Spherical harmonics: Difference between revisions

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The following are examples of [[orders of magnitude]] for different [[length]]s.
Many individuals enhance by the time of their discharge from the hospital yet the treatment for anorexia nervosa cannot finish there. Relapses at home after hospitalization is very well-known, over 95% of all sufferers have some sort of problem. Actually more people do relapse than those who do not, a distressing statistic for the sufferer.<br><br><br><br>Due to the fact a better system fat is connected with many ailments these as heart wellness problems, diabetic issues and various types of cancer to name a quantity of, providing a numeric importance to your body fat composition can be a fair guidebook to problems caused by excessive fat. Although it's a manual, it really is just that plus should be chosen right into element with certain other elements compared to just the BMI quantity value.<br><br>If you are 1 of those individuals who think that using a [http://safedietplans.com/calories-burned-walking calories burned while walking] for ladies is useless, then we need to understand which this belief is truly far from the truth. Here are some of the reasons why.<br><br>BMI, that stands for "body-mass index", is actually a very common measure for weight. It truly is calculated by taking a fat in kilos and dividing it by the square of the height inside metres. It is furthermore recognized since the Quetelet Index, after its Belgian founder. It is used around the planet by countless governments inside their official health specifications. Uncover out a little bit more with regards to the BMI plus certain objections inside opposition to generating use of this well-known standard.<br><br>More than 900 females were asked to engage in this research. Researchers tried to obtain out that behaviors were associated with gaining fat following pregnancy. Six months after the women's childbirths, they reported how much time they have been physically active plus have spent watching TV, and filled out a diet questionnaire.<br><br>For your concern, the actual method of finding a BMI is the fact that initially we have to take the weight inside kilograms plus divide it by a height in meters, squared plus which is the Body Mass Index. A big quantity of individuals find it extremely difficult to calculate their BMI Calculating because it happens to be a deep procedure plus it may be perfectly calculated with a doctor.<br><br>The individual can commence to develop odd food rituals like eating foods in a certain purchase plus arranging the foods in a certain means on the plate. The individual can moreover begin to excessively chew their food in the hopes that more is digested plus less can turn to fat.
 
{| align="right"
| __TOC__
|}
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=3px
! rowspan=2 | Section !! colspan=2 | Range ([[meter|m]]) !! rowspan=2 | Unit !! rowspan=2 | Example Items
|-
! ≥ !! <
|-
| Planck area || [[#lt 1E-15| ？]] || 10<sup>−35</sup> || [[fm]] || [[Quantum foam]]
|-
| [[#Subatomic|Subatomic]] || [[#lt 1E-15|10<sup>−35</sup>]] || 10<sup>−15</sup> || [[attometre|am]] || [[electron]], [[quark]], [[String (physics)|string]]
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[#Atomic and cellular|Atomic and cellular]] || [[#1E-15|10<sup>−15</sup>]] || 10<sup>−12</sup> || [[femtometre|fm]] || [[proton]], [[neutron]]
|-
| [[#1E-12|10<sup>−12</sup>]] || 10<sup>−9</sup> || [[picometre|pm]] || [[wavelength]] of [[gamma ray]]s and [[X-ray]]s, [[hydrogen]] atom
|-
| [[#1E-9|10<sup>−9</sup>]] || 10<sup>−6</sup> || [[nanometre|nm]] || [[DNA]] [[helix]], [[virus]], wavelength of [[optical spectrum]]
