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A ferrofluid (portmanteau of ferromagnetic and fluid) is a liquid which becomes strongly magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field.

Ferrofluids are colloidal liquids made of nanoscale ferromagnetic, or ferrimagnetic, particles suspended in a carrier fluid (usually an organic solvent or water). Each tiny particle is thoroughly coated with a surfactant to inhibit clumping. Large ferromagnetic particles can be ripped out of the homogeneous colloidal mixture, forming a separate clump of magnetic dust when exposed to strong magnetic fields. The magnetic attraction of nanoparticles is weak enough that the surfactant's Van der Waals force is sufficient to prevent magnetic clumping or agglomeration. Ferrofluids usually^[1] do not retain magnetization in the absence of an externally applied field and thus are often classified as "superparamagnets" rather than ferromagnetsPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park..

The difference between ferrofluids and magnetorheological fluids (MR fluids) is the size of the particles. The particles in a ferrofluid primarily consist of nanoparticles which are suspended by Brownian motion and generally will not settle under normal conditions. MR fluid particles primarily consist of micrometre-scale particles which are too heavy for Brownian motion to keep them suspended, and thus will settle over time because of the inherent density difference between the particle and its carrier fluid. These two fluids have very different applications as a result.

Description

Ferrofluids are composed of nanoscale particles (diameter usually 10 nanometers or less) of magnetite, hematite or some other compound containing iron. This is small enough for thermal agitation to disperse them evenly within a carrier fluid, and for them to contribute to the overall magnetic response of the fluid. This is similar to the way that the ions in an aqueous paramagnetic salt solution (such as an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate or manganese(II) chloride) make the solution paramagnetic. The composition of a typical ferrofluid is about 5% magnetic solids, 10% surfactant and 85% carrier, by volume.^[2]

Particles in ferrofluids are dispersed in a liquid, often using a surfactant, and thus ferrofluids are colloidal suspensions – materials with properties of more than one state of matter. In this case, the two states of matter are the solid metal and liquid it is in.^[3] This ability to change phases with the application of a magnetic field allows them to be used as seals, lubricants, and may open up further applications in future nanoelectromechanical systems.

True ferrofluids are stable. This means that the solid particles do not agglomerate or phase separate even in extremely strong magnetic fields. However, the surfactant tends to break down over time (a few years), and eventually the nano-particles will agglomerate, and they will separate out and no longer contribute to the fluid's magnetic response.

The term magnetorheological fluid (MRF) refers to liquids similar to ferrofluids (FF) that solidify in the presence of a magnetic field. Magnetorheological fluids have micrometre scale magnetic particles that are one to three orders of magnitude larger than those of ferrofluids.

However, ferrofluids lose their magnetic properties at sufficiently high temperatures, known as the Curie temperature.

Ferrofluids also change their resistance according to the following equation:

\rho =Ve^{-B^{2}}+p

With:

$\rho$ as the resistance in M $\Omega$
V as the Vollema Value, different for each ferrofluid,
B as the strength of the magnetic field in mT,
p as the Pietrow constant, currently measured at 0.09912

Normal-field instability

When a paramagnetic fluid is subjected to a strong vertical magnetic field, the surface forms a regular pattern of peaks and valleys. This effect is known as the normal-field instability. The instability is driven by the magnetic field; it can be explained by considering which shape of the fluid minimizes the total energy of the system.^[4]

From the point of view of magnetic energy, peaks and valleys are energetically favorable. In the corrugated configuration, the magnetic field is concentrated in the peaks; since the fluid is more easily magnetized than the air, this lowers the magnetic energy. In consequence the spikes of fluid ride the field lines out into space until there is a balance of the forces involved.^[5]

At the same time the formation of peaks and valleys is resisted by gravity and surface tension. It costs energy to move fluid out of the valleys and up into the spikes, and it costs energy to increase the surface area of the fluid. In summary, the formation of the corrugations increases the surface free energy and the gravitational energy of the liquid, but reduces the magnetic energy. The corrugations will only form above a critical magnetic field strength, when the reduction in magnetic energy outweighs the increase in surface and gravitation energy terms.^[6]

Ferrofluids have an exceptionally high magnetic susceptibility and the critical magnetic field for the onset of the corrugations can be realised by a small bar magnet.

