Transversality theorem: Difference between revisions
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{{Starbox begin | |||
| name = S 2 | |||
}} | |||
{{Starbox image | |||
| image = [[File:Orbit of S2.jpg|175px]] | |||
| caption = The clock-wise orbit of 'S2' around Sagittarius A* | |||
}} | |||
{{Starbox observe | |||
| epoch = [[J2000.0]] ([[International Celestial Reference System|ICRS]]) | |||
| ra={{RA|17|45|40.044}}<ref name="sb">{{SIMBAD link|%5BEG97%5D+S2|[PGM2006] E1 -- Star in double system}}, database entry, [[SIMBAD]]. Accessed on line July 15, 2008.</ref> | |||
| dec = {{DEC|−29|00|28}}<ref name="sb" /> | |||
| constell = [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]] | |||
}} | |||
{{Starbox character | |||
| class="B1V<ref name="sb" /> | |||
| variable = None | |||
}} | |||
{{Starbox astrometry | |||
| dist_pc = 7940 ± 420<ref name="geom"/> | |||
| dist_ly = 25900 ± 1400 | |||
}} | |||
{{Starbox visbin | |||
|reference=<ref name="geom"> | |||
{{cite journal | |||
| author = Eisenhauer, F. et al. | |||
| year = 2003 | |||
| title = A Geometric Determination of the Distance to the Galactic Center | |||
| journal = The Astrophysical Journal | |||
| volume = 597 | issue = 2 | pages = L121–L124 | |||
| doi = 10.1086/380188 | |||
| bibcode = 2003ApJ...597L.121E | |||
| arxiv = astro-ph/0306220 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
| name=Sagittarius A* | |||
| period=15.56 ± 0.35 | |||
| axis=0.1203 ± 0.0027 | |||
| eccentricity=0.881 ± 0.007 | |||
| inclination=−48.1 ± 1.3 | |||
| node=45.0 ± 1.6 | |||
| periastron=2002.331 ± 0.012 | |||
| periarg = 245.4 ± 1.7 | |||
}} | |||
{{Starbox catalog | |||
| names = [CRG2004] 13, [GKM98] S0-2, [PGM2006] E1, [EG97] S2, [GPE2000] 0.15, [SOG2003] 1, S0—2. | |||
}} | |||
{{Starbox reference | |||
| Simbad=%5BEG97%5D+S2 | |||
}} | |||
{{Starbox end}} | |||
'''Source 2'''<!--is it hyphenated?--> (abbreviated '''S2'''), also known as '''S0—2''', is a star that is located close to the radio source [[Sagittarius A*]], orbiting it with an orbital period of 15.56 ± 0.35 years and a [[pericenter]] distance of 17 [[Light-hour|light hours]] (18 [[Metre#SI prefixed forms of metre|Tm]] or 120 [[astronomical unit|AU]]) — about four times the distance of [[Neptune]] from the [[Sun]]. As of 2002, its mass was estimated by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) to be approximately <math>15 M_\odot</math>.<ref>European Southern Observatory (ESO) public data on S2 and Central Black Hole"[http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/s2.htm]"</ref> | |||
Its changing apparent position has been monitored since 1995 by two groups (at [[UCLA]] and at the [[Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics]]) as part of an effort to gather evidence for the existence of a [[supermassive black hole]] in the center of the [[Milky Way]] [[galaxy]]. The accumulating evidence points to Sagittarius A* as being the site of such a black hole. {{As of|2008}}, S2 has been observed for one complete orbit.<ref>{{YouTube|KCADH3x56eE|A short documentary on Sagittarius A*}}</ref> | |||
A team of astronomers mainly from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics used observations of S2's orbital dynamics around Sgr A* to measure the distance from the Earth to the galactic center. They determined the distance to be 7.94 ± 0.42 [[kiloparsec]]s, in close agreement with prior determinations of the distance by other methods.<ref name="geom"/><ref>[http://www2011.mpe.mpg.de/ir/GC/papers/nature2002.pdf Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik—Infrared/Submillimeter Astronomy—Galactic Center Research]</ref> | |||
The orbit of S2 will give astronomers an opportunity to test for various effects predicted by [[general relativity]] and even extra-dimensional effects.<ref>[http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/56380/title/Black_hole_as_a_peephole Black Hole as Peephole]</ref> Given a recent estimate of 4.3 million [[solar mass]]es for the mass of Sagittarius A* and S2's close approach, this makes S2 the fastest known ballistic orbit, reaching speeds exceeding 5000 km/s (11,000,000 mph) or 1.67~% of the speed of light and acceleration of about 1.5 m/s<sup>2</sup> or almost one-sixth of Earth's surface gravity.<ref>[http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0226/ Surfing a Black Hole]</ref> | |||
