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A '''Representation up to homotopy''' is a concept in [[differential geometry]] that generalizes the notion of [[representation of a Lie algebra]] to [[Lie algebroid]]s and nontrivial [[vector bundle]]s. It was introduced by Abad and Crainic.<ref>C.A. Abad, M. Crainic: ''Representations up to homotopy of Lie algebroids'', [http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.0319 arXiv:0901.0319]</ref> | |||
As a motivation consider a regular Lie algebroid (''A'',''ρ'',[.,.]) (regular meaning that the anchor ''ρ'' has constant rank) where we have two natural ''A''-[[connection (mathematics)|connection]]s on ''g''(''A'') = ker ''ρ'' and ''ν''(''A'')= ''TM''/im ''ρ'' respectively: | |||
:<math>\nabla\colon \Gamma(A)\times\Gamma(\mathfrak{g}(A))\to\Gamma(\mathfrak{g}(A)): \nabla_{\!\phi\,}\psi:=[\phi,\psi],</math> | |||
:<math>\nabla\colon \Gamma(A)\times\Gamma(\nu(A))\to\Gamma(\nu(A)): \nabla_{\!\phi\,}\overline{X}:=\overline{[\rho(\phi),X]}.</math> | |||
In the [[deformation theory]] of the Lie algebroid ''A'' there is a long exact sequence<ref>M.Crainic, I.Moerdijk: ''Deformations of Lie brackets: cohomological aspects''. J. Eur. Math. Soc., '''10''':1037–1059, (2008)</ref> | |||
:<math>\dots\to H^n(A,\mathfrak{g}(A))\to H^n_{def}(A)\to H^{n-1}(A,\nu(A))\to H^{n-1}(A,\mathfrak{g}(A))\to\dots</math> | |||
This suggests that the correct cohomology for the deformations (here denoted as ''H''<sub>def</sub>) comes from the direct sum of the two modules ''g''(''A'') and ''ν''(''A'') and should be called [[Adjoint representation of a Lie group|adjoint representation]]. Note however that in the more general case where ''ρ'' does not have constant rank we cannot easily define the representations ''g''(''A'') and ''ν''(''A''). Instead we should consider the 2-term [[complex]]{{disambiguation needed|date=June 2012}} ''A''→''TM'' and a representation on it. This leads to the notion explained here. | |||
== Definition == | |||
Let (''A'',''ρ'',[.,.]) be a Lie algebroid over a smooth manifold ''M'' and let Ω(''A'') denote its Lie algebroid complex. Let further ''E'' be a ℤ-graded vector bundle over ''M'' and Ω(''A'',''E'') = Ω(''A'') ⊗ Γ(''E'') be its ℤ-graded ''A''-cochains with values in ''E''. A representation up to homotopy of ''A'' on ''E'' is a differential operator ''D'' that maps | |||
:<math>D\colon \Omega^\bullet(A,E)\to\Omega^{\bullet+1}(A,E),</math> | |||
fulfills the Leibniz rule | |||
:<math> D(\alpha\wedge\beta) = (D\alpha)\wedge\beta + (-1)^{|\alpha|}\alpha\wedge(D\beta),</math> | |||
and squares to zero, i.e. ''D''<sup>2</sup> = 0. | |||
=== Homotopy operators === | |||
A representation up to homotopy as introduced above is equivalent to the following data | |||
* a degree 1 operator ∂: ''E'' → ''E'' that squares to 0, | |||
* an ''A''-connection ∇ on ''E'' compatible as <math>\nabla\circ\partial=\partial\circ\nabla</math>, | |||
* an End(''E'')-valued ''A''-2-form ''ω''<sub>2</sub> of total degree 1, such that the curvature fulfills <math>\partial\omega_2+R_\nabla=0,</math> | |||
* End(''E'')-valued ''A''-''p''-forms ''ω''<sub>''p''</sub> of total degree 1 that fulfill the homotopy relations…. | |||
The correspondence is characterized as | |||
:<math> D = \partial +\nabla+\omega_2+\omega_3+\cdots. \,</math> | |||
=== Homomorphisms === | |||
A homomorphism between representations up to homotopy (''E'',''D<sub>E</sub>'') and (''F'',''D<sub>F</sub>'') of the same Lie algebroid ''A'' is a degree 0 map Φ:Ω(''A'',''E'') → Ω(''A'',''F'') that commutes with the differentials, i.e. | |||
:<math>D_E\circ\Phi = \Phi\circ D_E. \, </math> | |||
An [[isomorphism]] is now an invertible homomorphism. | |||
We denote '''Rep<sup>∞</sup>''' the category of equivalence classes of representations up to homotopy together with equivalence classes of homomorphisms. | |||
