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{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="text-align:center"
|+ The value of Bohr magneton
! [[system of units]] !! value !! unit
|-
! [[SI]]<ref>
{{cite web
|title=CODATA value: Bohr magneton
|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mub
|work=The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
|publisher=[[NIST]]
|accessdate=2012-07-09
}}</ref>
|height=30| {{val|fmt=commas|9.27400968|(20)|e=-24}} || [[Joule|J]]·[[tesla (unit)|T]]<sup>−1</sup>
|-
! [[Centimetre–gram–second system of units|CGS]]<ref name="O'Handley">
{{cite book
|author=Robert C. O'Handley
|year=2000
|title=Modern magnetic materials: principles and applications
|page=83
|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]
|isbn=0-471-15566-7
}} (value was slightly modified to reflect 2010 CODATA change)</ref>
|height=30| {{val|fmt=commas|9.27400968|(20)|e=-21}} || [[Erg]]·[[Gauss (unit)|G]]<sup>−1</sup>
|-
! eV<ref>
{{cite web
|title=CODATA value: Bohr magneton in eV/T
|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mubev
|work=The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
|publisher=[[NIST]]
|accessdate=2012-07-09
}}</ref>
|height=30| {{val|fmt=commas|5.7883818066|(38)|e=-5}}|| [[electronvolt|eV]]·[[tesla (unit)|T]]<sup>−1</sup>
|-
! [[atomic units]]
|height=30| {{frac|1|2}} || [[Dimensionless quantity|none]]
|}
 
In [[atomic physics]], the '''Bohr magneton''' (symbol ''μ''<sub>B</sub>) is a [[physical constant]] and the natural unit for expressing an [[electron magnetic dipole moment]]. The Bohr magneton is defined in [[International System of Units|SI units]] by
:<math>\mu_\mathrm{B} = {{e \hbar} \over {2 m_\mathrm{e}}}</math>
and in [[Gaussian units|Gaussian]] [[Centimetre–gram–second system of units|CGS units]] by
:<math>\mu_\mathrm{B} = {{e \hbar} \over {2 m_\mathrm{e} c}}</math>
 
where
:''e'' is the [[elementary charge]],
:''ħ'' is the [[Planck constant|reduced Planck constant]],
:''m''<sub>e</sub> is the [[electron]] [[rest mass]] and
:''c'' is the [[speed of light]].
 
The magnitude of an electron's [[spin magnetic moment]] is approximately one Bohr magneton.<ref>
{{cite book
|author=Anant S. Mahajan, Abbas A. Rangwala
|year=1989
|title=Electricity and Magnetism
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_tXrjggX7WwC&pg=PA419&lpg=PA419&dq=%22intrinsic+dipole+moment%22+and+electron+%22Bohr+magneton%22
|page=419
|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]]
|isbn=978-0-07-460225-6
}}</ref>
 
==History==
The idea of elementary magnets is due to [[Walter Ritz]] (1907) and [[Pierre Weiss]]. Already before the [[Rutherford model]] of atomic structure, several theorists commented that the magneton should involve [[Planck's constant]] ''h''.<ref name="Keith">
{{cite book
|author=Stephen T. Keith and Pierre Quédec
|year=1992
|chapter=Magnetism and Magnetic Materials: The Magneton
|title=Out of the Crystal Maze
|pages=384–394
|isbn=978-0-19-505329-6
}}</ref> By postulating that the ratio of electron [[kinetic energy]] to orbital [[frequency]] should be equal to ''h'', [[Richard Gans]] computed a value that was twice as large as the Bohr magneton in September 1911.<ref name="Heilbron">
{{cite journal
|author=John Heilbron
|author2=Thomas Kuhn
|year=1969
|title=The genesis of the Bohr atom
|journal=[[Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences]]
|volume=1 |page=232
|doi=
}}</ref> At the [[Solvay Conference#First Conference|First Solvay Conference]] in November that year, [[Paul Langevin]] obtained a submultiple.<ref>
{{cite conference
|author=Paul Langevin
|year=1911
|title=La théorie cinétique du magnétisme et les magnétons
|conference=La théorie du rayonnement et les quanta: Rapports et discussions de la réunion tenue à Bruxelles, du 30 octobre au 3 novembre 1911, sous les auspices de M. E. Solvay
|conferenceurl=http://www.archive.org/details/lathoriedurayo00inst
|page=403
|doi=
}}</ref> The [[:Category:Romanian physicists|Romanian physicist]] [[Ştefan Procopiu]] obtained for the first time its value in 1911;<ref name = proc1>
{{cite journal
|author=Ştefan Procopiu
|year=1911–1913
|title=Sur les éléments d’énergie
|journal=[[Annales scientifiques de l'Université de Jassy]]
|volume=7 |page=280
}}</ref><ref name = proc2>
{{cite journal
|author=Ştefan Procopiu
|year=1913
|title=Determining the Molecular Magnetic Moment by M. Planck's Quantum Theory
|journal=[[Bulletin scientifique de l’Académie roumaine de sciences]]
|volume=1 |pages=151
|doi=
}}</ref> the value is referred to as the "Bohr–Procopiu magneton" in Romanian scientific literature.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Stefan Procopiu (1890-1972)
|url=http://www.etti.tuiasi.ro/sibm/old/Technical%20Museum/html/en/Stefan_Procopiu_en.htm
|publisher=Stefan Procopiu Science and Technique Museum
|accessdate=2010-11-03
}}</ref>
 