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[#Human scale|Human scale]] || [[#1E-6|10<sup>−6</sup>]] || 10<sup>−3</sup> || [[micrometre|µm]] || [[bacterium]], [[fog]] water droplet, human hair<ref name="Physics Factbook">
According to ''The [[Physics]] Factbook'', the [[diameter]] of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 µm. {{cite web|url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/BrianLey.shtml|title=Width of a Human Hair|last=Ley|first=Brian|work=The Physics Factbook|year=1999}}</ref>
|-
| [[#1E-3|10<sup>−3</sup>]] || 10<sup>0</sup> || [[millimetre|mm]] || [[mosquito]], [[golf ball]], [[football (association football)|football]]
|-
| [[#1E0|10<sup>0</sup>]] || 10<sup>3</sup> || [[metre|m]] || [[human being]], [[association football#Pitch|football field]], [[Eiffel Tower]]
|-
| [[#1E3|10<sup>3</sup>]] || 10<sup>6</sup> || [[kilometre|km]] || [[Mount Everest]], length of [[Panama Canal]], larger [[asteroid]]
|-
| rowspan=7 | [[#Astronomical|Astronomical]] || [[#1E6|10<sup>6</sup>]] || 10<sup>9</sup> || [[megametre|Mm]] || the [[Moon]], Earth, one [[light-second]]
|-
| [[#1E9|10<sup>9</sup>]] || 10<sup>12</sup> || [[gigametre|Gm]] || [[Sun]], one [[light-minute]], Earth's orbit
|-
| [[#1E12|10<sup>12</sup>]] || 10<sup>15</sup> || [[terametre|Tm]] || orbits of [[outer planets]], [[Solar System]]
|-
| [[#1E15|10<sup>15</sup>]] || 10<sup>18</sup> || [[petametre|Pm]] || one [[light-year]]; distance to [[Proxima Centauri]]
|-
| [[#1E18|10<sup>18</sup>]] || 10<sup>21</sup> || [[exametre|Em]] || [[spiral arm|galactic arm]]
|-
| [[#1E21|10<sup>21</sup>]] || 10<sup>24</sup> || [[zettametre|Zm]] || [[Milky Way]], distance to [[Andromeda Galaxy]]
|-
| [[#1E24|10<sup>24</sup>]] || <math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math><ref name="exponents" group=note/> || [[yottametre|Ym]] || [[Huge-LQG]], [[visible universe]]
|}
 
==Detailed list==
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various lengths between 1.6{{E|−35}}&nbsp;meters and <math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math>meters.
 
===Subatomic===
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=3px
! Factor ([[metre|m]])
! Multiple
! Value
! Item
|-
<div id="lt 1E-15"/>
|[[1 yoctometre|10<sup>−35</sup>]]
| 1 [[Planck Length]]
|0.0000000000162&nbsp;ym&nbsp;(1.62{{E|−35}}&nbsp;m)
|[[Planck length]]; typical scale of hypothetical [[loop quantum gravity]] or size of a hypothetical [[String (physics)|string]] and of [[branes]]; according to [[string theory]] lengths smaller than this do not make any [[physics|physical]] sense.<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo">{{cite news | author=[[Cliff Burgess]] | coauthors=[[Fernando Quevedo]] | title=The Great Cosmic Roller-Coaster Ride | url= | format=print | work=[[Scientific American]] | publisher=Scientific American, Inc. | page=55 | date=November 2007 |accessdate=2008-06-27 }}</ref> [[Quantum foam]] is thought to exist at this level.
|-
|[[1 yoctometre|10<sup>−24</sup>]]
|1 [[yoctometre]] (ym)
|20 ym (2 × 10<sup>&minus;23</sup> metres)
|effective [[Cross section (physics)|cross section]] radius of 1 [[MeV]] [[neutrino]]s<ref>{{cite web |author=Carl R. Nave |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/cowan.html#c1 |title=Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment |accessdate=2008-12-04}} (6.3 × 10<sup>&minus;44</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>, which gives an effective radius of about 2 × 10<sup>&minus;23</sup> m)</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 zeptometre|10<sup>−21</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[zeptometre]] (zm)
|
|[[Preons]], hypothetical particles proposed as subcomponents of quarks and leptons; the upper bound for the width of a [[cosmic string]] in string theory.  