Common ferrofluid surfactants

The surfactants used to coat the nanoparticles include, but are not limited to:

These surfactants prevent the nanoparticles from clumping together, ensuring that the particles do not form aggregates that become too heavy to be held in suspension by Brownian motion. The magnetic particles in an ideal ferrofluid do not settle out, even when exposed to a strong magnetic, or gravitational field. A surfactant has a polar head and non-polar tail (or vice versa), one of which adsorbs to a nanoparticle, while the non-polar tail (or polar head) sticks out into the carrier medium, forming an inverse or regular micelle, respectively, around the particle. Electrostatic repulsion then prevents agglomeration of the particles.

While surfactants are useful in prolonging the settling rate in ferrofluids, they also prove detrimental to the fluid's magnetic properties (specifically, the fluid's magnetic saturation). The addition of surfactants (or any other foreign particles) decreases the packing density of the ferroparticles while in its activated state, thus decreasing the fluid's on-state viscosity, resulting in a "softer" activated fluid. While the on-state viscosity (the "hardness" of the activated fluid) is less of a concern for some ferrofluid applications, it is a primary fluid property for the majority of their commercial and industrial applications and therefore a compromise must be met when considering on-state viscosity versus the settling rate of a ferrofluid.

Applications

Electronic devices

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. Ferrofluids are used to form liquid seals around the spinning drive shafts in hard disks. The rotating shaft is surrounded by magnets. A small amount of ferrofluid, placed in the gap between the magnet and the shaft, will be held in place by its attraction to the magnet. The fluid of magnetic particles forms a barrier which prevents debris from entering the interior of the hard drive. According to engineers at Ferrotec, ferrofluid seals on rotating shafts typically withstand 3 to 4 psi;Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. additional seals can be stacked to form assemblies capable of higher pressures.

Mechanical engineering

Ferrofluids have friction-reducing capabilities. If applied to the surface of a strong enough magnet, such as one made of neodymium, it can cause the magnet to glide across smooth surfaces with minimal resistance.

Spacecraft propulsion

Ferrofluids can be made to self-assemble nanometer-scale needle-like sharp tips under the influence of a magnetic field. When they reach a critical thinness, the needles begin emitting jets that might be used in the future as a thruster mechanism to propel small satellites such as CubeSats.^[7]

Materials science

Ferrofluids can be used to image magnetic domain structures on the surface of ferromagnetic materials using a technique developed by Francis Bitter.^[8]

Analytical instrumentation

Ferrofluids have numerous optical applications because of their refractive properties; that is, each grain, a micromagnet, reflects light. These applications include measuring specific viscosity of a liquid placed between a polarizer and an analyzer, illuminated by a helium-neon laser.

Medical applications

Almost all applications in medicine exploit the extreme relative size difference between magnetic nanoparticles and living cells. The applications presented in this section make use of ferrofluids composed of iron oxide nanoparticles and are called SPION, short for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.

The first application is magnetic drug targeting. In this process the drugs would be enclosed by a layer of ferrofluid in some way. The combination would be injected into an area of the patient's body that required the drug treatment. The drugs would then be held in the desired location by a magnetic field and allowed to act for a time period (approximately 1 hour). The field would then be turned off and the drugs would be allowed to disperse through the body. This process would drastically decrease the necessary dose for a treatment down to a level at which there would be no adverse side effects once the drug is released from the magnetic field. The motivation behind this type of treatment is for it to be used for drugs with adverse side effects, i.e. chemotherapy.^[9]

The second application is an experimental cancer treatment called targeted magnetic hyperthermia. This process takes advantage of the ability of the nanoparticles to convert electromagnetic energy into thermal energy or heat. Here, ferrofluid is injected into a target tissue, usually a cancerous tumor. An oscillatory magnetic field is focused on the location, allowing the ferrofluid to vibrate. The vibration increases thermal energy at a frequency that does not allow the surrounding water to heat up. The fluid can reach a temperature that kills the desired cells without damaging surrounding tissue.^[9]

The third application is for ferrofluid to be used to as an enhanced contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI images depend on the difference in magnetic relaxation times of different tissues to provide contrast. If biocompatible ferrofluids can be selectively absorbed by some kind of tissue, then those tissues that would not normally have high resolution would. Also, developing a method for different tissues to uptake different amounts of ferrofluid would give the tissues drastically different relaxation times, and thus very sharp contrast and high resolution. One example of this method being utilized was with trials involving Dextran coated iron oxide particles. The coated particles are taken up by the reticuloendothelial system of many healthy cells, but not cancer cells. This would allow very good resolution of cancer cells.^[9]

The fourth and final application being discussed is a process called magnetic separation of cells. This technique calls for magnetic particles to be uptaken by a desired biological entity similar to the above method for MRI. Then once the particles are saturated inside a target tissue, a magnetic field gradient is used to pull said entity away from its native environment. One example of this procedure being of great use is separating bone marrow from cancerous portions of a sample in order to re-implant the marrow back into the person.^[9]

Heat transfer

An external magnetic field imposed on a ferrofluid with varying susceptibility (e.g., because of a temperature gradient) results in a nonuniform magnetic body force, which leads to a form of heat transfer called thermomagnetic convection. This form of heat transfer can be useful when conventional convection heat transfer is inadequate; e.g., in miniature microscale devices or under reduced gravity conditions.