The Bohr magneton is the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of an orbiting electron with an [[Angular momentum#Angular momentum in quantum mechanics|orbital angular momentum]] of one ħ. According to the [[Bohr model]], this is the [[ground state]], i.e. the state of lowest possible energy.<ref>
{{cite book
|author=Marcelo Alonso, Edward Finn
|year=1992
|title=Physics
|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]
|isbn=978-0-201-56518-8
}}</ref> In the summer of 1913, this value was naturally obtained by the Danish physicist [[Niels Bohr]] as a consequence of [[Bohr model|his atom model]],<ref name="Heilbron"/><ref>
{{cite book
|author=Abraham Pais
|year=1991
|title=Niels Bohr's Times, in physics, philosophy, and politics
|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]
|isbn=0-19-852048-4
}}</ref> and also published independently by Procopiu using directly Max Planck's quantum theory.<ref name = proc2/> In 1920, [[Wolfgang Pauli]] gave the Bohr magneton its name in an article where he contrasted it with the magneton of the experimentalists which he called the [[Weiss magneton]].<ref name="Keith"/>
 
==See also==
*[[Nuclear magneton]]
*[[Ștefan Procopiu]]
*[[Physical constant]]
*[[Anomalous magnetic dipole moment|Anomalous magnetic moment]]
*[[Zeeman effect]]
*[[Parson magneton]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Atomic physics]]
[[Category:Niels Bohr]]
[[Category:Physical constants]]
[[Category:Magnetism]]
[[Category:Concepts in physics]]

Revision as of 11:12, 12 March 2013

The value of Bohr magneton
system of units value unit
SI[1] Template:Val J·T−1
CGS[2] Template:Val Erg·G−1
eV[3] Template:Val eV·T−1
atomic units Template:Frac none

In atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol μB) is a physical constant and the natural unit for expressing an electron magnetic dipole moment. The Bohr magneton is defined in SI units by

μB=eℏ2me

and in Gaussian CGS units by

μB=eℏ2mec

where

e is the elementary charge,
ħ is the reduced Planck constant,
me is the electron rest mass and
c is the speed of light.

The magnitude of an electron's spin magnetic moment is approximately one Bohr magneton.[4]

History

The idea of elementary magnets is due to Walter Ritz (1907) and Pierre Weiss. Already before the Rutherford model of atomic structure, several theorists commented that the magneton should involve Planck's constant h.[5] By postulating that the ratio of electron kinetic energy to orbital frequency should be equal to h, Richard Gans computed a value that was twice as large as the Bohr magneton in September 1911.[6] At the First Solvay Conference in November that year, Paul Langevin obtained a submultiple.[7] The Romanian physicist Ştefan Procopiu obtained for the first time its value in 1911;[8][9] the value is referred to as the "Bohr–Procopiu magneton" in Romanian scientific literature.[10]

The Bohr magneton is the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of an orbiting electron with an orbital angular momentum of one ħ. According to the Bohr model, this is the ground state, i.e. the state of lowest possible energy.[11] In the summer of 1913, this value was naturally obtained by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr as a consequence of his atom model,[6][12] and also published independently by Procopiu using directly Max Planck's quantum theory.[9] In 1920, Wolfgang Pauli gave the Bohr magneton its name in an article where he contrasted it with the magneton of the experimentalists which he called the Weiss magneton.[5]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
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  3. ↑ Template:Cite web
  4. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
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    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  10. ↑ Template:Cite web
  11. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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  12. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

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