|-
|7 zm (7 × 10<sup>&minus;21</sup> metres)
| effective cross section radius of high energy [[neutrino]]s<ref name="NaveN3">{{cite web |author=Carl R. Nave |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/neutrino3.html#c2 |title=Neutron Absorption Cross-sections |accessdate=2008-12-04}} (area for 20 GeV about 10 × 10<sup>&minus;42</sup> m<sup>2</sup> gives effective radius of about 2 × 10<sup>&minus;21</sup> m; for 250 GeV about 150 × 10<sup>&minus;42</sup> m<sup>2</sup> gives effective radius of about 7 × 10<sup>&minus;21</sup> m)</ref>
|-
|310 zm (3.10 × 10<sup>&minus;19</sup> metres)
|[[de Broglie wavelength]] of [[protons]] at the [[Large Hadron Collider]] (4 TeV as of 2012)
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 attometre|10<sup>−18</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[attometre]] (am)
|rowspan=3|
|upper limit for the size of [[quark]]s and [[electron]]s
|-
|sensitivity of the [[LIGO]] detector for [[gravitational wave]]s
|-
|upper bound of the typical size range for "fundamental [[String (physics)|strings]]"<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo"/>
|-
|rowspan=1|10<sup>−17</sup>
|rowspan=1|10 am
|rowspan=1|
| range of the [[weak force]]
|-
|}
 
===Atomic and cellular===
<!-- No more than three examples per row: choose examples from a range of sizes, and add extra examples to the sub-articles instead -->
<imagemap>
Image:Wide panorama 1e-15 to 1e-7.png||none|frame|Clickable image. The thumbnails range left to right from 1e-15m to 1e-7m. [[:Image:Wide panorama 1e-15 to 1e-7.png|(Image description)]]
rect  0 0  74 59 [[w:1 E-15 m|1 E-15m - Click on the relevant thumbnail image to jump to the desired order of length magnitude: left is 1e-15m, right is 1e-8m. Click on information icon bottom-left for description of image.]]
rect  75 0 149 59 [[w:1 E-14 m|1 E-14 m]]
rect 150 0 224 59 [[w:1 E-13 m|1 E-13 m]]
rect 225 0 299 59 [[w:1 E-12 m|1 E-12 m]]
rect 300 0 374 59 [[w:1 E-11 m|1 E-11 m]]
rect 375 0 449 59 [[w:1 E-10 m|1 E-10 m]]
rect 450 0 524 59 [[w:1 E-9 m|1 E-9 m]]
rect 525 0 599 59 [[w:1 E-8 m|1 E-8 m]]
rect 600 0 674 59 [[w:1 E-7 m|1 E-7 m]]
desc none
</imagemap>
 
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=3px
!Factor ([[metre|m]])
!Multiple
!Value
!Item
<div id="1E-15"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 femtometre|10<sup>−15</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[femtometre]] (fm)
|1.5 fm
|size of an 11 MeV [[proton]]<ref name="Nav">{{cite web |author=Carl R. Nave |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/crosec.html |title= Scattering Cross Section |accessdate=2009-02-10}}
(diameter of the [[Cross section (physics)|Scattering Cross Section]] of an 11 MeV [[proton]] with a target proton)<!-- To verify, use online form with these figures: Z=1 KE=11 A=1 and obtain cross section of 1.758 fm^2; use Area=Pi*R^2 to derive diameter (2R) --></ref>
|-
|2.81794 fm
|[[classical electron radius]]<ref>[[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]]. [http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?re CODATA Value:    classical electron radius]. Retrieved 2009-02-10</ref>
|-
|
|scale of the [[atomic nucleus]]<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Scale of the Universe |url=http://cass.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/scale.html |author=H. E. Smith |publisher=[[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] |quote=~10<sup>-13</sup>cm |accessdate=2009-02-10}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=1|[[10 femtometers|10<sup>−14</sup>]]
|rowspan=1|10 fm
|
|
|-
|rowspan=1|10<sup>−13</sup>
|rowspan=1|100 fm
|
|
<div id="1E-12"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 picometre|10<sup>−12</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[picometre]] (pm)
|...
|longest [[wavelength]] of [[gamma ray]]s
|-
|2.4 pm
|[[Compton wavelength]] of [[electron]]
|-
|5 pm
|wavelength of shortest [[X-ray]]s
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 picometres|10<sup>−11</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10 pm
|25 pm
|radius of [[hydrogen atom]]
|-
|31 pm
|radius of [[helium]] atom
|-
|53 pm
|[[Bohr radius]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[100 picometres|10<sup>−10</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|[[100 picometres|100 pm]]
|100 pm (0.1&nbsp;nm)
|1 [[Angstrom|Ångström]] (also [[covalent radius]] of [[sulfur]] atom<ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Winter |title=WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Sulfur / Radii |url=http://www.webelements.com/sulfur/atom_sizes.html |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-12-06}}</ref>)
|-
|154 pm (0.154&nbsp;nm)
|length of a typical [[covalent bond]] ([[carbon|C]]–C).
