Bloch-Siegert shift: Difference between revisions

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Muay Thai is among the oldest and the majority popular fighting methods to have emerged from ancient Asia. It is believed to possess originated in Thailand, where that it was created by tribes migrating down from China, first so that you can assist in the fierce warfare essential for the conquest of land, and later utilized to protect that very land from invaders. Through centuries of warfare and training it had been eventually refined in to the modern day combat sport refer to it today. In Thailand it truly is elevated to almost religious levels, being practiced in a variety of gyms and dojos across the nation. It has become called the sport of kings, then one of the greatest honors in the sport could be the opportunity to fight ahead of the King of Thailand. It is also a large part stone of the modern-day sport of mixed martial arts training, known as MMA.<br>Muay Thai is really a part of Thai culture looking at the earliest days. The watershed moment with the sport were only available in 1584 while using ascension of King Naresuan using what is now known as the Ayuddhaya period. The king stipulated that each soldier in their army would have to be trained in Muay Thai equally he had been, which greatly helped to popularize the self-defense skill.<br>Early Times<br>As the experience has evolved to your higher penetration of sophistication, so contains the equipment used, in fighting as well as in training. Early Muay Thai originated from humble and brutal beginnings plus the equipment reflected that. Fighters fought with bare knuckles is actually very little protection. All from the equipment needed for training was discovered in nature. One from the most legendary parts, used historically but still favored by today's hardcore purists, has also been among the most simple and easy and abundantly within Ancient Thailand-the banana tree. This ancient staple of Thai culture is discovered by the forerunners of today's fighters to become particularly appropriate for punching and kicking practice. The legends show that the ancient fighters would kick a corner of a banana tree many times daily to toughen limbs, to deaden nerves also to make themselves inured to pain. The smooth, slightly spongy texture in the banana tree trunk was discovered to be ideally worthy of this purpose as well as the tree am abundant in Thailand that the suitable training environment may be found almost anywhere. The banana tree helped fighters to build up their techniques, to formulate toughness and pursue the hard-body working out for which Muay Thai fighters are known.<br>Ancient practitioners also used other natural resources around them. Natural pools of water were accustomed to increase endurance. Kicking and punching against water proofing was a good way to build strength and maximize the power on impact. Fighters rapidly and repeatedly climbed in and outside of pools to be able to increase endurance. Chopping the sea in front with the face was done to produce focus. These fighters also used suspended or floating coconuts for target practice as a way to work on the precision of their strikes against moving targets.<br>[http://muaythai-camps.com/2014/10/sittisak-wordt-benadrukt-om-te-vechten-in-elke-schoten/ muaythai-camps].
'''CONQUEST''' is a [[linear function|linear]] scaling, or O(N), [[density functional theory]] (DFT) electronic structure code.<ref name='Bowler2002'>{{cite journal | doi=10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/303 | author=D. R. Bowler, T. Miyazaki and M. J. Gillan | title=Recent progress in linear-scaling ab initio electronic structure techniques | journal=J. Phys. Condens. Matter | volume=14 | pages=2781 | year=2002}}</ref><ref name='Bowler2006'>{{cite journal | author=D. R. Bowler, R. Choudhury, M. J. Gillan and T. Miyazaki | title=Recent progress with large-scale ab initio calculations: The CONQUEST code | journal=Physica Status Solidi | volume=243 | pages=989 | year=}}</ref> The code is designed to perform DFT calculations on very large systems containing many thousands of atoms. It can be run at different levels of precision ranging from [[ab initio (quantum chemistry)|ab initio]] tight binding up to full DFT with [[plane wave]] accuracy. It has been applied to the study of three dimensional reconstructions formed by [[Germanium|Ge]] on [[Silicon|Si(001)]], containing over 20,000 [[atoms]].<ref name='Miyazaki2008'>{{cite journal | doi=10.1143/JPSJ.77.123706 | author=T. Miyazaki, D. R. Bowler, M. J. Gillan and T. Ohno | title=The energetics of hut-cluster self-assembly in Ge/Si(001) from linear-scaling DFT calculations | journal=J. Phys. Soc. Japan | volume=77 | pages=123706 | year=2008}}</ref> Tests on the UK's national supercomputer [[HECToR]] in 2009 demonstrated the capability of the code to perform ground-state calculations on systems of over 1,000,000 atoms.
 