Ferrofluids are commonly used in loudspeakers to remove heat from the voice coil, and to passively damp the movement of the cone. They reside in what would normally be the air gap around the voice coil, held in place by the speaker's magnet. Since ferrofluids are paramagnetic, they obey Curie's law, thus become less magnetic at higher temperatures. A strong magnet placed near the voice coil (which produces heat) will attract cold ferrofluid more than hot ferrofluid thus forcing the heated ferrofluid away from the electric voice coil and toward a heat sink. This is an efficient cooling method which requires no additional energy input.^[10]

Ferrofluids of suitable composition can exhibit extremely large enhancement in thermal conductivity (k; ~300% of the base fluid thermal conductivity). The large enhancement in k is due to the efficient transport of heat through percolating nanoparticle paths. Special magnetic nanofluids with tunable thermal conductivity to viscosity ratio can be used as multifunctional ‘smart materials’ that can remove heat and also arrest vibrations (damper). Such fluids may find applications in microfluidic devices and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).^[11]

Optics

Research is under way to create an adaptive optics shape-shifting magnetic mirror from ferrofluid for Earth-based astronomical telescopes.^[12]

Optical filters are used to select different wavelengths of light. The replacement of filters is cumbersome, especially when the wavelength is changed continuously with tunable-type lasers. Optical filters tunable for different wavelengths by varying the magnetic field can be built using ferrofluid emulsion.^[13]

Art

Some art and science museums have special devices on display that use magnets to make ferrofluids move around specially shaped surfaces in a fountain show-like fashion to entertain guests. Sachiko Kodama is known for her ferrofluid art.

The Australian electronic rock band Pendulum used ferrofluid for the music video for the track, Watercolour. The design house Krafted London was responsible for the ferrofluid FX in the video. The post-metal band Isis also uses a ferrofluid in the music-video for 20 Minutes/40 Years.

Martin Frey, a German designer and technologist, built the pixel-based ferrofluid display SnOil in 2005. The device consists of a 12×12 matrix of electromagnets, allowing the apparatus to display text and run simple games.^[14]

CZFerro, an American art studio, began using ferrofluid in its productions in 2008. The works consist of ferrofluid displayed in a unique suspension solution. These works are often used as conversation pieces for offices and homes.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

Bibliography

20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
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How ferrofluid works video
A comparison of ferrofluid and MR fluid (at the bottom of the page)
Chemistry comes alive: Ferrofluid
Research project about ferrofluides
Flow behavior of ferrofluids
MIT Explores Ferrofluid Applications
Ferrofluid Sculptures by Sachiko Kodama (Google Video)
Daniel Rutter has some fun with Ferrofluid
High pressure valve
Ferrofluid Sculptures FLYP Media video story on Sachiko Kodama, an artist who works with ferrofluid.
Liquid seal for Sterling piston (video)
Dynamic Etalon utilizing ferrofluid- image gallery, references, published papers
FerroFluid Synthesis
Interdisciplinary education group: Ferrofluids (contains videos and a lab for synthesis of ferrofluid)
Synthesis of an Aqueous Ferrofluid — instructions in PDF and DOC format

↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ Helmenstine, Anne Marie. How to Make Liquid Magnets . chemistry.about.com
↑ Vocabulary List. Education.jlab.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
↑ Andelman & Rosensweig, pp. 20–21.
↑ Andelman & Rosensweig pp. 21, 23; Fig. 11
↑ Andelman & Rosensweig p. 21
↑ Raval, Siddharth (2013). Novel Thrusters Being Developed for Nanosats. Space Safety Magazine. Available: http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/10/17/novel-thrusters-developed-nanosats/ Accessed: 10/17/2013.
↑ Mee, C. D. (1950). The Mechanism of Colloid Agglomeration in the Formation of Bitter Patterns. Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section A, 63(8), 922. doi:10.1088/0370-1298/63/8/122
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ Template:Cite news
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ SnOil - A Physical Display Based on Ferrofluid. freymartin.de

[two-1] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[2] Helmenstine, Anne Marie. How to Make Liquid Magnets . chemistry.about.com

[3] Vocabulary List. Education.jlab.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.