|-
|500 pm (0.50&nbsp;nm)
|width of [[protein]] [[alpha helix|α helix]]
<div id="1E-9"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 nanometre|10<sup>−9</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[nanometre]] (nm)
|1&nbsp;nm
|diameter of a [[carbon nanotube]]<ref>{{Cite journal |first=E. |last=Flahaut | coauthors=Bacsa R, Peigney A, Laurent C. |year=2003 |title=Gram-Scale CCVD Synthesis of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes |journal=Chemical Communications |volume=12 | pages=1442–1443 |url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/CC/article.asp?doi=b301514a |doi=10.1039/b301514a |accessdate=2008-11-14 |pmid=12841282 |issue=12}}</ref>
|-
|2.5&nbsp;nm
|Smallest [[microprocessor]] [[transistor]] [[Gate (transistor)|gate]] oxide thickness (as of Jan 2007)
|-
|6–10&nbsp;nm
|thickness of [[cell membrane]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 nanometres|10<sup>−8</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10&nbsp;nm
|10&nbsp;nm
|thickness of [[cell wall]] in [[Gram staining|gram]]-negative [[bacteria]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}
|-
|40&nbsp;nm
|extreme [[ultraviolet]] wavelength
|-
|90&nbsp;nm
|[[HIV|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]] (generally, [[virus]]es range in size from 20&nbsp;nm to 450&nbsp;nm)
|-
|rowspan=3|[[100 nanometres|10<sup>−7</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|100&nbsp;nm
|121.6&nbsp;nm
|wavelength of the [[Lyman-alpha line]]<ref name="ber">Cohn, J. [[University of California, Berkeley]] [http://astro.berkeley.edu/~jcohn/lya.html Lyman alpha systems and cosmology]. Retrieved 2009-02-21</ref>
|-
|380–435&nbsp;nm
|wavelength of [[violet (color)|violet]] light—see [[color]] and [[optical spectrum]]<ref name="hyp">[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/specol.html#c1 Color]</ref>
|-
|625–740&nbsp;nm
|wavelength of red light<ref name="hyp"/>
|}
 
===Human scale===
<!-- No more than three examples per row: choose examples from a range of sizes, and add extra examples to the sub-articles instead; prefer examples that are well-cited and well-known throughout the world -->
<imagemap>
Image:Icons 1e-6m to 1e5m squares 64pixel.png|none|frame|Click on the thumbnail image to jump to the desired order of length magnitude article: top-left is 1E-6m (10<sup>−6</sup>), lower-right is 1E5m (10<sup>5</sup>). [[:File:Icons 1e-6m to 1e5m squares 64pixel.png|(Image description)]]
rect  0  0  63  63 [[w:1 E-6 m|1 E-6 m - Click on the relevant thumbnail image to jump to the desired order of length magnitude: top-left is 1e-6m, bottom-right is 1e5m. Click on information icon bottom-left for description of image.]]