==Methodology==
Instead of solving for the Kohn-Sham eigenstates as normal DFT codes do, CONQUEST solves for the one particle density matrix, <math>\rho(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^\prime)</math>. To make the problem computationally tractable, the density matrix is written in separable form:<br />
<math>\rho(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^\prime) = \sum_{i\alpha j\beta} \phi_{i\alpha}(\mathbf{r}) K_{i\alpha j\beta} \phi_{j\beta}(\mathbf{r}^\prime)</math>,
where <math>\phi_{i\alpha}(\mathbf{r})</math> is a ''support function'' centred on atom ''i'' (with support functions on the same atom notated by <math>\alpha</math>) and <math>K_{i\alpha j\beta}</math> is the density matrix in the basis of the support functions.<ref name='Hern95'>{{cite journal | doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.51.10157 | author=E. Hernandez and M. J. Gillan | title=Self-consistent first-principles technique with linear scaling | journal=Phys. Rev. B | volume=51 | pages=10157 | year=1995}}</ref>  The ground state is found as a series of nested loops:
 
• Minimise the energy with respect to the density matrix for fixed charge density and support functions<br />
• Find self-consistency between charge density and potential<br />
• Minimise the energy with respect to the support functions
 
The support functions are confined within spheres of given cutoff radius and the density matrix is forced to zero beyond a given range: <math>K_{ij} = 0, |\mathbf{R}_i - \mathbf{R}_j| > R_c</math>. These approximations give linear scaling behaviour, and as the radii are increased tend to the exact result.
 
==Developers==
CONQUEST is jointly developed at the Department of Physics and Astronomy and [[London Centre for Nanotechnology]], [[University College London]] in the UK and at the Computational Materials Science Centre, [[National Institute for Materials Science]], Tsukuba, Japan.  In the UK, the development team includes Dr. David Bowler, Dr. Veronika Brazdova, Prof. Mike Gillan, Dr. Andrew Horsfield, Mr. Alex Sena and Mr. Lianheng Tong, who are all members of the [[Thomas Young Centre]]; in Japan, the development team includes Dr. Tsuyoshi Miyazaki, Dr. Takahisa Ohno, Dr. Takao Ohtsuka, Dr. Milica Todorovic and Dr. Antonio Torralba.
 
Previous developers include Ian Bush, Rathin Choudhury, Chris Goringe and Eduardo Hernandez.
 
== See also ==
 
* [[Density functional theory]]
* [[Quantum chemistry computer programs]]
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.conquest.ucl.ac.uk/ CONQUEST official website]
* [http://www.nims.go.jp/ National Institute for Materials Science website]
* [http://www.london-nano.com/ London Centre for Nanotechnology website]
 
== References ==
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Conquest}}
[[Category:Computational chemistry software]]
[[Category:Physics software]]
[[Category:Density functional theory]]

Latest revision as of 16:02, 5 August 2013

CONQUEST is a linear scaling, or O(N), density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure code.[1][2] The code is designed to perform DFT calculations on very large systems containing many thousands of atoms. It can be run at different levels of precision ranging from ab initio tight binding up to full DFT with plane wave accuracy. It has been applied to the study of three dimensional reconstructions formed by Ge on Si(001), containing over 20,000 atoms.[3] Tests on the UK's national supercomputer HECToR in 2009 demonstrated the capability of the code to perform ground-state calculations on systems of over 1,000,000 atoms.

Methodology

Instead of solving for the Kohn-Sham eigenstates as normal DFT codes do, CONQUEST solves for the one particle density matrix, . To make the problem computationally tractable, the density matrix is written in separable form:
, where is a support function centred on atom i (with support functions on the same atom notated by ) and is the density matrix in the basis of the support functions.[4] The ground state is found as a series of nested loops:

• Minimise the energy with respect to the density matrix for fixed charge density and support functions
• Find self-consistency between charge density and potential
• Minimise the energy with respect to the support functions

The support functions are confined within spheres of given cutoff radius and the density matrix is forced to zero beyond a given range: . These approximations give linear scaling behaviour, and as the radii are increased tend to the exact result.

Developers

CONQUEST is jointly developed at the Department of Physics and Astronomy and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London in the UK and at the Computational Materials Science Centre, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan. In the UK, the development team includes Dr. David Bowler, Dr. Veronika Brazdova, Prof. Mike Gillan, Dr. Andrew Horsfield, Mr. Alex Sena and Mr. Lianheng Tong, who are all members of the Thomas Young Centre; in Japan, the development team includes Dr. Tsuyoshi Miyazaki, Dr. Takahisa Ohno, Dr. Takao Ohtsuka, Dr. Milica Todorovic and Dr. Antonio Torralba.

Previous developers include Ian Bush, Rathin Choudhury, Chris Goringe and Eduardo Hernandez.

See also

External links

References

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    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

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  2. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  3. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  4. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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