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| The [[alkaline earth metal]] '''[[strontium]]''' ('''Sr''') has four stable, naturally occurring [[isotope]]s:
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| <sup>84</sup>Sr (0.56%), <sup>86</sup>Sr (9.86%), <sup>87</sup>Sr (7.0%) and <sup>88</sup>Sr (82.58%). It has a standard atomic mass of 87.62(1) [[unified atomic mass unit|u]].
| |
| | |
| Only <sup>87</sup>Sr is [[radiogenic]]; it is produced by decay from the [[radioactive]] alkali metal <sup>87</sup>[[rubidium|Rb]], which has a [[half-life]] of 4.88 × 10<sup>10</sup> years. Thus, there are two sources of <sup>87</sup>Sr in any material: that formed during primordial nucleo-synthesis along with <sup>84</sup>Sr, <sup>86</sup>Sr and <sup>88</sup>Sr, as well as that formed by radioactive decay of <sup>87</sup>Rb. The ratio <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr is the parameter typically reported in [[geology|geologic]] investigations; ratios in minerals and [[Rock (geology)|rock]]s have values ranging from about 0.7 to greater than 4.0. Because strontium has an [[electron configuration]] similar to that of [[calcium]], it readily substitutes for Ca in [[mineral]]s.
| |
| | |
| Thirty-one unstable isotopes are known to exist, the longest-lived of which are <sup>90</sup>Sr with a half-life of 28.9 years and <sup>85</sup>Sr with a half-life of 64.853 days. Of importance are strontium-89 (<sup>89</sup>Sr) with a [[half-life]] of 50.57 days, and [[strontium-90|strontium-90 (<sup>90</sup>Sr)]]. They decay by emitting an [[electron]] and an [[antineutrino|anti-neutrino]] (<math>\bar{\nu}_e</math>) in [[beta decay]] (β<sup>−</sup> decay) to become [[yttrium]]:
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| | |
| :<math>\mathrm{{}^{89}_{38}Sr}\rightarrow\mathrm{{}^{89}_{39}Y} + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e</math>
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| | |
| :<math>\mathrm{{}^{90}_{38}Sr}\rightarrow\mathrm{{}^{90}_{39}Y} + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e</math>
| |
| | |
| <sup>89</sup>Sr is an artificial radioisotope which is used in treatment of bone cancer. In circumstances where cancer patients have widespread and painful bony [[metastases]], the administration of <sup>89</sup>Sr results in the delivery of [[beta particles]] directly to the area of bony problem, where calcium turnover is greatest.
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| | |
| <sup>90</sup>Sr is a by-product of [[nuclear fission]] which is found in [[nuclear fallout]] and presents a health problem since it substitutes for calcium in [[bone]], preventing expulsion from the body. Because it is a long-lived high-energy [[beta ray|beta]] emitter, it is used in SNAP ([[Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power]]) devices. These devices hold promise for use in [[spacecraft]], remote weather stations, navigational buoys, etc., where a lightweight, long-lived, nuclear-electric power source is required. The [[Chernobyl accident|1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident]] contaminated a vast area with <sup>90</sup>Sr.
| |
| | |
| The lightest isotope is <sup>73</sup>Sr and the heaviest being <sup>107</sup>Sr.
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| | |
| All other isotopes have half-lives shorter than 55 days, most under 100 minutes.
| |
| | |
| == Table ==
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; white-space:nowrap"
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | nuclide<br />symbol
| |
| ! Z([[proton|p]])
| |
| ! N([[neutron|n]])
| |
| ! <br />isotopic mass (u)<br />
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | half-life
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | decay<br>mode(s)<ref>http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx</ref><ref group="n">Abbreviations:<br>EC: [[Electron capture]]<br>IT: [[Isomeric transition]]</ref>
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | daughter<br>isotope(s)<ref group="n">Bold for stable isotopes, bold italic for nearly-stable isotopes (half-life longer than the [[age of the universe]])</ref>
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | nuclear<br />spin
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | representative<br />isotopic<br />composition<br />(mole fraction)
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | range of natural<br />variation<br />(mole fraction)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3" | excitation energy
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2|<sup>73</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" |38
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| |
| | rowspan=2|72.96597(64)#
| |
| | rowspan=2|>25 ms
| |
| | [[beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>]] (>99.9%)
| |
| | <sup>73</sup>Rb
| |
| | rowspan=2|1/2-#
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| |-
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup>, [[proton emission|p]] (<.1%)
| |
| | <sup>72</sup>Kr
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>74</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 36
| |
| | 73.95631(54)#
| |
| | 50# ms [>1.5 µs]
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup>
| |
| | <sup>74</sup>Rb
| |
| | 0+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2|<sup>75</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| |
| | rowspan=2|74.94995(24)
| |
| | rowspan=2|88(3) ms
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup> (93.5%)
| |
| | <sup>75</sup>Rb
| |
| | rowspan=2|(3/2-)
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| |-
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup>, p (6.5%)
| |
| | <sup>74</sup>Kr
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>76</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | 75.94177(4)
| |
| | 7.89(7) s
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup>
| |
| | <sup>76</sup>Rb
| |
| | 0+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2|<sup>77</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 39
| |
| | rowspan=2|76.937945(10)
| |
| | rowspan=2|9.0(2) s
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup> (99.75%)
| |
| | <sup>77</sup>Rb
| |
| | rowspan=2|5/2+
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| |-
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup>, p (.25%)
| |
| | <sup>76</sup>Kr
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>78</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 40
| |
| | 77.932180(8)
| |
| | 159(8) s
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup>
| |