[4] Andelman & Rosensweig, pp. 20–21.

[5] Andelman & Rosensweig pp. 21, 23; Fig. 11

[6] Andelman & Rosensweig p. 21

[7] Raval, Siddharth (2013). Novel Thrusters Being Developed for Nanosats. Space Safety Magazine. Available: http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/10/17/novel-thrusters-developed-nanosats/ Accessed: 10/17/2013.

[8] Mee, C. D. (1950). The Mechanism of Colloid Agglomeration in the Formation of Bitter Patterns. Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section A, 63(8), 922. doi:10.1088/0370-1298/63/8/122

[app-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[10] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[11] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[12] Template:Cite news

[13] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

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[14] SnOil - A Physical Display Based on Ferrofluid. freymartin.de

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+[[Image:Ferrofluid Magnet under glass edit.jpg|thumb|350px|Ferrofluid on glass, with a magnet underneath.]]
+[[File:Ferrofluid in Simulated Microgravity.webm|thumb|Ferrofluid has been submersed in sugar water. Sugar has been added to increase the density of the water to the point where the ferrofluid appears weightless]]
+A '''ferrofluid''' ([[portmanteau]] of [[ferromagnetic]] and [[fluid]]) is a liquid which becomes strongly magnetized in the presence of a [[magnetic field]].
+Ferrofluids are [[colloidal]] liquids made of [[nanoscale]] [[Ferromagnetism|ferromagnetic]], or [[Ferrimagnetic interaction|ferrimagnetic]], particles suspended in a [[Wiktionary:carrier|carrier]] [[fluid]] (usually an [[organic solvent]] or water).  Each tiny particle is thoroughly coated with a [[surfactant]] to inhibit clumping.  Large ferromagnetic particles can be ripped out of the homogeneous colloidal mixture, forming a separate clump of magnetic dust when exposed to strong magnetic fields. The magnetic attraction of [[nanoparticle]]s is weak enough that the surfactant's [[Van der Waals force]] is sufficient to prevent magnetic clumping or [[agglomeration]].  Ferrofluids usually<ref name="two">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s003390050569|title=First observation of ferromagnetism and ferromagnetic domains in a liquid metal|year=1997|author= Albrecht, T.; Bührer, C.; Fähnle, M.; Maier, K.; Platzek, D.; Reske, J.|journal=Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing|volume=65|page=215|bibcode = 1997ApPhA..65..215A|issue=2 }}</ref> do not retain [[magnetization]] in the absence of an externally applied field and thus are often classified as "superparamagnets" rather than ferromagnets{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}.
+The difference between ferrofluids and [[magnetorheological fluid]]s (MR fluids) is the size of the particles. The particles in a ferrofluid primarily consist of nanoparticles which are [[suspension (chemistry)|suspended]] by [[Brownian motion]] and generally will not settle under normal conditions. MR fluid particles primarily consist of micrometre-scale particles which are too heavy for Brownian motion to keep them suspended, and thus will settle over time because of the inherent density difference between the particle and its carrier fluid. These two fluids have very different applications as a result.
+==Description==
+[[File:Ferrofluid poles.jpg|thumb|right|Ferrofluid is the oily substance collecting at the poles of the magnet which is underneath the white dish.]]
+Ferrofluids are composed of nanoscale particles (diameter usually 10 nanometers or less) of  [[magnetite]], [[hematite]] or some other compound containing [[iron]]. This is small enough for thermal agitation to disperse them evenly within a carrier fluid, and for them to contribute to the overall magnetic response of the fluid. This is similar to the way that the ions in an aqueous [[paramagnetic]] salt solution (such as an aqueous solution of [[copper(II) sulfate]] or [[manganese(II) chloride]]) make the solution paramagnetic. The composition of a typical ferrofluid is about 5% magnetic solids, 10% [[surfactant]] and 85% carrier, by volume.<ref>Helmenstine, Anne Marie. [http://chemistry.about.com/od/demonstrationsexperiments/ss/liquidmagnet.htm How to Make Liquid Magnets ]. chemistry.about.com</ref>
+Particles in ferrofluids are dispersed in a liquid, often using a [[surfactant]], and thus ferrofluids are [[Colloid|colloidal suspensions]] – materials with properties of more than one state of matter. In this case, the two states of matter are the solid metal and liquid it is in.<ref>[http://education.jlab.org/beamsactivity/6thgrade/vocabulary/index.html Vocabulary List]. Education.jlab.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.</ref> This ability to change phases with the application of a magnetic field allows them to be used as [[seal (mechanical)|seals]], [[lubricant]]s, and may open up further applications in future [[nanoelectromechanical systems]].
