Weierstrass function

In mathematics, the Weierstrass M-test is a test for showing that an infinite series of functions converges uniformly. It applies to series whose terms are functions with real or complex values, and is analogous to the comparison test for determining the convergence of series of real or complex numbers.

The Weierstrass M-test is a special case of Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem, where the measure is taken to be the counting measure over an atomic measure space.

Statement

Weierstrass M-test. Suppose that {f_n} is a sequence of real- or complex-valued functions defined on a set A, and that there is a sequence of positive numbers {M_n} satisfying

$\forall n\geq 1,\forall x\in A\ :\ |f_{n}(x)|\leq M_{n},$

$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }M_{n}<\infty$

Then the series

$\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }f_{n}(x)$

converges uniformly on A.

Remark. The result is often used in combination with the uniform limit theorem. Together they say that if, in addition to the above conditions, the set A is a topological space and the functions f_n are continuous on A, then the series converges to a continuous function.

Generalization

A more general version of the Weierstrass M-test holds if the codomain of the functions {f_n} is any Banach space, in which case the statement

$|f_{n}|\leq M_{n}$

may be replaced by

$\|f_{n}\|\leq M_{n}$,

where $\|\cdot \|$ is the norm on the Banach space. For an example of the use of this test on a Banach space, see the article Fréchet derivative.

Proof

Let M be the limit of the sum $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }M_{n}$. Since $|f_{n}(x)|\leq M_{n}$ the sum $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }f_{n}(x)$ is absolutely convergent, call its limit f(x).

By convergence of the M sum, for ε > 0 there exists an integer K such that

$\forall k>K\ :\ \left|M-\sum _{n=1}^{k}M_{n}\right|<\varepsilon .$

We will show that $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }f_{n}(x)$ converges uniformly by showing that

$\forall k>K,\forall x\in A\ :\ \left|f(x)-\sum _{n=1}^{k}f_{n}(x)\right|<\varepsilon .$

The crucial point here is that K does not depend on x.

$\forall x\in A\ :\ \left|f(x)-\sum _{n=1}^{k}f_{n}(x)\right|=\left|\sum _{n=k+1}^{\infty }f_{n}(x)\right|\leq \sum _{n=k+1}^{\infty }\left|f_{n}(x)\right|\leq \sum _{n=k+1}^{\infty }M_{n}=\left|M-\sum _{n=1}^{k}M_{n}\right|<\varepsilon .$

See also

• Example of Weierstrass M-test

References

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
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• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
• Whittaker and Watson (1927). A Course in Modern Analysis, fourth edition. Cambridge University Press, p. 49.