In the sense of the above decomposition of ''D'' into a cochain map ∂, a connection ∇, and higher homotopies, we can also decompose the Φ as Φ<sub>0</sub> + Φ<sub>1</sub> + … with | |||
:<math>\Phi_i\in\Omega^i(A,\mathrm{Hom}^{-i}(E,F))</math> | |||
and then the compatibility condition reads | |||
:<math> \partial\Phi_n +d_\nabla(\Phi_{n-1})+[\omega_2,\Phi_{n-2}]+\cdots+[\omega_n,\Phi_0] = 0.</math> | |||
== Examples == | |||
Examples are usual representations of Lie algebroids or more specifically Lie algebras, i.e. modules. | |||
Another example is given by a ''p''-form ''ω''<sub>''p''</sub> together with ''E'' = M × ℝ[0] ⊕ ℝ[''p''] and the operator ''D'' = ∇ + ''ω''<sub>''p''</sub> where ∇ is the flat connection on the trivial bundle ''M'' × ℝ. | |||
Given a representation up to homotopy as ''D'' = ∂ + ∇ + ''ω''<sub>2</sub> + … we can construct a new representation up to homotopy by conjugation, i.e. | |||
: ''D'' = ∂ − ∇ + ''ω''<sub>2</sub> − ''ω''<sub>3</sub> + −…. | |||
=== Adjoint representation === | |||
Given a Lie algebroid (''A'',''ρ'',[.,.]) together with a connection ∇ on its vector bundle we can define two associated ''A''-connections as follows<ref>M.Crainic, R.L.Fernandes: ''Secondary characteristic classes of Lie algebroids''. In ''Quantum field theory and noncommutative geometry'', '''vol 662''' of Lecture Notes in Phys., pp. 157–176, Springer, Berlin, 2005.</ref> | |||
:<math>\nabla^{bas}_{\!\phi\,}\psi := [\phi,\psi]+\nabla_{\!\rho(\psi)\,}\phi,</math> | |||
:<math>\nabla^{bas}_{\!\phi\,}X := [\rho(\phi),X]+\rho(\nabla_{\!X\,}\phi).</math> | |||
Moreover we can introduce the mixed curvature as | |||
:<math>R^{bas}(\phi,\psi)(X):= \nabla_{\!X\,}[\phi,\psi]-[\nabla_{\!X\,}\phi,\psi]-[\phi,\nabla_{\!X\,}\psi] -\nabla_{\!\nabla^{bas}_{\!\psi\,}X\,}\phi +\nabla_{\!\nabla^{bas}_{\!\psi\,}X\,}\phi.</math> | |||
This curvature measures the compatibility of the Lie bracket with the connection and is one of the two conditions of ''A'' together with ''TM'' forming a [[matched pair]] of Lie algebroids. | |||
The first observation is that this term decorated with the anchor map ''ρ'', accordingly, expresses the curvature of both connections ∇<sup>bas</sup>. Secondly we can match up all three ingredients to a representation up to homotopy as: | |||
:<math>D = \rho +\nabla^{bas}+R^{bas}.</math> | |||
Another observation is that the resulting representation up to homotopy is independent of the chosen connection ∇, basically because the difference between two ''A''-connections is an (''A'' − 1 -form with values in End(''E''). | |||
== References == | |||
<!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --> | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
<!--- Categories ---> | |||
[[Category:Representation theory of Lie algebras]] | |||
[[Category:Differential geometry]] |
Revision as of 14:21, 23 April 2013
A Representation up to homotopy is a concept in differential geometry that generalizes the notion of representation of a Lie algebra to Lie algebroids and nontrivial vector bundles. It was introduced by Abad and Crainic.[1]
As a motivation consider a regular Lie algebroid (A,ρ,[.,.]) (regular meaning that the anchor ρ has constant rank) where we have two natural A-connections on g(A) = ker ρ and ν(A)= TM/im ρ respectively:
In the deformation theory of the Lie algebroid A there is a long exact sequence[2]
This suggests that the correct cohomology for the deformations (here denoted as Hdef) comes from the direct sum of the two modules g(A) and ν(A) and should be called adjoint representation. Note however that in the more general case where ρ does not have constant rank we cannot easily define the representations g(A) and ν(A). Instead we should consider the 2-term complexTemplate:Disambiguation needed A→TM and a representation on it. This leads to the notion explained here.