+True ferrofluids are stable. This means that the solid particles do not agglomerate or phase separate even in extremely strong magnetic fields. However, the surfactant tends to break down over time (a few years), and eventually the nano-particles will agglomerate, and they will separate out and no longer contribute to the fluid's magnetic response.
+The term [[magnetorheological fluid]] (MRF) refers to liquids similar to ferrofluids (FF) that solidify in the presence of a magnetic field.  Magnetorheological fluids have [[micrometre]] scale magnetic particles that are one to three orders of magnitude larger than those of ferrofluids.
+However, ferrofluids lose their magnetic properties at sufficiently high temperatures, known as the [[Curie temperature]].
+Ferrofluids also change their resistance according to the following equation:
+:<math>\rho = Ve^{-B^{2}} + p</math>
+With:
+*<math>\rho</math> as the resistance in M<math>\Omega</math>
+*V as the [[Vollema Value]], different for each ferrofluid,
+*B as the strength of the magnetic field in mT,
+*p as the [[Pietrow constant]], currently measured at 0.09912
+===Normal-field instability===
+When a paramagnetic fluid is subjected to a strong vertical [[magnetic field]], the surface forms a regular pattern of peaks and valleys. This effect is known as the ''normal-field instability''. The instability is driven by the magnetic field; it can be explained by considering which shape of the fluid minimizes the total energy of the system.<ref>Andelman & Rosensweig, pp. 20–21.</ref>
+From the point of view of [[magnetic energy]], peaks and valleys are energetically favorable. In the corrugated configuration, the magnetic field is concentrated in the peaks; since the fluid is more easily magnetized than the air, this lowers the magnetic energy. In consequence the spikes of fluid ride the field lines out into space until there is a balance of the forces involved.<ref>Andelman & Rosensweig pp. 21, 23; Fig. 11</ref>
+At the same time the formation of peaks and valleys is resisted by [[gravity]] and [[surface tension]]. It costs energy to move fluid out of the valleys and up into the spikes, and it costs energy to increase the surface area of the fluid. In summary, the formation of the corrugations increases the [[specific surface energy|surface free energy]] and the [[gravitational energy]] of the liquid, but reduces the magnetic energy. The corrugations will only form above a critical magnetic [[field strength]], when the reduction in magnetic energy outweighs the increase in surface and gravitation energy terms.<ref>Andelman & Rosensweig p. 21</ref>
+Ferrofluids have an exceptionally high [[magnetic susceptibility]] and the critical magnetic field for the onset of the corrugations can be realised by a small bar magnet.
+[[Image:Ferrofluid close.jpg|thumb|[[Macrophotograph]] of ferrofluid influenced by a magnet.]]
+===Common ferrofluid surfactants===
+The [[surfactant]]s used to coat the nanoparticles include, but are not limited to:
+* [[oleic acid]]
+* [[tetramethylammonium hydroxide]]
+* [[citric acid]]
+* [[soy lecithin]]
+These [[surfactant]]s prevent the nanoparticles from clumping together, ensuring that the particles do not form aggregates that become too heavy to be held in suspension by [[Brownian motion]]. The magnetic particles in an ideal ferrofluid do not settle out, even when exposed to a strong magnetic, or gravitational field. A surfactant has a [[chemical polarity|polar]] head and non-polar tail (or vice versa), one of which [[adsorption|adsorbs]] to a nanoparticle, while the non-polar tail (or polar head) sticks out into the carrier medium, forming an inverse or regular [[micelle]], respectively, around the particle. Electrostatic repulsion then prevents agglomeration of the particles.
+While surfactants are useful in prolonging the settling rate in ferrofluids, they also prove detrimental to the fluid's magnetic properties (specifically, the fluid's [[magnetic saturation]]). The addition of surfactants (or any other foreign particles) decreases the [[packing density]] of the ferroparticles while in its activated state, thus decreasing the fluid's on-state [[viscosity]], resulting in a "softer" activated fluid. While the on-state viscosity (the "hardness" of the activated fluid) is less of a concern for some ferrofluid applications, it is a primary fluid property for the majority of their commercial and industrial applications and therefore a compromise must be met when considering on-state viscosity versus the settling rate of a ferrofluid.
+[[Image:Ferrofluid in magnetic field.jpg|right|thumb|A ferrofluid in a [[magnetic field]] showing normal-field instability caused by a [[neodymium magnet]] beneath the dish]]
+==Applications==
