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[[Image:sea ice emissivity model flow diagram.png|thumb|upright=2.5|alt=Sea ice emissivity data flow diagram|[[Data flow diagram]] describing the relevant steps in a radiative-transfer-based sea ice emissivity model<ref name="Mills_Heygster2011">
{{cite techreport
|author=Peter Mills and Georg Heygster
|title=Sea ice brightness temperature as a function of ice thickness: Computed curves for AMSR-E and SMOS (frequencies from 1.4 to 89 GHz)
|url=http://peteysoft.users.sourceforge.net/tstudy.pdf
|institute=Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen
|number=DFG project HE-1746-15
|year=2011}}</ref>
]]
With increased interest in sea ice and its effects on the global [[climate]], efficient methods are required to monitor both its extent and exchange processes.  Satellite-mounted, [[microwave]] [[radiometers]], such [[SSMI]], [[AMSR]] and [[Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit|AMSU]], are an ideal tool for the task because they can see through cloud cover, and they have frequent, global coverage.  A passive microwave instrument detects objects through emitted radiation since different substance have different [[emission spectra]].  To help us detect sea ice more efficiently, we need to model these emission processes.  The interaction of sea ice with electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range is still not well understood.


==Radiative transfer modelling==


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[[Image:Rt diag.gif||thumb|right|upright=2|alt=Sea ice RT|Diagram illustrating radiative transfer in a discontinuous medium, such as sea ice.<ref name="smos_final"/>]]


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When scattering is neglected, sea ice emissivity can be modelled through [[radiative transfer]]. The diagram to the right shows a ray passing through an ice sheet with several layers. These layers represent the air above the ice, the snow layer (if applicable), ice with different electro-magnetic properties and the water below the ice. Interfaces between the layers may be continuous (in the case of ice with varying salt content along the vertical axis, but formed in the same way and in the same time period), in which case the reflection coefficients, ''R<sub>i</sub>'' will be zero, or discontinuous (in the case of the ice-snow interface), in which case reflection coefficients must be calculated—see below. Each layer is characterized by its physical properties: temperature, ''T<sub>i</sub>'', complex permittivity, <math>\epsilon_i</math> and thickness, <math>\Delta z_i</math>, and will have an upwelling component of the radiation, <math>T_i \uparrow</math>, and a downwelling component, <math>T_i \downarrow</math>, passing through it. Since we assume plane-parallel geometry, all reflected rays will be at the same angle and we need only account for radiation along a single line-of-sight.


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Summing the contributions from each layer generates the following [[sparse matrix|sparse]] [[system of linear equations]]:


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:<math>
T_i \uparrow - \tau_i (1-R_i) T_{i+1} \uparrow - \tau_i R_i T_i \downarrow
  = (1 - \tau_i) T_i
</math>
:<math>
T_i \downarrow - \tau_i (1-R_{i-1}) T_{i-1} \downarrow - \tau_i R_{i-1} T_i \uparrow
= (1 - \tau_i) T_i
</math>
<ref name="Mills_Heygster2010">
{{cite journal
| title=Sea ice emissivity modelling at L-band and application to Pol-Ice campaign field data
| journal=IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
| year=2011
| author=Peter Mills and Georg Heygster
| number=2
| volume=49
| pages=612–627
| url=http://peteysoft.users.sourceforge.net/smos_ieee.pdf
| doi=10.1109/TGRS.2010.2060729
}}</ref>


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where ''R<sub>i</sub>'' is the ''i''th [[reflection coefficient]], calculated via the
[[Fresnel equations]] and <math>\tau_i</math> is the ''i''th [[transmission coefficient]]:


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: <math>
\tau_i = \exp \left (- \frac{\alpha_i \, \Delta z_i}{\cos \theta_i} \right )
</math>
 
where <math>\theta_i</math> is the transmission angle in the ''i''th layer, from [[Snell's law]], <math>\Delta z_i</math> is the layer thickness and <math>\alpha_i</math> is the [[attenuation coefficient]]:
 
: <math>
\alpha_i = \frac{4 \pi \nu}{c} \mathrm{Imag}\, n_i
</math>
 
where <math>\nu</math> is the frequency and ''c'' is the speed of light—see [[Beer's law]].
The most important quantity in this calculation, and also the most difficult to establish with any certainty, is the complex [[refractive index]],
''n<sub>i</sub>''. Since sea ice is non-[[magnetic]], it can be calculated from relative [[permittivity]] alone:
 
