Venn diagram

Template:Infobox livermorium Livermorium is the synthetic superheavy element with the symbol Lv and atomic number 116. The name was adopted by IUPAC on May 30, 2012.

It is placed as the heaviest member of group 16 (VIA) although a sufficiently stable isotope is not known at this time to allow chemical experiments to confirm its position as a heavier homologue to polonium.

It was first detected in 2000. Since then, about 35 atoms of livermorium have been produced, either directly or as a decay product of ununoctium, belonging to the four neighbouring isotopes with masses 290–293. The most stable isotope known is livermorium-293 with a half-life of ~60 ms.

History

Unsuccessful synthesis attempts

In late 1998, Polish physicist Robert Smolańczuk published calculations on the fusion of atomic nuclei towards the synthesis of superheavy atoms, including ununoctium. His calculations suggested that it might be possible to make ununoctium and livermorium by fusing lead with krypton under carefully controlled conditions.

In 1999, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory made use of these predictions and announced the discovery of livermorium and ununoctium, in a paper published in Physical Review Letters, and very soon after the results were reported in Science. The researchers reported to have performed the reaction

Template:Nuclide + Template:Nuclide → Template:Nuclide + Template:SubatomicParticle.

The following year, they published a retraction after researchers at other laboratories were unable to duplicate the results and the Berkeley lab itself was unable to duplicate them as well. In June 2002, the director of the lab announced that the original claim of the discovery of these two elements had been based on data fabricated by principal author Victor Ninov.

Discovery

On July 19, 2000, scientists at Dubna (JINR) detected a single decay from an atom of livermorium following the irradiation of a Cm-248 target with Ca-48 ions. The results were published in December 2000. This 10.54 MeV alpha-emitting activity was originally assigned to ²⁹²Lv due to the correlation of the daughter to previously assigned ²⁸⁸Fl. That assignment was later altered to ²⁸⁹Fl, and hence this activity was correspondingly changed to ²⁹³Lv. Two further atoms were reported by the institute during their second experiment between April–May 2001.

$\,_{20}^{48}\mathrm {Ca} +\,_{96}^{248}\mathrm {Cm} \to \,_{116}^{296}\mathrm {Lv} ^{*}\to \,_{116}^{293}\mathrm {Lv} +3\,_{0}^{1}\mathrm {n}$

In the same experiment they also detected a decay chain which corresponded to the first observed decay of flerovium and assigned to ²⁸⁹Fl. This activity has not been observed again in a repeat of the same reaction. However, its detection in this series of experiments indicates the possibility of the decay of an isomer of livermorium, namely ^293bLv, or a rare decay branch of the already discovered isomer,^293aLv, in which the first alpha particle was missed. Further research is required to positively assign this activity.

The team repeated the experiment in April–May 2005 and detected 8 atoms of livermorium. The measured decay data confirmed the assignment of the discovery isotope as ²⁹³Lv. In this run, the team also observed ²⁹²Lv in the 4n channel for the first time.

In May 2009, the Joint Working Party reported on the discovery of copernicium and acknowledged the discovery of the isotope ²⁸³Cn. This implied the de facto discovery of livermorium, as ²⁹¹Lv (see below), from the acknowledgment of the data relating to the granddaughter ²⁸³Cn, although the actual discovery experiment may be determined as that above.

In 2011, the IUPAC evaluated the Dubna team results and accepted them as a reliable identification of element 116.

Naming

Livermorium is historically known as eka-polonium. Ununhexium (Uuh) was the temporary IUPAC systematic element name. Scientists usually refer to the element simply as element 116 (or E116). According to IUPAC recommendations, the discoverer or discoverers of a new element have the right to suggest a name.

The discovery of livermorium was recognized by the Joint Working Group (JWG) of IUPAC on 1 June 2011, along with that of flerovium. According to the vice-director of JINR, the Dubna team wanted to name element 116 moscovium, after the Moscow Oblast in which Dubna is located. However, the name livermorium and the symbol Lv were adopted on May 31, 2012 after an approval process by the IUPAC. The name recognises the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, within the city of Livermore, California, USA, which collaborated with JINR on the discovery. The city in turn is named after the American rancher Robert Livermore, a naturalized Mexican citizen of English birth.

Current and future experiments

The team at Dubna have indicated plans to synthesize livermorium using the reaction between plutonium-244 and titanium-50. This experiment will allow them to assess the feasibility of using projectiles with Z > 20 required in the synthesis of superheavy elements in the eighth period (Z > 118). Although initially scheduled for 2008, the reaction looking at the synthesis of evaporation residues has not been conducted to date.

There are also plans to repeat the Cm-248 reaction at different projectile energies in order to probe the 2n channel, leading to the new isotope ²⁹⁴Lv. In addition, they have future plans to complete the excitation function of the 4n channel product, ²⁹²Lv, which will allow them to assess the stabilizing effect of the N=184 shell on the yield of evaporation residues.