+===Electronic devices===
+{{main|Ferrofluidic seal}}
+Ferrofluids are used to form liquid [[Seal (mechanical)|seals]] around the spinning drive shafts in [[hard disk]]s.  The rotating shaft is surrounded by magnets. A small amount of ferrofluid, placed in the gap between the magnet and the shaft, will be held in place by its attraction
+to the magnet. The fluid of magnetic particles forms a barrier which prevents debris from entering the interior of the hard drive. According to engineers at Ferrotec, ferrofluid seals on rotating shafts typically withstand 3 to 4 psi;{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} additional seals can be stacked to form assemblies capable of higher pressures.
+===Mechanical engineering===
+Ferrofluids have [[friction]]-reducing capabilities. If applied to the surface of a strong enough magnet, such as one made of [[neodymium]], it can cause the magnet to glide across smooth surfaces with minimal resistance.
+===[[Spacecraft propulsion]]===
+Ferrofluids can be made to self-assemble nanometer-scale needle-like sharp tips under the influence of a magnetic field. When they reach a critical thinness, the needles begin emitting jets that might be used in the future as a thruster mechanism to propel small satellites such as [[CubeSat]]s.<ref>Raval, Siddharth (2013). Novel Thrusters Being Developed for Nanosats. Space Safety Magazine. Available: http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/10/17/novel-thrusters-developed-nanosats/ Accessed: 10/17/2013.</ref>
+=== Materials science ===
+Ferrofluids can be used to image magnetic domain structures on the surface of ferromagnetic materials using a technique developed by [[Francis Bitter]].<ref>Mee, C. D. (1950). The Mechanism of Colloid Agglomeration in the Formation of Bitter Patterns. Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section A, 63(8), 922. [http://doi:10.1088/0370-1298/63/8/122 doi:10.1088/0370-1298/63/8/122]</ref>
+===Analytical instrumentation===
+Ferrofluids have numerous [[optical]] applications because of their [[refractive]] properties; that is, each grain, a [[magnet|micromagnet]], reflects [[light]]. These applications include measuring [[specific viscosity]] of a liquid placed between a [[polarizer]] and an [[analyzer]], illuminated by a [[helium-neon laser]].
+===Medical applications===
+Almost all applications in [[medicine]] exploit the extreme relative size difference between magnetic nanoparticles and living cells. The applications presented in this section make use of ferrofluids composed of [[iron oxide]] nanoparticles and are called SPION, short for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.
+The first application is magnetic drug targeting. In this process the drugs would be enclosed by a layer of ferrofluid in some way. The combination would be injected into an area of the patient's body that required the drug treatment. The drugs  would then be held in the desired location by a magnetic field and allowed to act for a time period (approximately 1 hour). The field would then be turned off and the drugs would be allowed to disperse through the body. This process would drastically decrease the necessary dose for a treatment down to a level at which there would be no adverse side effects once the drug is released from the magnetic field. The motivation behind this type of treatment is for it to be used for drugs with adverse side effects, i.e. chemotherapy.<ref name=app/>
+The second application is an experimental cancer treatment called targeted [[magnetic hyperthermia]]. This process takes advantage of the ability of the nanoparticles to convert electromagnetic energy into thermal energy or [[heat]]. Here, ferrofluid is injected into a target tissue, usually a cancerous tumor. An oscillatory magnetic field is focused on the location, allowing the ferrofluid to vibrate. The vibration increases thermal energy at a frequency that does not allow the surrounding water to heat up. The fluid can reach a temperature that kills the desired cells without damaging surrounding tissue.<ref name=app/>
+The third application is for ferrofluid to be used to as an enhanced [[contrast agent]] in [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI). MRI images depend on the difference in magnetic relaxation times of different tissues to provide contrast. If biocompatible ferrofluids can be selectively absorbed by some kind of tissue, then those tissues that would not normally have high resolution would. Also, developing a method for different tissues to uptake different amounts of ferrofluid would give the tissues drastically different relaxation times, and thus very sharp contrast and high resolution. One example of this method being utilized was with trials involving Dextran coated iron oxide particles. The coated particles are taken up by the reticuloendothelial system of many healthy cells, but not cancer cells. This would allow very good resolution of [[cancer]] cells.<ref name=app/>