| | <sup>78</sup>Rb
| |
| | 0+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>79</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 41
| |
| | 78.929708(9)
| |
| | 2.25(10) min
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup>
| |
| | <sup>79</sup>Rb
| |
| | 3/2(-)
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>80</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 42
| |
| | 79.924521(7)
| |
| | 106.3(15) min
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup>
| |
| | <sup>80</sup>Rb
| |
| | 0+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>81</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 43
| |
| | 80.923212(7)
| |
| | 22.3(4) min
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup>
| |
| | <sup>81</sup>Rb
| |
| | 1/2-
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>82</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 44
| |
| | 81.918402(6)
| |
| | 25.36(3) d
| |
| | [[Electron capture|EC]]
| |
| | <sup>82</sup>Rb
| |
| | 0+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>83</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 45
| |
| | 82.917557(11)
| |
| | 32.41(3) h
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup>
| |
| | <sup>83</sup>Rb
| |
| | 7/2+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>83m</sup>Sr
| |
| | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 259.15(9) keV
| |
| | 4.95(12) s
| |
| | IT
| |
| | <sup>83</sup>Sr
| |
| | 1/2-
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>84</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 46
| |
| | 83.913425(3)
| |
| | colspan=3 align=center|'''[[Observationally Stable]]'''<ref group="n">Believed to decay by β<sup>+</sup>β<sup>+</sup> to <sup>84</sup>Kr</sup></ref>
| |
| | 0+
| |
| | 0.0056(1)
| |
| | 0.0055-0.0058
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>85</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 47
| |
| | 84.912933(3)
| |
| | 64.853(8) d
| |
| | EC
| |
| | '''<sup>85</sup>Rb'''
| |
| | 9/2+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>85m</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 238.66(6) keV
| |
| | rowspan=2|67.63(4) min
| |
| | IT (86.6%)
| |
| | <sup>85</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2|1/2-
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| |-
| |
| | β<sup>+</sup> (13.4%)
| |
| | '''<sup>85</sup>Rb'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>86</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 48
| |
| | 85.9092607309(91)
| |
| | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''
| |
| | 0+
| |
| | 0.0986(1)
| |
| | 0.0975-0.0999
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>86m</sup>Sr
| |
| | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2955.68(21) keV
| |
| | 455(7) ns
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | 8+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>87</sup>Sr<ref group="n">Used in [[rubidium-strontium dating]]</ref>
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 49
| |
| | 86.9088774970(91)
| |
| | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''
| |
| | 9/2+
| |
| | 0.0700(1)
| |
| | 0.0694-0.0714
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>87m</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 388.533(3) keV
| |
| | rowspan=2|2.815(12) h
| |
| | IT (99.7%)
| |
| | '''<sup>87</sup>Sr'''
| |
| | rowspan=2|1/2-
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| |-
| |
| | EC (.3%)
| |
| | '''''<sup>87</sup>Rb'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>88</sup>Sr<ref group="n" name="FP">[[Fission product]]</ref>
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 50
| |
| | 87.9056122571(97)
| |
| | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''
| |
| | 0+
| |
| | 0.8258(1)
| |
| | 0.8229-0.8275
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>89</sup>Sr<ref group="n" name="FP" />
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 51
| |
| | 88.9074507(12)
| |
| | 50.57(3) d
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>
| |
| | '''<sup>89</sup>Y'''
| |
| | 5/2+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[strontium-90|<sup>90</sup>Sr]]<ref group="n" name="FP" />
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 52
| |
| | 89.907738(3)
| |
| | 28.90(3) a
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>
| |
| | <sup>90</sup>Y
| |
| | 0+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>91</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 53
| |
| | 90.910203(5)
| |
| | 9.63(5) h
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>
| |
| | <sup>91</sup>Y
| |
| | 5/2+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>92</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 54
| |
| | 91.911038(4)
| |
| | 2.66(4) h
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>
| |
| | <sup>92</sup>Y
| |
| | 0+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>93</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 55
| |
| | 92.914026(8)
| |
| | 7.423(24) min
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>
| |
| | <sup>93</sup>Y
| |
| | 5/2+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>94</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 56
| |
| | 93.915361(8)
| |
| | 75.3(2) s
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>
| |
| | <sup>94</sup>Y
| |
| | 0+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>95</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 57
| |
| | 94.919359(8)
| |
| | 23.90(14) s
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>
| |
| | <sup>95</sup>Y
| |
| | 1/2+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>96</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 58
| |
| | 95.921697(29)
| |
| | 1.07(1) s
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>
| |
| | <sup>96</sup>Y
| |
| | 0+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2|<sup>97</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 59
| |
| | rowspan=2|96.926153(21)
| |
| | rowspan=2|429(5) ms
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup> (99.95%)
| |
| | <sup>97</sup>Y
| |
| | rowspan=2|1/2+
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| |-
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>, [[neutron emission|n]] (.05%)
| |
| | <sup>96</sup>Y
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>97m1</sup>Sr
| |
| | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 308.13(11) keV
| |
| | 170(10) ns
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | (7/2)+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>97m2</sup>Sr
| |
| | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 830.8(2) keV