Nucleosynthesis

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=116 compound nuclei

The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with atomic number 116. The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing livermorium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels.

Target	Projectile	CN	Attempt result
208Pb	82Se	290Lv	Hi! You have arrived here trying to find a reliable and ethical real estate agent in Singapore to assist with your property needs. Whether you are an expat, local or firm seeking to rent, let loose, purchase or sell, I have entry to the complete property market and supply the highest high quality, confirmed service to all my purchasers. In the final six month of 2013, $1.1 billion worth of potential transactions have been referred to worldwide agents by Juwai.com, the most important real estate portal that targets Chinese language patrons trying abroad. It was unclear what number of deals were actually completed. He and his co-employee in New York were referred a Chinese businessman by Juwai.com on the http://bh-weddings.club/ finish of last 12 months. The shopper gave them a budget of $one hundred million to put money into actual property in New York. 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232Th	58Fe	290Lv	Template:Unk
238U	54Cr	292Lv	Hi! You have arrived here trying to find a reliable and ethical real estate agent in Singapore to assist with your property needs. Whether you are an expat, local or firm seeking to rent, let loose, purchase or sell, I have entry to the complete property market and supply the highest high quality, confirmed service to all my purchasers. In the final six month of 2013, $1.1 billion worth of potential transactions have been referred to worldwide agents by Juwai.com, the most important real estate portal that targets Chinese language patrons trying abroad. It was unclear what number of deals were actually completed. He and his co-employee in New York were referred a Chinese businessman by Juwai.com on the http://bh-weddings.club/ finish of last 12 months. The shopper gave them a budget of $one hundred million to put money into actual property in New York. 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244Pu	50Ti	294Lv	Template:Unk
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246Cm	48Ca	294Lv	Template:Unk
245Cm	48Ca	293Lv	Nice Eastern Life Assurance Co. Ltd, a leading insurance firm in Singapore and Malaysia, has integrated properties of their portfolio, particularly the residential, commercial and retail items for leasing. If you're buying a property that's under building or newly completed and hence not assessed for property tax yet, you will be billed for the property tax that begins from the TOP date. That is often inside one year of PRIME date for residential properties. Your lawyer would normally assist you in in search of any reimbursement of property tax from the vendor/developer if the property agents singapore (look here) is transferred to you after the TOP date. Stamp obligation is to be paid within 14 days from the date of acceptance of the OTP or Sale and Purchase (S&P) Agreement. For extra data, please go to www.iras.gov.sg Title search on the property to determine if the seller is in fact the rightful owner and whether or not there are any encumbrances on the property Skypark Residences EC Mainland Chinese have been the highest overseas traders in Australian actual property last 12 months, in line with Australia's International Funding Review Board. They purchased $5.9 billion value of property, accounting for eleven.four p.c of complete overseas funding in actual estate, FIRB mentioned. APM is a completely-owned subsidiary of ARA Asset Management Restricted and the Group's property management arm. We're the property supervisor for Suntec REIT's properties – Suntec Metropolis Mall and workplace towers in addition to the managing agent for The Management Company Strata Title Plan No. 2197. In case you are a international person and are focused on purchasing a restricted residential property, that you must download the authorised kind from the Is it a landed villas or a penthouse that you want? Nonetheless, additionally it is a nasty investment resolution to go in too early. As an instance you purchase a property near one of the new MRT station location on the Thomson line. Because it takes 10 years to be completed, you may need difficulties renting that place out to repay your mortgage funds. In addition, 10 years is a very long time when anything can occur including recession, new properties being announced, changes in rates of interest etc. All these can have an adverse impact on your property investment. On the whole, foreigners usually are not restricted from shopping for any house within a building; any flat or dwelling-house in an authorized condominium growth underneath the Planning Act. Nevertheless, a foreign person just isn't allowed to purchase all the flats inside a constructing or all of the items within the condominium development. Carefully inspect each part of the condominium, and ask a pal or a member of the family to provide a second opinion before you are taking a remaining determination. Shopping for a Rental With Bad Credit score Creditworthiness is one crucial issue, and while going for a condo at anywhere, as a everlasting residence or for a vacation, all the time follow your instincts. We must always not simply take a look at Singapore's property market alone b) the description of the property and the value; Properties in We now have a worldwide client base, and anyone wanting to sell, lease, invest, buy any Singapore properties prefers to visit our website especially in Asia. For Singapore actual estate, hotvictory is the place to go to as it helps in finding your ideally suited Singapore property. Since 1973, the Singapore Government has imposed restrictions on foreign ownership of personal residential property in Singapore. Such possession is governed by the Residential Property Act (the Act). Singapore firms and societies; Unit , Singapore Land Authority earlier than buying. For more details on application, go to the Singapore Land Authority website. Singapore limited legal responsibility partnership; or Singapore restricted liability partnership or a The sale is now on Tanjong Rhu, Singapore A Rental in Florida Property Tax At DBS, we offer a comprehensive vary of residence loan packages , with customisable rates, to suit your unique financing wants. In addition, we provide engaging renovation loans as well as bridging loans to assist ease your cash stream as you wait for your property sale proceeds. Looking for a extra economical method to entry extra funds for property funding? You may as well try DBS Assetline, a secured overdraft facility. Search for Home Celestine Administration is the proposed property fund manager of an actual property funding trust (Reit). The primary instrument executed referring to a sale and buy is liable to ad valorem obligation (i.e. full responsibility). Subsequent document(s), regarding the identical sale transaction, is liable to nominal obligation. Waterbay EC @ Punggol
249Cf	40Ar	289Lv	Template:Unk