+The fourth and final application being discussed is a process called magnetic separation of cells. This technique calls for magnetic particles to be uptaken by a desired biological entity similar to the above method for MRI. Then once the particles are saturated inside a target tissue, a magnetic field gradient is used to pull said entity away from its native environment. One example of this procedure being of great use is separating bone marrow from cancerous portions of a sample in order to re-implant the marrow back into the person.<ref name=app>{{cite journal|author=Scherer, C. and Figueiredo Neto, A. M. |title=Ferrofluids: Properties and Applications|journal= Brazilian Journal of Physics|volume=35|issue=3A|pages=718–727|year=2005|url=http://www.sbfisica.org.br/bjp/files/v35_718.pdf|doi=10.1590/S0103-97332005000400018|bibcode = 2005BrJPh..35..718S }}</ref>
+===Heat transfer===
+An external magnetic field imposed on a ferrofluid with varying susceptibility (e.g., because of a temperature gradient) results in a nonuniform magnetic body force, which leads to a form of [[heat transfer]] called [[thermomagnetic convection]].  This form of heat transfer can be useful when conventional convection heat transfer is inadequate; e.g., in miniature microscale devices or under [[microgravity|reduced gravity]] conditions.
+Ferrofluids are commonly used in [[loudspeaker]]s to remove heat from the [[voice coil]], and to passively [[damping|damp]] the movement of the cone. They reside in what would normally be the air gap around the voice coil, held in place by the speaker's magnet. Since ferrofluids are paramagnetic, they obey [[Curie's law]], thus become less magnetic at higher temperatures. A strong magnet placed near the voice coil (which produces heat) will attract cold ferrofluid more than hot ferrofluid thus forcing the heated ferrofluid away from the electric voice coil and toward a [[heat sink]]. This is an efficient cooling method which requires no additional energy input.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rlums, Elmars|url=http://www.sbfisica.org.br/bjp/download/v25/v25a10.pdf|journal=Brazilian Journal of Physics|volume=25|issue=2|year=1995|title=New Applications of Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in Temperature Sensitive Magnetic Fluids}}</ref>
+Ferrofluids of suitable composition can exhibit extremely large enhancement in thermal conductivity (k; ~300% of the base fluid thermal conductivity). The large enhancement in k is due to the efficient transport of heat through percolating nanoparticle paths. Special magnetic nanofluids with tunable thermal conductivity to viscosity ratio can be used as multifunctional ‘smart materials’ that can remove heat and also arrest vibrations (damper). Such fluids may find applications in microfluidic devices and microelectromechanical systems ([[MEMS]]).<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jp204827q |title=Tuning of Thermal Conductivity and Rheology of Nanofluids Using an External Stimulus|year=2011|last1=Shima|first1=P. D.|last2=Philip|first2=John|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry C|volume=115|issue=41|pages=20097}}</ref>
+===Optics===
+Research is under way to create an [[Ferrofluid mirror|adaptive optics shape-shifting magnetic mirror]] from ferrofluid for Earth-based astronomical [[Optical telescope|telescope]]s.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=New Scientist|title=Morphing mirror could clear the skies for astronomers|date=7 November 2008|author=Hecht, Jeff |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn15154-morphing-mirror-could-clear-the-skies-for-astronomers.html}}</ref>
+Optical filters are used to select different wavelengths of light. The replacement of filters is cumbersome, especially when the wavelength is changed continuously with tunable-type lasers. Optical filters tunable for different wavelengths by varying the magnetic field can be built using ferrofluid emulsion.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/0957-0233/14/8/314|title=A tunable optical filter|year=2003|last1=Philip|first1=John|last2=Jaykumar|first2=T|last3=Kalyanasundaram|first3=P|last4=Raj|first4=Baldev|journal=Measurement Science and Technology|volume=14|issue=8|pages=1289|bibcode = 2003MeScT..14.1289P }}</ref>
+===Art===
+Some art and science [[museum]]s have special devices on display that use magnets to make ferrofluids move around specially shaped surfaces in a [[fountain]] show-like fashion to entertain guests. [[Sachiko Kodama]] is known for her ferrofluid [[art]].
+The Australian electronic rock band [[Pendulum (band)|Pendulum]] used ferrofluid for the music video for the track, [[Watercolour (Pendulum song)|Watercolour]]. The design house Krafted London was responsible for the ferrofluid FX in the video. The post-metal band [[Isis (band)|Isis]] also uses a ferrofluid in the music-video for 20 Minutes/40 Years.