rect  64  0 127  63 [[w:1 E-5 m|1 E-5 m]]
rect 128  0 191  63 [[w:1 E-4 m|1 E-4 m]]
rect 192  0 255  63 [[w:1 E-3 m|1 E-3 m]]
rect  0  64  63 127 [[w:1 E-2 m|1 E-2 m]]
rect  64  64 127 127 [[w:1 E-1 m|1 E-1 m]]
rect 128  64 191 127 [[w:1 E0 m|1 E0 m]]
rect 192  64 255 127 [[w:1 E+1 m|1 E1 m]]
rect  0 128  63 191 [[w:1 E+2 m|1 E2 m]]
rect  64 128 127 191 [[w:1 E+3 m|1 E3 m]]
rect 128 128 191 191 [[w:1 E+4 m|1 E4 m]]
rect 192 128 255 191 [[w:1 E+5 m|1 E5 m]]
desc none
</imagemap>
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=3px
!Factor ([[metre|m]])
!Multiple
!Value
!Item
<div id="1E-6"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 micrometre|10<sup>−6</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[micrometre]] (µm)
|1&nbsp;µm
|also called one [[micron]]
|-
|1–3&nbsp;µm
|particle size that a [[surgical mask]] removes at 80–95% efficiency{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}
|-
|6-8&nbsp;µm
|diameter of a [[red blood cell]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/rbc.htm | title=Through the Microscope: Blood Cells - Life's Blood | publisher=Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health | accessdate=2011-09-13 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 micrometres|10<sup>−5</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10&nbsp;µm
|10&nbsp;µm
|typical size of a fog, mist or cloud water droplet. Chip [[10 µm process]] in 1971.
|-
|12&nbsp;µm
|width of [[acrylic fibre]]
|-
|25.4&nbsp;µm
|1/1000&nbsp;inch, commonly referred to as one [[Thou (unit of length)|thou]] or one [[Thou (unit of length)|mil]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 myriometre|10<sup>−4</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|100&nbsp;µm
|100&nbsp;µm
|average width of a strand of human hair<ref name="Physics Factbook"/>
|-
|200&nbsp;µm
|typical length of ''[[Paramecium|Paramecium caudatum]]'', a ciliate protist
|-
|750&nbsp;µm
|maximum diameter of ''[[Thiomargarita namibiensis]]'', the largest bacterium ever discovered
|-
<div id="1E-3"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 millimetre|10<sup>−3</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[millimetre]] (mm)
|2.54&nbsp;mm
|1/10th inch; distance between pins in [[dual in-line package|DIP]] (dual-inline-package) electronic components
|-
|5&nbsp;mm
|length of average red [[ant]]
|-
|7.62&nbsp;mm
|common military ammunition size
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 centimetre|10<sup>−2</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[centimetre]] (cm)
|1.5&nbsp;cm
|length of a large [[mosquito]]
|-
|2.54&nbsp;cm
|1 [[inch]]
|-
|4.267&nbsp;cm
|diameter of a [[golf ball]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 decimetre|10<sup>−1</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[decimetre]] (dm)
|10&nbsp;cm
|wavelength of the highest [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] radio frequency, 3&nbsp;GHz
|-
|30.48&nbsp;cm
|1 [[foot (length)|foot]]
|-
|91.44&nbsp;cm
|1 [[yard]]
<div id="1E0"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 metre|10<sup>0</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[metre]]
| 1 m
|wavelength of the lowest [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] and highest [[Very high frequency|VHF]] radio frequency, 300&nbsp;MHz
|-
|1.7 m (5 feet 7&nbsp;inches)
|average height of a human
|-
|8.38 m
|The length of a London Bus ([[Routemaster]])
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 decametre|10<sup>1</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[decametre]] (dam)
|10 m
|wavelength of the lowest [[Very high frequency|VHF]] and highest [[shortwave]] radio frequency, 30&nbsp;MHz
|-
|33 m
|length of longest [[blue whale]] measured, the largest animal<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/AnimalRecords/ | title=Animal Records | publisher=Smithsonian National Zoological Park | accessdate=2007-05-29 }}</ref>
|-
