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{{Infobox power station
| name              = Penzhin Tidal Power Plant
| official_name      =
| image              =
| image_size        =
| image_caption      =
| image_alt          =
| location_map      = Russia
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text  =
| lat_d    = 61
| lat_m    =
| lat_s    =
| lat_NS    = N
| long_d    = 162
| long_m    =
| long_s    =
| long_EW  = E
| coordinates_type  = region:RU_type:waterbody
| coordinates_display= inline,title
| coordinates_ref    =
| country            = [[Russia]]
| locale            = [[Penzhin Bay]]
| status            = P
| construction_began =
| commissioned      =
| licence_expires    =
| decommissioned    =
| cost              =
| owner              =
| operator          =
| developer          =
| constructor        =
| tidal_technology  =
| tsg_type          =
| tsg_turbines_mw    =
| dtp_turbines_mw    =
| turbine_manu_tide  =
| dtp_perp_length    =
| dtp_para_length    =
| dtp_tidal_range    =
| installed_capacity =
| max_planned_cap    =
| capacity_factor    =
| average_annual_gen =
| net_generation    =
| website            =
| as_of              =
| extra              =
}}
The '''Penzhin Tidal Power Plant Project''' is a set of proposals for construction of [[tidal power]] plant in the [[Penzhin Bay]], which is an upper right arm of [[Shelikhov Bay]] in the north-east corner of the [[Sea of Okhotsk]]. Because Penzhin Bay has one of the strongest tides, there have been several proposals of power stations. One of proposed variants presumes an installed capacity 87&nbsp;[[Watt|GW]] and annual production 200&nbsp;[[watt-hour|TWh]] of electricity.<ref name="link1">
{{cite conference
| url        = http://h2forum2008.ru/docs/pdf/abstracts/5_3_21.pdf
| title      = Приливные электростанции (ПЭС) — источник энергии, запасаемый в водороде
| conference  = 2nd International Forum "Hydrogen technologies for developing world"
| format      = PDF
| language    = Russian
| trans_title = Tidal power plants (TPP) — a source of energy, store-able in hydrogen
| year        = 2008
| location    = Moscow
| first1  = I. N. | last1 = Usachev
| first2  = Y. B. | last2 = Shpolyanskiy
| first3  = B. L. | last3 = Istorik
| first4  = V. P. | last4 = Kuznetsev
| first5  = V. N. | last5 = Fateev
| first6  = V. A. | last6 = Knyazev
| accessdate  = 2010-12-24
}}</ref>
 
Geographically, the dam of the power station would extend through the administrative border of [[Magadan Oblast]] and [[Kamchatka Krai]] of [[Russia]].
 
== General information ==
The [[tide]]s in [[Penzhin Bay]] are {{convert|9|m|ft}} high, and reach {{convert|12.9|m|ft}} in the case of [[Syzygy (astronomy)|syzygian]] tides, which is the highest magnitude for the [[Pacific Ocean]]. As the area of the bay basin is 20,530&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (7,930 [[mile|mi<sup>2</sup>]]), it corresponds to [[diurnal cycle|diurnal]] discharge of 360–530&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> (86–130 cu mi). This water rate is 20–30 times higher than that of the world's biggest river, the [[Amazon River]]. Two projects were developed for tidal power stations. The first would use the entire basin of the bay. The second proposes a smaller-scale plant, using the northern part of the basin with higher tides:<ref name="link3">
{{cite journal
| url          = http://renewables.ru/pdf_doc/lecture13.pdf
| title        = Нетрадиционные и возобновляемые источники энергии
| chapter      = 13. Использование энергии приливов и морских течений
| first  = V. A. | last = Ageev
| format      = PDF
| language    = Russian
| trans_title = Using the energy of tides and sea currents
| date        =
| accessdate  = 2010-12-24
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! align=left|Variant||Tide altitude,<br />m \ ft||Capacity,<br /> [[Watt|GW]]||Annual<br />production, [[watt-hour|TW·h]]||nosort|Time<br /> of research
|-
|''South site''||align=right|11 \ 36||align=right|87,1||align=right|190–205 ||align=center|1972—1996
|-
|''North site''||align=right|13.4 \ 44||align=right|21,4||align=right|50||align=center|1983—1996
|}
Due to the lack of local consumers and power lines, there are suggestions of a discrete work of the station to supply power-consuming production. One such regulator, for example, would be the production of [[liquid hydrogen]].
 
== Hydrological potential of the bay ==
[[Image:Tide type.svg|thumb|300px|Three types of [[tide]]s. The tides of [[Shelikhov Bay]] are of the diurnal type.]]
The tides in the [[Penzhin Bay]] of the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] are the highest for the [[Pacific ocean]], reaching a height of {{convert|13.4|m}}.<ref name="link4">
{{cite conference
| url          = http://www.bellona.ru/filearchive/fil_Savchenkov_BELLONA.pdf
| title        = Опыт проектирования приливных электростанций на Северо-Западе России
| first  = S. N. | last = Savchenkov
| format      = PDF
| language    = Russian
| trans_title = Experience in design of tidal power in North-West Russia
| conference  = International Congress "Clean Energy Days in Saint Petersburg"
| date      = 2010-04-15
| accessdate  = 2010-12-24
}}</ref>  The tides in [[Shelikhov Bay]] are of the diurnal type. The area of Penzhin Bay basin is 20,530&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="link3"/><ref name="link5">
{{cite web
| url          = http://lib.ololo.cc/b/101307/read
| title        = Энциклопедия «География»
| language    = Russian
| trans_title = Encyclopedia of Geography
| accessdate  = 2010-12-24
}}</ref> Given that the average magnitude of tide is equal to {{convert|10|m}}, this gives the diurnal flow of water in the bay as {{convert|410.6|km3}} or average discharge {{nobr|4.75{{e|6}} m<sup>3</sup>•s<sup>−1</sup>}}.
 