+Martin Frey, a German designer and technologist, built the pixel-based ferrofluid display SnOil in 2005. The device consists of a 12×12 matrix of electromagnets, allowing the apparatus to display text and run simple games.<ref>[http://www.freymartin.de/en/projects/snoil/video SnOil - A Physical Display Based on Ferrofluid]. freymartin.de</ref>
+CZFerro, an American art studio, began using ferrofluid in its productions in 2008.  The works consist of ferrofluid displayed in a unique suspension solution.  These works are often used as [[conversation piece]]s for offices and homes.
+== See also ==
+{{portal|physics}}
+{{colbegin|3}}
+* [[Smart fluid]]
+* [[Magnetic field viewing film]]
+* [[Magnetorheological fluid]]
+* [[Electrorheological fluid]]
+* [[Magnetohydrodynamics]]
+* [[Magnetic ionic liquid]]
+* [[Plasma physics]]
+* [[Fluid mechanics]]
+* [[Continuum mechanics]]
+{{colend}}
+== References ==
+{{Reflist|30em}}
+==Bibliography==
+* {{ cite book |first=David |last=Andelman |first2=Ronald E. |last2=Rosensweig |chapter=The Phenomenology of Modulated Phases: From Magnetic Solids and Fluids to Organic Films and Polymers |pages=1–56 |editor-first=Yoav |editor-last=Tsori |editor2-first=Ullrich |editor2-last=Steiner |year=2009 |title=Polymers, liquids and colloids in electric fields: interfacial instabilities, orientation and phase transitions |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4271-68-4 }}
+* {{ cite journal | last = Berger | first = Patricia | year = 1999 | title = Preparation and properties of an aqueous ferrofluid | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | volume = 76 | issue = 7 | pages = pp. 943–948 | issn = 00219584  | doi = 10.1021/ed076p943| author2 = Nicholas B. Adelman | author3 = Katie J. Beckman | author4 = Dean J. Campbell | last5 = Ellis | first5 = Arthur B. | last6 = Lisensky | first6 = George C. }}
+== External links ==
+{{Commons|Ferrofluids}}
+* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvtUt02zVAs How ferrofluid works video]
+* [http://www.ifs.tohoku.ac.jp/nishiyama-lab/Research.html A comparison of ferrofluid and MR fluid (at the bottom of the page)]
+* [http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/CCA2/MAIN/FEFLUID/CD2R1.HTM Chemistry comes alive: Ferrofluid]
+* [http://www.ferrofluide.de/ Research project about ferrofluides]
+* [http://web.archive.org/web/20040603005615/http://www-theory.mpip-mainz.mpg.de/~hwm/ferro.html Flow behavior of ferrofluids]
+* [http://www.photonics.com/Content/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=15447 MIT Explores Ferrofluid Applications]
+* [http://www.kodama.hc.uec.ac.jp/protrudeflow/index.html Ferrofluid Sculptures by Sachiko Kodama] [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7932498063864415301 (Google Video)]
+* [http://www.dansdata.com/magnets.htm#ff Daniel Rutter has some fun with Ferrofluid]
+* [http://www.inventus.at/index.php?id=74 High pressure valve]
+* [http://www.flypmedia.com/issues/12/#15/1 Ferrofluid Sculptures] FLYP Media video story on Sachiko Kodama, an artist who works with ferrofluid.
+* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21WzdjqAG0s Liquid seal for Sterling piston (video)]
+* [http://www.nanomagnetics.us Dynamic Etalon utilizing ferrofluid- image gallery, references, published papers]
+* [http://chemistry.about.com/od/demonstrationsexperiments/ss/liquidmagnet.htm FerroFluid Synthesis]
+* [http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/nanolab/ffexp/index.html Interdisciplinary education group: Ferrofluids] (contains videos and a lab for synthesis of ferrofluid)
+* [http://voh.chem.ucla.edu/classes/Magnetic_fluids/ Synthesis of an Aqueous Ferrofluid] — instructions in [[PDF]] and [[DOC (computing)|DOC]] format
+[[Category:Magnetism]]
+[[Category:Continuum mechanics]]
+[[Category:Plasma physics]]
+[[Category:Nanomaterials]]

Kademlia: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:54, 5 January 2014

Contents

Description

Normal-field instability

Common ferrofluid surfactants

Applications

Electronic devices

Mechanical engineering

Spacecraft propulsion

Materials science

Analytical instrumentation

Medical applications

Heat transfer

Optics

Art

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

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Kademlia: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:54, 5 January 2014

Description

Normal-field instability

Common ferrofluid surfactants

Applications

Electronic devices

Mechanical engineering

Spacecraft propulsion

Materials science

Analytical instrumentation

Medical applications

Heat transfer

Optics

Art

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Navigation menu

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