<math>
n_i=\sqrt{\epsilon_i}
</math>
 
==Effective permittivity==
 
As established in the previous section, the most important quantity in radiative transfer calculations of sea ice is the [[relative permittivity]].  Sea ice is a complex composite composed of pure ice and included pockets of air and highly saline [[brine]]. The electro-magnetic properties of such a mixture will be different from, and normally somewhere in between (though not always—see, for instance, [[metamaterial]]), those of its constituents. Since it is not just the relative composition that is important, but also the geometry, the calculation of [[effective permittivity|effective permittivities]] introduces a high level of uncertainty.
 
Vant et al.
<ref name="Vant_etal1978">
{{cite journal
| author=M. R. Vant, R. O. Ramseier and V. Makios
| journal=Journal of Applied Physics
| year=1978
| title=The complex-dielectric constant of sea ice at frequencies in the range 0.1-4.0 GHz
| volume=49
| number=3
| pages=1246–1280
| doi = 10.1063/1.325018
}}</ref>
have performed actual measurements of sea relative permittivities at frequencies between 0.1 and 4.0&nbsp;GHz which they have encapsulated in the following formula:
 
<math>
\epsilon^* = a V_b + b
</math>
 
where <math>\epsilon^*</math> is the real or imaginary effective relative permittivity, ''V<sub>b</sub>'' is the relative brine volume—see [[sea ice growth processes]]—and ''a'' and ''b'' are constants.  This empirical model shows some agreement with [[dielectric mixture model]]s based on [[Maxwell's equations]] in the [[low frequency limit]], such as this formula from Sihvola and Kong
:<ref name="Sihvola_Kong1988">
{{cite journal
| author=A. H. Sihvola nd J. Kong
| journal=IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
| year=1988
| title=Effective Permittivity of Dielectric Mixtures
| volume=26
| number=4
| pages=
}}</ref>
 
<math>
\epsilon_{eff}=\epsilon_1+\frac{V_b \epsilon_1 (\epsilon_2-\epsilon_1)/
(\epsilon_1+ P(\epsilon_2-\epsilon1)}{1-P V_b(\epsilon_2-\epsilon_1)/
\left [\epsilon_1+P (\epsilon_2-\epsilon_1) \right ]}
</math>
 
where <math>\epsilon_1</math> is the relative permittivity of the background material (pure ice), <math>\epsilon_2</math> is the relative permittivity of the inclusion material (brine) and ''P'' is a depolarization factor based on the geometry of the brine inclusions.  Brine inclusions are frequently modelled as vertically oriented needles for which the depolarization factor is ''P''=0.5 in the vertical direction and ''P''=0. in the horizontal.
The two formulas, while they correlate strongly, disagree in both relative and absolute magnitudes.
<ref name="Mills_Heygster2010"/>
 
Pure ice is an almost perfect [[dielectric]] with a real permittivity of roughly 3.15 in the [[microwave]] range which is fairly independent of frequency while the imaginary component is negligible, especially in comparison with the brine which is extremely lossy.
<ref name="Tucker_etal1992">
{{cite book
| title=Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice
| editors=W. B. Tucker, D. K. Prerovich, A. J. Gow, W. F. Weeks, M. R. Drinkwater
| publisher=American Geophysical Union}}
</ref>
Meanwhile, the permittivity of the [[brine]], which has both a large real part and a large imaginary part, is normally calculated with a complex formula based on [[Debye relaxation]] curves.<ref name="Tucker_etal1992"/>
 