The motion of S2 is also useful for detecting the presence of other objects near to Sagittarius A*. It is believed that there are thousands of stars, as well as dark stellar remnants (stellar black holes, [[neutron star]]s, [[white dwarf]]s) distributed in the volume through which S2 moves. These objects will perturb S2's orbit, causing it to deviate gradually from the [[Kepler orbit|Keplerian ellipse]] that characterizes motion around a single [[Point particle#Point mass|point mass]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |title=The S-Star Cluster at the Center of the Milky Way: On the nature of diffuse NIR emission in the inner tenth of a parsec |first=Nadeen |last=Sabha |first2=Andreas |last2=Eckart | first3=David | last3=Merritt | authorlink3=David Merritt|coauthors=Mohammad Zamaninasab, Gunther Witzel, Macarena García-Marín, Behrang Jalali, Monica Valencia-S., Senol Yazici, Rainer Buchholz, Banafsheh Shahzamanian, Christian Straubmeier |volume = 545 | pages = A70 | date=September 2012 }}</ref> So far, the strongest constraint that can be placed on this mass is that it comprises less than one percent of the mass of the supermassive black hole.<ref> | |||
{{cite journal |last1= Gillessen|first1=S. |coauthors=et al. |year=2009 |title=Monitoring Stellar Orbits Around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=692 |issue=2 |pages= 1075–1109 |publisher= IOP Publishing|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075 |url= http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...692.1075G|accessdate= |bibcode = 2009ApJ...692.1075G |arxiv = 0810.4674 }}</ref> | |||
[[Image:Galactic centre orbits.svg|thumb|300px|none|Inferred orbits of S2 and 5 other stars around supermassive black hole candidate Sagittarius A* at the Milky Way galactic centre.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1086/430667}}</ref>]] | |||
In 2012, a star called [[S0-102]] was found to be orbiting even closer to the Milky Way's central supermassive black hole than does SO-2. At one-sixteenth the brightness of S0-2, S0-102 was not initially recognized because it required many more years of observations to distinguish it from its local infrared background. S0-102 has an orbital period of 11.5 years, even shorter than that of S0-2. Of all the stars orbiting the black hole, only these two have their orbital parameters and trajectories fully known in all three dimensions of space. The discovery of two stars orbiting the central black hole so closely with their orbits fully described is of extreme interest to astronomers, as the pair together will allow much more precise measurements on the nature of gravity and general relativity around the black hole than would be possible from using S0-2 alone. | |||
[[Image:SO-102 Orbital Plot.jpg|thumb|none|Orbits of S0-2 and S0-102 around the Milky Way galaxy's supermassive black hole.]] | |||
==Component== | |||
{| border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="float:right; margin-right:0.5em; background:#CDC9C9;" | |||
! colspan="1" | NAME || [[Right ascension]] || [[Declination]] || [[Apparent magnitude]] (V) || [[Spectral type]] || Database references | |||
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA" | |||
| [[Sagittarius A*|Sgr A*]] || 17<sup>h</sup> 45<sup>m</sup> 12<sup>s</sup> || -28° 48' 18'' || || [[astronomical radio source|radio source]] || [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?protocol=html&Ident=Sagittarius+A&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id Simbad] | |||
|} | |||
{{clear}} | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==External links== | |||
*[http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0226/ "Star Orbiting Massive Milky Way Centre Approaches to within 17 Light-Hours"], [[ESO]] Press Release, October 16, 2002 | |||
*{{YouTube|uVlcIb-rClI|Stars Orbiting around the Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way}} | |||
*[http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=%5BEG97%5D+S2 S2 page on the [[SIMBAD]] database] | |||
{{Stars of Sagittarius}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:S2 (Star)}} | |||
[[Category:B-type main-sequence stars]] | |||
[[Category:Sagittarius (constellation)]] | |||
[[Category:Radio stars (astronomy)]] | |||
[[Category:Objects within 100 kly of Earth]] | |||
Revision as of 07:01, 20 January 2014
