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In mathematics, a delta set (or Δ-set) S is a combinatorial object that is useful in the construction and triangulation of topological spaces, and also in the computation of related algebraic invariants of such spaces. A delta set is somewhat more general than a simplicial complex, yet not quite as general as a simplicial set.

Definition and related data

Formally, a Δ-set is a sequence of sets $\{S_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty }$ together with maps

$d_{i}:S_{n+1}\rightarrow S_{n}$

with i = 0,1,...,n + 1 for n ≥ 1 that satisfy

$d_{i}\circ d_{j}=d_{j-1}\circ d_{i}$

whenever i < j.

This definition generalizes the notion of a simplicial complex, where the $S_{n}$ are the sets of n-simplices, and the d_i are the face maps. It is not as general as a simplicial set, since it lacks "degeneracies."

Given $\Delta$-sets S and T, a map of $\Delta$-sets is a collection

$\{f_{n}:S_{n}\rightarrow T_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty }$

such that

$f_{n}\circ d_{i}=d_{i}f_{n+1}$

whenever both sides of the equation are defined. With this notion, we can define the category of Δ-sets, whose objects are $\Delta$-sets and whose morphisms are maps of $\Delta$-sets.

Each $\Delta$-set has a corresponding geometric realization, defined as

$|S|=\left(\coprod _{n=0}^{\infty }S_{n}\times \Delta ^{n}\right)/_{\sim }$

where we declare that

$(\sigma ,d^{i}t)\sim (d_{i}\sigma ,t)\quad {\text{ for all}}\quad \sigma \in S_{n},t\in \Delta ^{n-1}.$

Here, $\Delta ^{n}$ denotes the standard n-simplex, and

$d^{i}:\Delta ^{n-1}\rightarrow \Delta ^{n}$

is the inclusion of the i-th face. The geometric realization is a topological space with the quotient topology.

The geometric realization of a $\Delta$-set S has a natural filtration

$|S|_{0}\subset |S|_{1}\subset \cdots \subset |S|,$

where

$|S|_{N}=\left(\coprod _{n=0}^{N}S_{n}\times \Delta ^{n}\right)/_{\sim }$

is a "restricted" geometric realization.

Related functors

The geometric realization of a Δ-set described above defines a covariant functor from the category of Δ-sets to the category of topological spaces. Geometric realization takes a Δ-set to a topological space, and carries maps of Δ-sets to induced continuous maps between geometric realizations (which are topological spaces).

If S is a Δ-set, there is an associated free abelian chain complex, denoted $(\mathbb {Z} S,\partial )$, whose n-th group is the free abelian group

$(\mathbb {Z} S)_{n}=\mathbb {Z} \langle S_{n}\rangle ,$

generated by the set $S_{n}$, and whose n-th differential is defined by

$\partial _{n}=d_{0}-d_{1}+d_{2}-\cdots +(-1)^{n}d_{n}.$

This defines a covariant functor from the category of Δ-sets to the category of chain complexes of abelian groups. A Δ-set is carried to the chain complex just described, and a map of Δ-sets is carried to a map of chain complexes, which is defined by extending the map of Δ-sets in the standard way using the universal property of free Abelian groups.

Given any topological space X, one can construct a Δ-set $\mathrm {sing} (X)$ as follows. A singular n-simplex in X is a continuous map

$\sigma :\Delta ^{n}\rightarrow X.$

Define

$\mathrm {sing} _{n}^{}(X)$

to be the collection of all singular n-simplicies in X, and define

$d_{i}:\mathrm {sing} _{i+1}(X)\rightarrow \mathrm {sing} _{i}(X)$

by

$d_{i}(\sigma )=\sigma \circ d^{i},$

where again dⁱ is the i-th face map. One can check that this is in fact a Δ-set. This defines a covariant functor from the category of topological spaces to the category of Δ-sets. A topological space is carried to the Δ-set just described, and a continuous map of spaces is carried to a map of Δ-sets, which is given by composing the map with the singular n-simplices.

An example

This example illustrates the constructions described above. We can create a $\Delta$-set S whose geometric realization is the unit circle $S^{1}$, and use it to compute the homology of this space. Thinking of $S^{1}$ as an interval with the endpoints identified, define

$S_{0}=\{v\},\quad S_{1}=\{e\},$

with $S_{n}=\varnothing$ for all n ≥ 2. The only possible maps $d_{0},d_{1}:S_{1}\rightarrow S_{0},$ are

$d_{0}(e)=d_{1}(e)=v.\quad$

It is simple to check that this is a $\Delta$-set, and that $|S|\cong S^{1}$. Now, the associated chain complex $(\mathbb {Z} S,\partial )$ is

$0\longrightarrow \mathbb {Z} \langle e\rangle {\stackrel {\partial _{1}}{\longrightarrow }}\mathbb {Z} \langle v\rangle \longrightarrow 0,$

where

$\partial _{1}(e)=d_{0}(e)-d_{1}(e)=v-v=0.$

In fact, $\partial _{n}=0$ for all n. The homology of this chain complex is also simple to compute:

$H_{0}(\mathbb {Z} S)={\frac {\ker \partial _{0}}{\mathrm {im} \partial _{1}}}=\mathbb {Z} \langle v\rangle \cong \mathbb {Z} ,$

$H_{1}(\mathbb {Z} S)={\frac {\ker \partial _{1}}{\mathrm {im} \partial _{2}}}=\mathbb {Z} \langle e\rangle \cong \mathbb {Z} .$

All other homology groups are clearly trivial.

One advantage of using $\Delta$-sets in this way is that the resulting chain complex is generally much simpler than the singular chain complex. For reasonably simple spaces, all of the groups will be finitely generated, whereas the singular chain groups generally not even countably generated.

One drawback of this method is that one must prove that the geometric realization of the $\Delta$-set is actually homeomorphic to the topological space in question. This can become a computational challenge as the $\Delta$-set increases in complexity.

See also

• Simplicial complexes
• Simplicial sets
• Singular homology

References

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  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
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