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{{about|concept in health and disease|game theory|risk dominance|finance|risk factor (finance)|criminology|Risk factor (criminology)}}
This is a preview for the new '''MathML rendering mode''' (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.
In [[epidemiology]], a '''risk factor''' is a variable associated with an increased [[risk]] of [[disease]] or [[infection]]. Sometimes, '''determinant''' is also used, being a variable associated with either increased or decreased risk.


==Correlation vs causation==
If you would like use the '''MathML''' rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin/signup]]
Risk factors or determinants are [[correlation]]al and not necessarily [[Causality|causal]], because [[correlation does not prove causation]].  For example, being young cannot be said to cause [[measles]], but young people have a higher rate of measles because they are less likely to have developed [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] during a previous epidemic. [[Statistics|Statistical]] methods are frequently used to assess the strength of an association and to provide causal evidence (for example in the [[British doctors study|study]] of the link between smoking and [[lung cancer]]). Statistical  analysis along with the biological sciences can establish that risk factors are causal. Some prefer the term risk factor to mean causal determinants of increased rates of disease, and for unproven links to be called possible risks, associations, etc.
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When done thoughtfully and based on research, identification of risk factors can be a strategy for [[Screening (medicine)|medical screening]].<ref name="WaldHackshaw1999">{{cite journal|last1=Wald|first1=N J|last2=Hackshaw|first2=A K|last3=Frost|first3=C D|title=When can a risk factor be used as a worthwhile screening test?|journal=BMJ|volume=319|issue=7224|year=1999|pages=1562–1565|issn=0959-8138|doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1562}}</ref>
Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:


==Terms of description==
'''MathML'''
Mainly taken from [[risk factors for breast cancer]], risk factors can be described in terms of, for example:
:<math forcemathmode="mathml">E=mc^2</math>
*[[Relative risk]], such as "A woman is more than 100 times more likely to develop breast cancer in her 60s than in her 20s.<ref name=Margolese>{{cite book
|author=Margolese, Richard G, Bernard Fisher, Gabriel N Hortobagyi, and William D Bloomer
|editor=Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al.
|title=Cancer Medicine
|edition=e.5
|publisher=B.C. Decker
|location=Hamilton, Ontario
|year=2000
|chapter=118
|isbn=1-55009-113-1
|oclc=
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20900/#A29677
|accessdate=27 January 2011 }}</ref>"
*Fraction of incidences occurring in the group having the property of or being exposed to the risk factor, such as "99% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in women<ref name="Giordano">{{cite journal |author=Giordano SH, Cohen DS, Buzdar AU, Perkins G, Hortobagyi GN |title=Breast carcinoma in men: a population-based study |journal=Cancer |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=51–7 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15221988 |doi=10.1002/cncr.20312}}</ref>"
*Increase in incidence in the exposed group, such as "each daily alcoholic beverage increases the incidence of breast cancer by 11 cases per 1000 women<ref name="pmid19244173">{{cite journal |author=Allen NE, Beral V, Casabonne D, ''et al.'' |title=Moderate alcohol intake and cancer incidence in women |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=296–305 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19244173 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djn514}}</ref>"
*[[Hazard ratio]], such as "an increase in both total and invasive breast cancers in women randomized to receive estrogen and progestin for an average of 5 years, with a hazard ratio of 1.24 compared to controls"<ref>{{cite doi|10.1001/jama.299.9.1036}}</ref>


==Example==
<!--'''PNG'''  (currently default in production)
The following example of a risk factor is described in terms of the [[relative risk]] it confers, which is evaluated by comparing the risk of those exposed to the potential risk factor to those not exposed. Let's say that at a wedding, 74 people ate the chicken and 22 of them were ill, while of the 35 people who had the fish or vegetarian meal only 2 were ill. Did the chicken make the people ill?
:<math forcemathmode="png">E=mc^2</math>


:<math>  
'''source'''
Risk = \frac {\mbox{number of persons experiencing event (food poisoning)}} {\mbox{number of persons exposed to risk factor (food)}}
:<math forcemathmode="source">E=mc^2</math> -->
</math>


So the [[chicken]] eaters' risk = 22/74 = 0.297<br/>
<span style="color: red">Follow this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering link] to change your Math rendering settings.</span> You can also add a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin Custom CSS] to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math#CSS_for_the_MathML_with_SVG_fallback_mode these examples].
And non-chicken eaters' risk = 2/35 = 0.057.


