Transverse measure

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Kelvin bridge

Kelvin bridge

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A Kelvin bridge (also called a Kelvin double bridge and in some countries a Thomson bridge) is a measuring instrument used to measure an unknown electrical resistance below 1 Ohm. It was invented by William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin.

Accuracy

There are some commercial devices reaching accuracies of 2% for resistance ranges from 0.000001 to 25 Ω. Some ohmmeters include Kelvin bridges in order to obtain large measurement ranges.

The instruments for measuring sub-ohm values are often referred to as low-resistance ohmmeters, milli-ohmmeters, micro-ohmmeters, etc.

Principle of operation

Its operation is similar to the Wheatstone bridge except for the presence of additional resistors. These additional low value resistors and the internal configuration of the bridge are arranged to substantially reduce measurement errors introduced by voltage drops in the high current (low resistance) arm of the bridge. It consists of two ratio arms. The outer ratio arm contains the known resistors and the inner ratio arm helps to connect the one terminal of the galvanometer at the appropriate point (which was the disadvantage of the first Kelvin bridge).

The measurement is made by adjusting some resistors in the bridge, and the balance is achieved when:

$R_{x}=R_{2}\cdot {\frac {R_{3}}{R_{4}}}+R\cdot {\frac {R_{3}\cdot R'_{4}-R'_{3}\cdot R_{4}}{R_{4}\cdot \left(R+R'_{3}+R'_{4}\right)}}$

Resistance R should be as low as possible (much lower than the measured value) and for that reason is usually made as a short thick rod of solid copper. If the condition R₃·R`<sub>4</sub> = R`₃·R₄ is met (and value of R is low), then the last component in the equation can be neglected and it can be assumed that:

$R_{x}\approx R_{2}\cdot {\frac {R_{3}}{R_{4}}}$

Which is equivalent to the Wheatstone bridge.

See also

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• Bridge circuit
• Ohmmeter
• Carey Foster bridge

References

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External links

• Kelvin Bridge
• Kelvin Bridge KB3 Data Sheet
• Valhalla 4100 ATC Low-Range Ohmmeter specifications
• Methods of Measuring Electrical Resistance - Edwin F. Northrup, 1912, full-text on Google Books - see chapter 6

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