer|Extensometer|Tension meter|Tensometer}}
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| {{for|the article with regards to soil science|Tensiometer (soil science)}}
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| A '''Tensiometer''' as it applies to physics is an instrument used to measure the [[surface tension]] (<math>\scriptstyle\gamma</math>) of liquids or surfaces. Tensiometers are used in research and development laboratories to determine the surface tension of liquids like coatings, lacquers or adhesives. A further application field of tensiometers is the monitoring of industrial production processes like part's cleaning or electroplating.
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| ==Types==
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| ===Goniometer/Tensiometer===
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| [[Image:Rame-hart goniometer.jpg|thumb|Surface scientists use a goniometer/tensiometer to measure contact angle, surface tension, and interfacial tension.]]
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| Surface scientists sometimes use a [[Goniometer]]/Tensiometer to measure the [[surface tension]] and [[interfacial tension]] of a liquid using the pendant or sessile drop methods. It is a more difficult experimental measurement to accomplish and is not nearly as accurate as the Wilhelmy plate method described below. A drop is produced and the profile is then captured using a goniometer/tensiometer. The software then analyses the profile of the drop and makes a series of calculations. With pendant drops, in older, more obsolete software, the maximum diameter and the ratio between this parameter and the diameter at the distance of the maximum diameter from the drop apex is evaluated and formulas are used to derive on the basis of the [[Young-Laplace equation]] surface tension. In more current, more accurate software, the LaPlace equation itself is used to calculate surface tension for hundreds of pairs of data points along the profile of the drop. Sophisticated software routines automate this computationally intensive process.
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| ===Du Noüy-Padday method===
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| {{main|Du Noüy-Padday method}}
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| This method uses a rod which is lowered into a test liquid. The rod is then pulled out of the liquid and the force required to pull the rod is precisely measured. This is a rather novel method which is accurate and repeatable. The Du Noüy-Padday Rod Pull Tensiometer will take measurements quickly and unlike the ring and plate methods, will work with liquids with a wide range of viscosities.
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| ===Du Noüy Ring Tensiometer===
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| [[File:Tensiometer.jpg|thumb|A du Noüy tensiometer]]
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| [[File:Ptirgyuru.jpg|thumb|[[Pierre Lecomte du Noüy|Du Noüy]] tensiometer in liquid.]]
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| This type of tensiometer uses a platinum ring which is submersed in a liquid. As the ring is pulled out of the liquid, the tension required is precisely measured in order to determine the surface tension of the liquid. This method requires that the platinum ring be nearly perfect; even a small blemish or scratch can greatly alter the accuracy of the results. A correction for buoyancy must be made. This method is considered inaccurate compared to the plate method but is still widely used for interfacial tension measurement between two liquids.
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| ===[[Wilhelmy plate|Wilhelmy Plate Tensiometer]]===
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| The Wilhelmy Plate tensiometer requires a plate to make contact with the liquid surface. It is widely considered the simplest and most accurate method for surface tension measurement.
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| ===Bubble pressure Tensiometer===
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| [[File:Bubble pressure method - surface tension.jpg|thumb|Bubble pressure method to measure the dynamic surface tension of liquids]]
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| Due to internal attractive forces of a liquid, air bubbles within the liquids are compressed. The resulting pressure (bubble pressure) rises at a decreasing bubble radius. The bubble pressure method makes use of this bubble pressure which is higher than in the surrounding environment (water). A gas stream is pumped into a capillary that is immersed in a fluid. The resulting bubble at the end of the capillary tip continually becomes bigger in surface; thereby, the bubble radius is decreasing.
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| The pressure rises to a maximum level. At this point the bubble has achieved its smallest radius (the capillaryradius) and begins to form a hemisphere. Beyond this point the bubble quickly increases in size and soon bursts, tearing away from the capillary, thereby allowing a new bubble to develop at the capillary tip. It is during this process that a characteristic pressure pattern develops (see picture), which is evaluated for determining the surface tension.
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| Because of the easy handling and the low cleaning effort of the capillary, bubble pressure tensiometers are a common alternative for monitoring the detergent concentration in cleaning or electroplating processes.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Surface tension]]
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| *[[Young-Laplace equation]]
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| *[[Capillary action]]
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| *[[Piezometer]]
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| *[[Pierre Lecomte du Nouy]]
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| ==External links==
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| {{Commonscat-inline|Tensiometer (surface tension)}}
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| [[Category:Surface chemistry]]
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| [[Category:Laboratory equipment]]
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Bryan is a superstar inside the generating plus the job development 1st next to his third studio record, And , will be the resistant. He burst open to the picture in 2010 together with his unique combination of downward-property accessibility, motion picture celebrity wonderful seems and lines, is defined t within a significant way. The latest record Top on the country graph and #2 about the put charts, creating it the next highest first appearance during that time of 1999 for the country performer.
The kid of the , knows determination and willpower are key elements when it comes to a successful job- . His eric church tour to start with album, Remain Me, made the Top strikes “All My Pals “Country and Say” Gentleman,” when his hard work, Doin’ Issue, discovered the performer-about three straight No. 4 single men and women: Different Contacting Is a Wonderful Issue.”
one direction meet and greet - mouse click the up coming document, From the slip of 2015, Concerts: Bryan & that have an amazing listing of , which includes Metropolitan. “It’s much like you are obtaining a endorsement to travel to another level, claims individuals performers that had been an element of the Concertsover right into a bigger measure of designers.” It wrapped as among the best organized tours in the ten-year background.
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