|93.47 m
|height of the [[Statue of Liberty]] (foundation of pedestal to torch)
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 hectometre|10<sup>2</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|1 [[hectometre]] (hm)
|100 m
|wavelength of the lowest [[shortwave]] radio frequency and highest [[medium wave]] radio frequency, 3&nbsp;MHz
|-
|137 m (147 m)
|height (present and original) of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]]
|-
|979 m
|height of the [[Salto Angel]], the world's highest free-falling waterfall ([[Venezuela]])
<div id="1E3"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[1 kilometre|10<sup>3</sup>]]
|rowspan=4|1 [[kilometre]] (km)
|1&nbsp;km
|wavelength of the lowest [[medium wave]] radio frequency, 300&nbsp;kHz
|-
|1609 m
|1 [[mile|international mile]]
|-
|1852 m
|1 [[nautical mile]]<br>&nbsp;
|-
|8848 m
|height of the highest mountain on earth, [[Mount Everest]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1 myriametre|10<sup>4</sup>]]<!-- Please consider renaming the obsolete term myriametre to [[10 kilometres (order of magnitude)]] -->
|rowspan=3|10&nbsp;km
|10.911&nbsp;km
|depth of deepest part of the ocean, [[Mariana Trench]]
|-
|13&nbsp;km
|narrowest width of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], separating Europe and Africa
|-
|90&nbsp;km
|width of the [[Bering Strait]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[100 kilometres|10<sup>5</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|100&nbsp;km
|111&nbsp;km
|distance covered by one degree of [[latitude]] on Earth's surface
|-
|163&nbsp;km
|length of the [[Suez Canal]]
|-
|974.6&nbsp;km
|greatest diameter<ref>{{cite journal|first=P. C.|last=Thomas|coauthors=Parker, J. Wm.; McFadden, L. A.; ''et al.''|title=Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape|year=2005|journal=Nature|volume=437|pages=224&ndash;226|doi=10.1038/nature03938| bibcode=2005Natur.437..224T|pmid=16148926|issue=7056}}</ref> of the dwarf planet<ref name="Asteroid-planet?" group=note>The exact [[Solar_System#Terminology|category]] (asteroid, dwarf planet or planet) to which particular solar system objects belong, has been subject to some revision since the discovery of [[extrasolar planet]]s and [[Trans-Neptunian object|trans-Neptunian]] objects</ref> [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]
|}
 
===Astronomical===
[[Image:Star-sizes.jpg|left|thumb|An illustration of the sizes of planets and stars]]
{{Orders of magnitude (length) imagemap astronomical-scale}}
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable" border=1 cellpadding=3px
!Factor ([[metre|m]])
!Multiple
!Value
!Item
<div id="1E6"/>
|-
|rowspan=7|[[1 megametre|10<sup>6</sup>]]
|rowspan=7|1,000&nbsp;km = 1 [[megametre]] (Mm)
|2,390&nbsp;km
|diameter of dwarf planet [[Pluto]], formerly the smallest [[planet]] category<ref name="Asteroid-planet?" group=note/> of our solar system
|-
|3,480&nbsp;km
|diameter of the [[Moon]]
|-
|5,200&nbsp;km
|typical distance covered by the winner of the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] automobile endurance race
|-
|6,400&nbsp;km
|length of the [[Great Wall of China]]
|-
|6,600&nbsp;km
|approximate length of the two longest rivers, the [[Nile]] and the [[Amazon River|Amazon]]
|-
|7,821&nbsp;km
|length of the [[Trans-Canada Highway]]
|-
|9,288&nbsp;km
|length of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], longest in the world
<div id="1E7"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[10 megametres|10<sup>7</sup>]]
|rowspan=2|10,000&nbsp;km
|12,756&nbsp;km
|equatorial diameter of the Earth
|-
|40,075&nbsp;km
|length of the Earth's [[equator]]
<div id="1E8"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[100 megametres|10<sup>8</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|100,000&nbsp;km
|142,984&nbsp;km
|diameter of [[Jupiter]]
|-
|299,792.458&nbsp;km
|distance travelled by light in one second
|-