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Source 2 (abbreviated S2), also known as S0—2, is a star that is located close to the radio source Sagittarius A*, orbiting it with an orbital period of 15.56 ± 0.35 years and a pericenter distance of 17 light hours (18 Tm or 120 AU) — about four times the distance of Neptune from the Sun. As of 2002, its mass was estimated by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) to be approximately .[1]
Its changing apparent position has been monitored since 1995 by two groups (at UCLA and at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics) as part of an effort to gather evidence for the existence of a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The accumulating evidence points to Sagittarius A* as being the site of such a black hole. Template:As of, S2 has been observed for one complete orbit.[2]
A team of astronomers mainly from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics used observations of S2's orbital dynamics around Sgr A* to measure the distance from the Earth to the galactic center. They determined the distance to be 7.94 ± 0.42 kiloparsecs, in close agreement with prior determinations of the distance by other methods.[3][4]
The orbit of S2 will give astronomers an opportunity to test for various effects predicted by general relativity and even extra-dimensional effects.[5] Given a recent estimate of 4.3 million solar masses for the mass of Sagittarius A* and S2's close approach, this makes S2 the fastest known ballistic orbit, reaching speeds exceeding 5000 km/s (11,000,000 mph) or 1.67~% of the speed of light and acceleration of about 1.5 m/s2 or almost one-sixth of Earth's surface gravity.[6]
The motion of S2 is also useful for detecting the presence of other objects near to Sagittarius A*. It is believed that there are thousands of stars, as well as dark stellar remnants (stellar black holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs) distributed in the volume through which S2 moves. These objects will perturb S2's orbit, causing it to deviate gradually from the Keplerian ellipse that characterizes motion around a single point mass.[7] So far, the strongest constraint that can be placed on this mass is that it comprises less than one percent of the mass of the supermassive black hole.[8]
In 2012, a star called S0-102 was found to be orbiting even closer to the Milky Way's central supermassive black hole than does SO-2. At one-sixteenth the brightness of S0-2, S0-102 was not initially recognized because it required many more years of observations to distinguish it from its local infrared background. S0-102 has an orbital period of 11.5 years, even shorter than that of S0-2. Of all the stars orbiting the black hole, only these two have their orbital parameters and trajectories fully known in all three dimensions of space. The discovery of two stars orbiting the central black hole so closely with their orbits fully described is of extreme interest to astronomers, as the pair together will allow much more precise measurements on the nature of gravity and general relativity around the black hole than would be possible from using S0-2 alone.
Component
| NAME | Right ascension | Declination | Apparent magnitude (V) | Spectral type | Database references |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sgr A* | 17h 45m 12s | -28° 48' 18 | radio source | Simbad |
50 year old Petroleum Engineer Kull from Dawson Creek, spends time with interests such as house brewing, property developers in singapore condo launch and camping. Discovers the beauty in planing a trip to places around the entire world, recently only coming back from .
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
External links
- "Star Orbiting Massive Milky Way Centre Approaches to within 17 Light-Hours", ESO Press Release, October 16, 2002
- Template:YouTube
- S2 page on the SIMBAD database
- ↑ European Southern Observatory (ESO) public data on S2 and Central Black Hole"[1]"
- ↑ Template:YouTube
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedgeom - ↑ Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik—Infrared/Submillimeter Astronomy—Galactic Center Research
- ↑ Black Hole as Peephole
- ↑ Surfing a Black Hole
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑
One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite doi