Cold fusion

²⁰⁸Pb(⁸²Se,xn)^290−xLv

In 1998, the team at GSI attempted the synthesis of ²⁹⁰Lv as a radiative capture (x=0) product. No atoms were detected providing a cross section limit of 4.8 pb.

Hot fusion

This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of livermorium by so-called "hot" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV, hence "hot"), leading to a reduced probability of survival from fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of 3–5 neutrons. Fusion reactions utilizing ⁴⁸Ca nuclei usually produce compound nuclei with intermediate excitation energies (~30–35 MeV) and are sometimes referred to as "warm" fusion reactions. This leads, in part, to relatively high yields from these reactions.

²³⁸U(⁵⁴Cr,xn)^292−xLv

There are sketchy indications that this reaction was attempted by the team at GSI in 2006. There are no published results on the outcome, presumably indicating that no atoms were detected. This is expected from a study of the systematics of cross sections for ²³⁸U targets.

²⁴⁸Cm(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^296−xLv (x=3,4)

The first attempt to synthesise livermorium was performed in 1977 by Ken Hulet and his team at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). They were unable to detect any atoms of livermorium. Yuri Oganessian and his team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) subsequently attempted the reaction in 1978 and were met by failure. In 1985, a joint experiment between Berkeley and Peter Armbruster's team at GSI, the result was again negative with a calculated cross-section limit of 10–100 pb.

In 2000, Russian scientists at Dubna finally succeeded in detecting a single atom of livermorium, assigned to the isotope ²⁹²Lv. In 2001, they repeated the reaction and formed a further 2 atoms in a confirmation of their discovery experiment. A third atom was tentatively assigned to ²⁹³Lv on the basis of a missed parental alpha decay. In April 2004, the team ran the experiment again at higher energy and were able to detect a new decay chain, assigned to ²⁹²Lv. On this basis, the original data were reassigned to ²⁹³Lv. The tentative chain is therefore possibly associated with a rare decay branch of this isotope. In this reaction, 2 further atoms of ²⁹³Lv were detected.

In an experiment run at the GSI between June-July 2010, scientists detected six atoms of livermorium; two atoms of ²⁹³116 and four atoms of ²⁹²116. They were able to confirm both the decay data and cross sections for the fusion reaction.

²⁴⁵Cm(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^293−x116 (x=2,3)

In order to assist in the assignment of isotope mass numbers for livermorium, in March–May 2003 the Dubna team bombarded a ²⁴⁵Cm target with ⁴⁸Ca ions. They were able to observe two new isotopes, assigned to ²⁹¹Lv and ²⁹⁰Lv. This experiment was successfully repeated in Feb–March 2005 where 10 atoms were created with identical decay data to those reported in the 2003 experiment.

As decay product

Livermorium has also been observed in the decay of ununoctium. In October 2006 it was announced that 3 atoms of ununoctium had been detected by the bombardment of californium-249 with calcium-48 ions, which then rapidly decayed into livermorium.

The observation of ²⁹⁰Lv allowed the assignment of the product to ²⁹⁴Uuo and proved the synthesis of ununoctium.

Fission of compound nuclei with Z=116

Several experiments have been performed between 2000–2006 at the Flerov laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna studying the fission characteristics of the compound nuclei ^296,294,290Lv. Four nuclear reactions have been used, namely ²⁴⁸Cm+⁴⁸Ca, ²⁴⁶Cm+⁴⁸Ca, ²⁴⁴Pu+⁵⁰Ti and ²³²Th+⁵⁸Fe. The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as ¹³²Sn (Z=50, N=82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between ⁴⁸Ca and ⁵⁸Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of ⁵⁸Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation. In addition, in comparative experiments synthesizing ²⁹⁴Lv using ⁴⁸Ca and ⁵⁰Ti projectiles, the yield from fusion-fission was ~3x less for ⁵⁰Ti, also suggesting a future use in SHE production.