|384,000&nbsp;km = 384 Mm
|[[Moon]]'s orbital distance from Earth
<div id="1E9"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1 gigametre|10<sup>9</sup>]]
|rowspan=2|1 million km = 1 [[gigametre]] (Gm)
|1,390,000&nbsp;km = 1.39&nbsp;Gm
|diameter of the [[Sun]]
|-
|4,200,000 &nbsp;km = 4.2&nbsp;Gm
|greatest mileage ever recorded by a car (A 1966 [[Volvo P1800|Volvo P-1800S]], still driving)
<div id="1E10"/>
|-
| [[10 gigametres|10<sup>10</sup>]]
| 10 million km
|18 million km
|approximately one [[light-minute]]
<div id="1E11"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[100 gigametres|10<sup>11</sup>]]
| rowspan=2 | 100 million km
|150 million&nbsp;km = 150&nbsp;Gm
|1 [[astronomical unit]] (AU); mean distance between Earth and Sun
|-
|~ 900 Gm
|optical diameter of [[Betelgeuse]] (~600 × Sun)
<div id="1E12"/>
|-
|rowspan=6|[[1 terametre|10<sup>12</sup>]]
|rowspan=6|1000 million km = 1 [[terametre]] (Tm)
|1.4 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km
|orbital distance of [[Saturn]] from Sun
|-
|1.96 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km
|estimated optical diameter of [[VY Canis Majoris]] (1420 × Sun)
|-
|2.3 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km
|estimated optical diameter of [[NML Cygni]] (1650 × Sun)
|-
|3.54 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km
|upper bound estimate of the diameter of [[Westerlund 1 BKS AS]], as of 2013 the [[List of largest known stars|largest known star]] (2544 × Sun)
|-
|5.9 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km = 5.9&nbsp;Tm
|orbital distance of Pluto from Sun
|-
|~ 7.5 {{E|9}}&nbsp;km = 7.5&nbsp;Tm
|outer boundary of the [[Kuiper belt]], inner boundary of the [[Oort cloud]] (~ 50 AU)
<div id="1E13"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 terametres|10<sup>13</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10 Tm
|
|diameter of our [[Solar System]] as a whole<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo"/>
|-
|16.25{{E|9}}&nbsp;km = 16.25&nbsp;Tm
|distance of the [[Voyager 1]] spacecraft from Sun ({{As of|2009|alt=as of Feb 2009}}), the farthest man-made object so far<ref>[http://heavens-above.com/solar-escape.asp Spacecraft escaping the Solar System<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
|62.03{{E|9}}&nbsp;km = 62.03&nbsp;Tm
|estimated radius of the [[event horizon]] of the [[supermassive black hole]] in [[NGC 4889]], the largest known black hole to date
<div id="1E14"/>
|-
|[[100 terametres|10<sup>14</sup>]]
|100 Tm
|1.8{{E|11}}&nbsp;km = 180&nbsp;Tm
|size of the [[debris disk]] around the star [[51 Pegasi]] <ref>[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/09/24/twin.keck.telescopes.probe.dual.dust.disks Twin Keck telescopes probe dual dust disks]</ref> <div id="1E15"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1 petametre|10<sup>15</sup>]]
|rowspan=2|1 [[petametre]] (Pm)
|~ 7.5 {{E|12}}&nbsp;km = 7.5&nbsp;Pm
|supposed outer boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50,000 AU)
|-
|9.46{{E|12}}&nbsp;km = 9.46&nbsp;Pm<br> = 1 [[light year]]
|distance travelled by light in one year; at its current speed, Voyager 1 would need 17,500 years to travel this distance
<div id="1E16"/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 petametres|10<sup>16</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10 Pm
|3.2616 light-years<br>(3.0857{{E|13}}&nbsp;km = 30.857&nbsp;Pm)
|1 [[parsec]]
|-
|4.22 light-years = 39.9&nbsp;Pm
|distance to nearest star ([[Proxima Centauri]])
|-
|4.37 light-years = 41.3&nbsp;Pm
|as of March 2013, distance to nearest discovered [[extrasolar planet]] ([[Alpha Centauri Bb]])
<div id="1E17"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[100 petametres|10<sup>17</sup>]]
|rowspan=2|100 Pm
|20.4 light-years = 193&nbsp;Pm
|as of October 2010, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet with potential to support life as we know it ([[Gliese 581 d]])
|-