Those who ate the chicken had a risk over five times as high as those who did not, that is, a relative risk of more than five. This suggests that eating chicken was the cause of the illness, but this is ''not'' proof.
==Demos==


==General determinants==
Here are some [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Frederic.wang demos]:
The probability of an outcome usually depends on an interplay between multiple associated variables. When performing [[epidemiological studies]] to evaluate one or more determinants for a specific outcome, the other determinants may act as [[confounding]] factors, and need to be controlled for, e.g. by [[stratification (statistics)|stratification]]. The potentially confounding determinants varies with what outcome is studied, but the following general confounders are common to most epidemiological associations, and are the determinants most commonly controlled for in epidemiological studies:
*Age
*Sex or gender
*Ethnicity


Other less commonly adjusted for possible confounders include:
*Social status/income
*Geographic location
*Genetic predisposition
*Gender identity
*Occupation
*Sexual orientation
*Level of [[chronic stress]]
*Diet
*Level of [[physical exercise]]
*Alcohol consumption and [[tobacco smoking]]
*Other [[social determinants of health]]


==Risk marker==
* accessibility:
A ''risk marker'' is a variable that is quantitatively associated with a disease or other outcome, but direct alteration of the risk marker does not necessarily alter the risk of the outcome.
** Safari + VoiceOver: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VoiceOver-Mac-Safari.ogv video only], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-7]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Audio-Windows7-InternetExplorer.ogg Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (audio)]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-SynchronizedHighlighting-WIndows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (synchronized highlighting)]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Braille-Windows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (braille)]
** NVDA+MathPlayer: [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-7]].
** Orca: There is ongoing work, but no support at all at the moment [[File:Orca-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-7]].
** From our testing, ChromeVox and JAWS are not able to read the formulas generated by the MathML mode.


==History==
==Test pages ==
The term "risk factor" was first coined by former [[Framingham Heart Study]] Director, Dr. [[William B. Kannel]] in a 1961 article in ''[[Annals of Internal Medicine]]''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/larryhusten/2011/08/23/william-kannel-former-director-of-the-framingham-heart-study-dead-at-87/ | work=Forbes | first=Larry | last=Husten | date=23 August 2011}}</ref>


==References==
To test the '''MathML''', '''PNG''', and '''source''' rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:
{{reflist}}
*[[Displaystyle]]
*[[MathAxisAlignment]]
*[[Styling]]
*[[Linebreaking]]
*[[Unique Ids]]
*[[Help:Formula]]


==Further reading==
*[[Inputtypes|Inputtypes (private Wikis only)]]
* Case, S.P. and Haines, K.R. (2009) Understanding Youth Offending: Risk Factor Research, Policy and Practice. Cullompton: Willan.  http://www.willanpublishing.co.uk/cgi-bin/indexer?product=9781843923411
*[[Url2Image|Url2Image (private Wikis only)]]
 
==Bug reporting==
==See also==
If you find any bugs, please report them at [https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=MediaWiki%20extensions&component=Math&version=master&short_desc=Math-preview%20rendering%20problem Bugzilla], or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .
*[[Protective factor]]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Risk Factor}}
[[Category:Epidemiology]]
[[Category:Risk]]
[[Category:Medical statistics]]
[[Category:Risk factors]]

Latest revision as of 22:52, 15 September 2019

This is a preview for the new MathML rendering mode (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.

If you would like use the MathML rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[1]]

  • Only registered users will be able to execute this rendering mode.
  • Note: you need not enter a email address (nor any other private information). Please do not use a password that you use elsewhere.

Registered users will be able to choose between the following three rendering modes:

MathML

E=mc2


Follow this link to change your Math rendering settings. You can also add a Custom CSS to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See these examples.

Demos

Here are some demos:


Test pages

To test the MathML, PNG, and source rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:

Bug reporting

If you find any bugs, please report them at Bugzilla, or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .

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