| |
| | 255(10) ns
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | (11/2-)#
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2|<sup>98</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 60
| |
| | rowspan=2|97.928453(28)
| |
| | rowspan=2|0.653(2) s
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup> (99.75%)
| |
| | <sup>98</sup>Y
| |
| | rowspan=2|0+
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| |-
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>, n (.25%)
| |
| | <sup>97</sup>Y
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2|<sup>99</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 61
| |
| | rowspan=2|98.93324(9)
| |
| | rowspan=2|0.269(1) s
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup> (99.9%)
| |
| | <sup>99</sup>Y
| |
| | rowspan=2|3/2+
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| |-
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>, n (.1%)
| |
| | <sup>98</sup>Y
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2|<sup>100</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 62
| |
| | rowspan=2|99.93535(14)
| |
| | rowspan=2|202(3) ms
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup> (99.02%)
| |
| | <sup>100</sup>Y
| |
| | rowspan=2|0+
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| |-
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>, n (.98%)
| |
| | <sup>99</sup>Y
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2|<sup>101</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 63
| |
| | rowspan=2|100.94052(13)
| |
| | rowspan=2|118(3) ms
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup> (97.63%)
| |
| | <sup>101</sup>Y
| |
| | rowspan=2|(5/2-)
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| |-
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>, n (2.37%)
| |
| | <sup>100</sup>Y
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2|<sup>102</sup>Sr
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 64
| |
| | rowspan=2|101.94302(12)
| |
| | rowspan=2|69(6) ms
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup> (94.5%)
| |
| | <sup>102</sup>Y
| |
| | rowspan=2|0+
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| | rowspan=2|
| |
| |-
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>, n (5.5%)
| |
| | <sup>101</sup>Y
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>103</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 65
| |
| | 102.94895(54)#
| |
| | 50# ms [>300 ns]
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>
| |
| | <sup>103</sup>Y
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>104</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 66
| |
| | 103.95233(75)#
| |
| | 30# ms [>300 ns]
| |
| | β<sup>-</sup>
| |
| | <sup>104</sup>Y
| |
| | 0+
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | <sup>105</sup>Sr
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 38
| |
| | style="text-align:right" | 67
| |
| | 104.95858(75)#
| |
| | 20# ms [>300 ns]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
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| |}
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| <references group="n" />
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| === Notes ===
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| * Evaluated isotopic composition is for most but not all commercial samples.
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| * The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations. The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material.
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| * Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
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| * Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
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| * Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
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| | |
| == References ==
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| <references />
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| * Isotope masses from:
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| **{{cite journal |author=G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A}}
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| * Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
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| **{{cite journal |author=J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor |year=2003 |title=Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) |url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/ |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=683–800 |doi=10.1351/pac200375060683}}
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| **{{cite journal |author=M. E. Wieser |year=2006 |title=Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report) |url=http://iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/ |journal=[[Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=2051–2066 |doi=10.1351/pac200678112051 |laysummary=http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html}}
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| * Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on [[Talk:Isotopes of strontium|this article's talk page]].
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| **{{cite journal |author=G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon |year=2003 |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf |journal=[[Nuclear Physics A]] |volume=729 |issue= |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A}}
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| **{{cite web |author=[[National Nuclear Data Center]] |year= |title=NuDat 2.1 database |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |accessdate=September 2005}}
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| **{{cite book |author=N. E. Holden |year=2004 |editor=D. R. Lide |chapter=Table of the Isotopes |title=[[CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]] |page=Section 11 |nopp=yes |edition=85th |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9}}
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| {{Isotope nav | element=strontium | lighter=Isotopes of rubidium | heavier=Isotopes of yttrium }}
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| [[Category:Strontium]]
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| [[Category:Isotopes of strontium| ]]
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| [[Category:Lists of isotopes by element|Strontium]]
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