==Scattering==
 
Emissivity calculations based strictly on radiative transfer tend to underestimate the brightness temperatures of sea ice, especially in the higher frequencies, because both included brine and air pockets within the ice will tend to [[scattering|scatter]] the radiation.
<ref name="Ulaby_etal1986">
{{cite book
| title=Microwave Remote Sensing, Active and Passive
| year=1986
| editors=F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore and A. K. Fung
| publisher=Addison Wesley
| address=London, England}}
</ref>
Indeed, as ice becomes more opaque with higher frequency, radiative transfer becomes less important while scattering processes begin to dominate.
Scattering in sea ice is frequently modelled with a [[Born approximation]]
<ref name="Maetzler1998">
{{cite journal
| author=Christian Maetzler
| title=Improved born approximation for scattering in a granular medium
| year=1998
| journal=Journal of Applied Physics
| volume=83
| number=11
| pages=
| doi = 10.1063/1.367496
}}</ref>
such as in strong fluctuation theory.
<ref name="Stogryn1986">
{{cite journal
| author=A. Stogryn
| title=A study of microwave brightness temperatures of snow from the point of view of strong fluctuation theory
| year=1986
| journal=IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
| volume=24
| number=2
| pages=220–231
}}</ref>
<ref name="Johnsen1998">
{{cite thesis
| author=Klaus-Peter Johnsen
| title=Radiometrische Messungen im Arktischen Ozean-Vergleich von Theorie und Experiement
| year=1998
| institution=University of Bremen
}}</ref>
 
Scattering coefficients calculated at each layer must also be vertically integrated.  The Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpack (MEMLS)
<ref name="Wiesmann_Maetzler1999">
{{cite journal
| author=A. Wiesmann and C. Maetzler
| year=1999
| journal=Remote Sensing of the Environment
| title=Microwave emission model for layered snowpacks
| volume=70
| pages=307–316
}}</ref>
uses a six-flux radiative transfer model to integrate both the scattering coefficients and the effective permittivities with scattering coefficients calculated either empirically or with a distorted Born approximation.
 
Scattering processes in sea ice are relatively poorly understood and scattering models poorly validated empirically.
 
==Other factors==
 
There are many other factors not accounted for in the models described above.  Mills and Heygster,<ref name="Mills_Heygster2010"/> for instance, show that sea ice ridging may have a significant effect on the signal.  In such case, the ice can no longer be modelled using plane-parallel geometry.  In addition to ridging, surface scattering from smaller-scale roughness must also be considered.
 
Since the microstructural properties of sea ice tend to be [[anisotropic]], permittivity is ideally modelled as a [[tensor]]. This anisotropy will also affect the signal in the higher [[Stokes parameters|Stokes components]], relevant for polarimetric radiometers such as [[WINDSAT]].
Both a sloping ice surface, as in the case of ridging—see [[polarization mixing]],
<ref name="smos_final">
{{cite techreport
| author = G. Heygster, S. Hendricks, L. Kaleschke, N. Maass, P. Mills, D. Stammer, R. T. Tonboe and C. Haas
| title=L-Band Radiometry for Sea-Ice Applications
| institution=Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen
| year=2009
| number=ESA/ESTEC Contract N. 21130/08/NL/EL
}}</ref>
as well as scattering, especially from non-symmetric scatterers,
<ref name="Emde2005">
{{cite thesis
| author=Claudia Emde
| title=[http://www.sat.ltu.se/members/claudia/publications/thesis.pdf A Polarized Discrete Ordinate Scattering Model for Radiative Transfer Simulations in Spherical Atmospheres]
| year=2005
}}</ref>
will cause a transfer of intensity between the different Stokes components—see [[vector radiative transfer]].
 
==See also==
 
* [[Sea ice growth processes]]
* [[Metamaterial]]
* [[Sea ice concentration]]
* [[Sea ice thickness]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Sea ice]]
[[Category:Remote sensing]]
[[Category:Radiometry]]
[[Category:Electromagnetic radiation]]
[[Category:Climate change modelling]]

Revision as of 03:54, 17 December 2013

Sea ice emissivity data flow diagram
Data flow diagram describing the relevant steps in a radiative-transfer-based sea ice emissivity model[1]

With increased interest in sea ice and its effects on the global climate, efficient methods are required to monitor both its extent and exchange processes. Satellite-mounted, microwave radiometers, such SSMI, AMSR and AMSU, are an ideal tool for the task because they can see through cloud cover, and they have frequent, global coverage. A passive microwave instrument detects objects through emitted radiation since different substance have different emission spectra. To help us detect sea ice more efficiently, we need to model these emission processes. The interaction of sea ice with electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range is still not well understood.