The passing stream has its own [[potential energy]], which in the [[gravity]] field of Earth is above zero only in the case of non-zero head of water (<math>H_{Head}</math>) and can be expressed as follows:
:<math> E = [\rho_{sw} \cdot S_{Basin} \cdot (H_{Tide} - H_{Head})] \cdot g \cdot H_{Head}</math>,   (1)
where <math>E</math> denotes potential energy; <math>\rho_{sw}</math> — density of [[sea water]], equal to 1,027&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>; <math>S_{Basin}</math> — area of basin; <math>H_{Tide}</math> — height of the tide and <math>g</math> — [[gravitational acceleration]], set to 9.81&nbsp;m/s<sup>2</sup>. The part of the expression in brackets denotes terms defining the mass of water passing through the basin daily.
 
As can be seen in formula (1), the potential energy becomes zero in the case of zero head of water and in the case of equal heights of head and tide. If considering this formula as a function of head level (<math>H_{Head}</math>), it has a form of [[parabola|parabolic]] dependence, with its maximum at <math>H_{Tide}</math> = 2•<math>H_{Head}</math> or at <math>H_{Head} = 5</math> m. This value of <math>H_{Head}</math> gives two times lower height of tide in the bay and twice smaller average discharge of water — 5&nbsp;m and {{nobr|2.38{{e|6}}&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>•s<sup>−1</sup>}} (205.3&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>/day), correspondingly.
 
The substitution of obtained parameters into (1) and dividing it by the day length in seconds gives the average capacity 120&nbsp;[[Watt|GW]]. The latter one yields 1,054 [[watt-hour|TW•h]] or 3.79{{e|18}}&nbsp;[[Joule]]s of energy annually. Depending on the efficiency of conversion of potential energy into electricity, the total quantity of electricity and electric capacity will have somewhat lower values. If one assumes an efficiency of conversion of 96%, this gives an average electric capacity of 115 GW and an available amount of electricity of 1,012 TW•h or 3.64{{e|18}}&nbsp;J per year.
 
== See also ==
* [[Tidal power]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Proposed tidal power stations]]
[[Category:Proposed power stations in Russia]]
[[Category:Tidal power stations in Russia]]

Revision as of 22:42, 17 November 2013

Template:Infobox power station The Penzhin Tidal Power Plant Project is a set of proposals for construction of tidal power plant in the Penzhin Bay, which is an upper right arm of Shelikhov Bay in the north-east corner of the Sea of Okhotsk. Because Penzhin Bay has one of the strongest tides, there have been several proposals of power stations. One of proposed variants presumes an installed capacity 87 GW and annual production 200 TWh of electricity.[1]

Geographically, the dam of the power station would extend through the administrative border of Magadan Oblast and Kamchatka Krai of Russia.

General information

The tides in Penzhin Bay are Template:Convert high, and reach Template:Convert in the case of syzygian tides, which is the highest magnitude for the Pacific Ocean. As the area of the bay basin is 20,530 km2 (7,930 mi2), it corresponds to diurnal discharge of 360–530 km3 (86–130 cu mi). This water rate is 20–30 times higher than that of the world's biggest river, the Amazon River. Two projects were developed for tidal power stations. The first would use the entire basin of the bay. The second proposes a smaller-scale plant, using the northern part of the basin with higher tides:[2]

Variant Tide altitude,
m \ ft		 Capacity,
GW		 Annual
production, TW·h		 Time
of research
South site 11 \ 36 87,1 190–205 1972—1996
North site 13.4 \ 44 21,4 50 1983—1996

Due to the lack of local consumers and power lines, there are suggestions of a discrete work of the station to supply power-consuming production. One such regulator, for example, would be the production of liquid hydrogen.

Hydrological potential of the bay

Three types of tides. The tides of Shelikhov Bay are of the diurnal type.

The tides in the Penzhin Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk are the highest for the Pacific ocean, reaching a height of Template:Convert.[3] The tides in Shelikhov Bay are of the diurnal type. The area of Penzhin Bay basin is 20,530 km2.[2][4] Given that the average magnitude of tide is equal to Template:Convert, this gives the diurnal flow of water in the bay as Template:Convert or average discharge Template:Nobr.

The passing stream has its own potential energy, which in the gravity field of Earth is above zero only in the case of non-zero head of water (HHead) and can be expressed as follows:

E=[ρsw⋅SBasin⋅(HTide−HHead)]⋅g⋅HHead, (1)

where E denotes potential energy; ρsw — density of sea water, equal to 1,027 kg/m3; SBasin — area of basin; HTide — height of the tide and g — gravitational acceleration, set to 9.81 m/s2. The part of the expression in brackets denotes terms defining the mass of water passing through the basin daily.

As can be seen in formula (1), the potential energy becomes zero in the case of zero head of water and in the case of equal heights of head and tide. If considering this formula as a function of head level (HHead), it has a form of parabolic dependence, with its maximum at HTide = 2•HHead or at HHead=5 m. This value of HHead gives two times lower height of tide in the bay and twice smaller average discharge of water — 5 m and Template:Nobr (205.3 km3/day), correspondingly.

The substitution of obtained parameters into (1) and dividing it by the day length in seconds gives the average capacity 120 GW. The latter one yields 1,054 TW•h or 3.79Template:E Joules of energy annually. Depending on the efficiency of conversion of potential energy into electricity, the total quantity of electricity and electric capacity will have somewhat lower values. If one assumes an efficiency of conversion of 96%, this gives an average electric capacity of 115 GW and an available amount of electricity of 1,012 TW•h or 3.64Template:E J per year.

See also

References

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