Isotopes and nuclear properties

Chronology of isotope discovery

Isotope	Year discovered	Discovery reaction
290Lv	2002	249Cf(48Ca,3n)
291Lv	2003	245Cm(48Ca,2n)
292Lv	2004	248Cm(48Ca,4n)
293Lv	2000	248Cm(48Ca,3n)

Theoretical calculation in a quantum tunneling model supports the experimental data relating to the synthesis of ^293,292Lv.

Retracted isotope

²⁸⁹Lv

In 1999, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announced the synthesis of ²⁹³Uuo (see ununoctium), in a paper published in Physical Review Letters. The claimed isotope ²⁸⁹Lv decayed by 11.63 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 0.64 ms. The following year, they published a retraction after other researchers were unable to duplicate the results. In June 2002, the director of the lab announced that the original claim of the discovery of these two elements had been based on data fabricated by the principal author Victor Ninov. As such, this isotope of livermorium is currently unknown.

Chemical properties

Extrapolated chemical properties

Oxidation states

Livermorium is projected to be the fourth member of the 7p series of non-metals and the heaviest member of group 16 (VIA) in the Periodic Table, below polonium. The group oxidation state of +6 is known for all the members apart from oxygen which lacks available d-orbitals for expansion and is limited to a maximum +2 state, exhibited in the fluoride OF₂. The +4 is known for sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium, undergoing a shift in stability from reducing for S(IV) and Se(IV) to oxidizing in Po(IV). Tellurium(IV) is the most stable for this element. This suggests a decreasing stability for the higher oxidation states as the group is descended and livermorium should portray an oxidizing +4 state and a more stable +2 state. The lighter members are also known to form a −2 state as oxide, sulfide, selenide, telluride, and polonide.

Chemistry

The possible chemistry of livermorium can be extrapolated from that of polonium. It should therefore undergo oxidation to a dioxide, LvO₂, although a trioxide, LvO₃ is plausible, but unlikely. The stability of a +2 state should manifest itself in the formation of a simple monoxide, LvO. Fluorination will likely result in a tetrafluoride, LvF₄ and/or a difluoride, LvF₂; a hexafluoride, LvF₆, is possible but unlikely. Chlorination and bromination may well stop at the corresponding dihalides, LvCl₂ and LvBr₂. Oxidation by iodine should certainly stop at LvI₂ and may even be inert to this element.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. The heavier livermorium dihalides are predicted to be linear, but the lighter ones are predicted to be bent.

See also

• Island of stability

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References

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Property developer and residential landlord for flats and homes for lease and sale. Most property firms share the same database of property listings in Singapore. Due to this fact it is best to solely use only ONE agent at a time. In case you approach many agents at the similar time, very likely that they'll present you the same property. A lot confusion and embarrassment will arise should you engage many brokers. One of the best, and most of the time only, strategy to discover a good property agent in Singapore is phrase-of-mouth. Ask your friends and colleagues for reference. It is very simple to provide you with a couple of candidates since a lot of the expatriates dwelling in Singapore for a long time can have several good agent contacts to guide you. Toa Payoh, Singapore Singapore 319378 Estate

This is precisely what happened to me and my husband at the moment, to not point out a very unscrupulous developer operating in a really unprofessional manner. I need to share this story with everyone here, and please pass the message round particularly among expats communities, beware while you want to purchase property developed by VicLand Pte Ltd and if developer's agent is ECG property. There was only one unit left on the market by developer, 03-09, a 3 bed room flat. On the time my husband was out of town, and initially I liked what I saw so I instructed the developer's agent and my agent we should come back with my husband in two weeks to view it once more and make a decision after ward. Complaint / Suggestions about lousy property agent Darren Ng from Dennis Wee

This bought me thinking and I started to surprise – how much does a property agent really earn? We often hear or read about sure brokers making million dollar commissions, however is that the exception or the norm? That piqued my curiosity. Like any job, those who put in time and effort will do well and rise to the top. The ethics of exhausting work apply to the true property market as nicely. For individuals who are pondering of making a career change to develop into a property agent, you should be ready to invest the trouble to do properly. Otherwise you may just add to the statistic of brokers who eventually drop out of the realtor game. Properties that do not fall within the definition of residential properties stated above are non-residential properties Web site - www.riaschool.com.sg

Ought to you are on the lookout for new properties for investment or for own stay, we offer property recommendation and search services tailored to your needs. We have represented many together with worldwide and local buyers in efficiently finishing their property purchases. We work with main builders to bring you the latest and one of the best prime properties in Singapore. We are a one-cease service that may full your property cycle from purchase to sale. Property agents for Singapore Land Authority protecting among the government colonial properties for rent. Property leases for expatriates and foreigners. Also helps expats to purchase and promote their properties as well as property investment opportunities in Singapore and China. The Restaurant Affiliation of Singapore

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• Livermorium at WebElements.com