Radiative transfer modelling

Sea ice RT
Diagram illustrating radiative transfer in a discontinuous medium, such as sea ice.[2]

When scattering is neglected, sea ice emissivity can be modelled through radiative transfer. The diagram to the right shows a ray passing through an ice sheet with several layers. These layers represent the air above the ice, the snow layer (if applicable), ice with different electro-magnetic properties and the water below the ice. Interfaces between the layers may be continuous (in the case of ice with varying salt content along the vertical axis, but formed in the same way and in the same time period), in which case the reflection coefficients, Ri will be zero, or discontinuous (in the case of the ice-snow interface), in which case reflection coefficients must be calculated—see below. Each layer is characterized by its physical properties: temperature, Ti, complex permittivity, and thickness, , and will have an upwelling component of the radiation, , and a downwelling component, , passing through it. Since we assume plane-parallel geometry, all reflected rays will be at the same angle and we need only account for radiation along a single line-of-sight.

Summing the contributions from each layer generates the following sparse system of linear equations:

[3]

where Ri is the ith reflection coefficient, calculated via the Fresnel equations and is the ith transmission coefficient:

where is the transmission angle in the ith layer, from Snell's law, is the layer thickness and is the attenuation coefficient:

where is the frequency and c is the speed of light—see Beer's law. The most important quantity in this calculation, and also the most difficult to establish with any certainty, is the complex refractive index, ni. Since sea ice is non-magnetic, it can be calculated from relative permittivity alone:

Effective permittivity

As established in the previous section, the most important quantity in radiative transfer calculations of sea ice is the relative permittivity. Sea ice is a complex composite composed of pure ice and included pockets of air and highly saline brine. The electro-magnetic properties of such a mixture will be different from, and normally somewhere in between (though not always—see, for instance, metamaterial), those of its constituents. Since it is not just the relative composition that is important, but also the geometry, the calculation of effective permittivities introduces a high level of uncertainty.

Vant et al. [4] have performed actual measurements of sea relative permittivities at frequencies between 0.1 and 4.0 GHz which they have encapsulated in the following formula:

where is the real or imaginary effective relative permittivity, Vb is the relative brine volume—see sea ice growth processes—and a and b are constants. This empirical model shows some agreement with dielectric mixture models based on Maxwell's equations in the low frequency limit, such as this formula from Sihvola and Kong

[5]

where is the relative permittivity of the background material (pure ice), is the relative permittivity of the inclusion material (brine) and P is a depolarization factor based on the geometry of the brine inclusions. Brine inclusions are frequently modelled as vertically oriented needles for which the depolarization factor is P=0.5 in the vertical direction and P=0. in the horizontal. The two formulas, while they correlate strongly, disagree in both relative and absolute magnitudes. [3]

Pure ice is an almost perfect dielectric with a real permittivity of roughly 3.15 in the microwave range which is fairly independent of frequency while the imaginary component is negligible, especially in comparison with the brine which is extremely lossy. [6] Meanwhile, the permittivity of the brine, which has both a large real part and a large imaginary part, is normally calculated with a complex formula based on Debye relaxation curves.[6]

Scattering

Emissivity calculations based strictly on radiative transfer tend to underestimate the brightness temperatures of sea ice, especially in the higher frequencies, because both included brine and air pockets within the ice will tend to scatter the radiation. [7] Indeed, as ice becomes more opaque with higher frequency, radiative transfer becomes less important while scattering processes begin to dominate. Scattering in sea ice is frequently modelled with a Born approximation [8] such as in strong fluctuation theory. [9] [10]

Scattering coefficients calculated at each layer must also be vertically integrated. The Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpack (MEMLS) [11] uses a six-flux radiative transfer model to integrate both the scattering coefficients and the effective permittivities with scattering coefficients calculated either empirically or with a distorted Born approximation.

Scattering processes in sea ice are relatively poorly understood and scattering models poorly validated empirically.

Other factors

There are many other factors not accounted for in the models described above. Mills and Heygster,[3] for instance, show that sea ice ridging may have a significant effect on the signal. In such case, the ice can no longer be modelled using plane-parallel geometry. In addition to ridging, surface scattering from smaller-scale roughness must also be considered.

Since the microstructural properties of sea ice tend to be anisotropic, permittivity is ideally modelled as a tensor. This anisotropy will also affect the signal in the higher Stokes components, relevant for polarimetric radiometers such as WINDSAT. Both a sloping ice surface, as in the case of ridging—see polarization mixing, [2] as well as scattering, especially from non-symmetric scatterers, [12] will cause a transfer of intensity between the different Stokes components—see vector radiative transfer.

See also

References

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    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  5. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  6. 6.0 6.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  7. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  8. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  9. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  10. Template:Cite thesis
  11. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  12. Template:Cite thesis