Definition
Let (A,ρ,[.,.]) be a Lie algebroid over a smooth manifold M and let Ω(A) denote its Lie algebroid complex. Let further E be a ℤ-graded vector bundle over M and Ω(A,E) = Ω(A) ⊗ Γ(E) be its ℤ-graded A-cochains with values in E. A representation up to homotopy of A on E is a differential operator D that maps
fulfills the Leibniz rule
and squares to zero, i.e. D2 = 0.
Homotopy operators
A representation up to homotopy as introduced above is equivalent to the following data
- a degree 1 operator ∂: E → E that squares to 0,
- an A-connection ∇ on E compatible as ,
- an End(E)-valued A-2-form ω2 of total degree 1, such that the curvature fulfills
- End(E)-valued A-p-forms ωp of total degree 1 that fulfill the homotopy relations….
The correspondence is characterized as
Homomorphisms
A homomorphism between representations up to homotopy (E,DE) and (F,DF) of the same Lie algebroid A is a degree 0 map Φ:Ω(A,E) → Ω(A,F) that commutes with the differentials, i.e.
An isomorphism is now an invertible homomorphism. We denote Rep∞ the category of equivalence classes of representations up to homotopy together with equivalence classes of homomorphisms.
In the sense of the above decomposition of D into a cochain map ∂, a connection ∇, and higher homotopies, we can also decompose the Φ as Φ0 + Φ1 + … with
and then the compatibility condition reads
Examples
Examples are usual representations of Lie algebroids or more specifically Lie algebras, i.e. modules.
Another example is given by a p-form ωp together with E = M × ℝ[0] ⊕ ℝ[p] and the operator D = ∇ + ωp where ∇ is the flat connection on the trivial bundle M × ℝ.
Given a representation up to homotopy as D = ∂ + ∇ + ω2 + … we can construct a new representation up to homotopy by conjugation, i.e.
- D = ∂ − ∇ + ω2 − ω3 + −….
Adjoint representation
Given a Lie algebroid (A,ρ,[.,.]) together with a connection ∇ on its vector bundle we can define two associated A-connections as follows[3]
Moreover we can introduce the mixed curvature as
This curvature measures the compatibility of the Lie bracket with the connection and is one of the two conditions of A together with TM forming a matched pair of Lie algebroids.
The first observation is that this term decorated with the anchor map ρ, accordingly, expresses the curvature of both connections ∇bas. Secondly we can match up all three ingredients to a representation up to homotopy as:
Another observation is that the resulting representation up to homotopy is independent of the chosen connection ∇, basically because the difference between two A-connections is an (A − 1 -form with values in End(E).
References
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- ↑ C.A. Abad, M. Crainic: Representations up to homotopy of Lie algebroids, arXiv:0901.0319
- ↑ M.Crainic, I.Moerdijk: Deformations of Lie brackets: cohomological aspects. J. Eur. Math. Soc., 10:1037–1059, (2008)
- ↑ M.Crainic, R.L.Fernandes: Secondary characteristic classes of Lie algebroids. In Quantum field theory and noncommutative geometry, vol 662 of Lecture Notes in Phys., pp. 157–176, Springer, Berlin, 2005.