|65 light-years = 6.15{{E|17}}&nbsp;m = 615&nbsp;Pm
|approximate radius of humanity's radio bubble, caused by high-power TV broadcasts leaking through the atmosphere into outer space
<div id="1E18"/>
|-
|rowspan=1|[[1 exametre|10<sup>18</sup>]]
|rowspan=1|1 [[exametre]] (Em)
|200 light-years = 1.9&nbsp;Em
|distance to nearby [[solar twin]] ([[HIP 56948]]), a star with properties virtually identical to our Sun <ref>{{cite web | last = Shiga | first = David | url = http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn12725-suns-twin-an-ideal-hunting-ground-for-alien-life.html | title = Sun's 'twin' an ideal hunting ground for alien life | publisher = New Scientist | accessdate = 2007-10-03 }}</ref>
<div id="1E19"/>
|-
|[[10 exametres|10<sup>19</sup>]]
|10 Em
|1,000 light-years = 9.46 Em or 9.46 × 10<sup>15</sup> km
|average thickness of [[Milky Way Galaxy]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Christian |first=Eric |last2=Samar |first2=Safi-Harb |title=How large is the Milky Way? |url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/980317b.html |accessdate=2008-11-14}}</ref> (1000 to 3000 ly by [[Hydrogen line|21&nbsp;cm observations]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Duncan |first=Martin |title=Physics 216 – Introduction to Astrophysics |chapter=16 |url=http://www.physics.queensu.ca/~phys216/ch16B.pdf |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-11-14}}</ref>)
<div id="1E20"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[100 exametres|10<sup>20</sup>]]
|100 Em
|12,000 light-years = 113.5 Em or 1.135 × 10<sup>17</sup> km
|thickness of [[Milky Way Galaxy]]'s gaseous disk<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.smh.com.au/milky-way-fatter-than-first-thought/20080220-1tbv.html |title=Milky Way fatter than first thought |accessdate=2008-11-14 |date=2008-02-20 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Australian Associated Press]]}}</ref>
|-
|950 Em
|100,000 light-years
|diameter of galactic disk of [[Milky Way Galaxy]]<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo"/>
<div id="1E21"/>
|-
|rowspan=5|[[1 zettametre|10<sup>21</sup>]]
|rowspan=5|1 [[zettametre]] (Zm)
|-
|50 [[kiloparsecs]]
|distance to [[Supernova 1987a|SN 1987A]], the most recent naked eye supernova
|-
|52 kiloparsecs = 1.62{{E|21}}&nbsp;m = 1.62&nbsp;Zm
|distance to the [[Large Magellanic Cloud]] (a [[dwarf galaxy]] [[orbit]]ing the [[Milky Way]])
|-
| 54 kiloparsecs = 1.66&nbsp;Zm
|distance to the [[Small Magellanic Cloud]] (another dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way)
|-
| 200 kiloparsecs = 6.15&nbsp;Zm
| diameter of [[Malin 1]], the largest known [[spiral galaxy]] so far
<div id="1E22"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[10 zettametres|10<sup>22</sup>]]
|rowspan=4|10 Zm
| 24&nbsp;Zm = 2.5 million light-years<br>= 770 kiloparsecs
|distance to [[Andromeda Galaxy]]
|-
|3.26 million light-years<br>=30.8&nbsp;Zm = 1 megaparsec
|1 [[megaparsec]]
|-
|50&nbsp;Zm (1.6&nbsp;Mpc)
|diameter of [[Local Group]] of [[galaxy|galaxies]]
|-
|5.5 million light-years<br>= 52.02&nbsp;Zm
|diameter of [[IC 1101]], as of 2013 the largest known galaxy
<div id="1E23"/>
|-
|[[100 zettametres|10<sup>23</sup>]]
|100 Zm
|300–600&nbsp;Zm = 10–20 [[megaparsecs]]
|distance to [[Virgo cluster]] of [[galaxy|galaxies]]
<div id="1E24"/>
|-
|rowspan=4|[[1 yottametre|10<sup>24</sup>]]
|rowspan=4|1 [[yottametre]] (Ym)
|200 million light-years<br>= 1.9&nbsp;Ym = 61 megaparsecs
|diameter of the [[Local Supercluster]] and the largest voids and filaments.
|-
|300 million light-years<br>= 2.8&nbsp;Ym = 100 megaparsecs
|[[Observable universe#End of Greatness|End of Greatness]]
|-
|550 million light-years<br>~170 megaparsecs ~5&nbsp;Ym
|diameter of the enormous [[Horologium Supercluster]] <ref>http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/superc/hor.html The Horologium Supercluster</ref>
<div id="1E25"/>
|-
|1 billion light-years<br>= 9.46&nbsp;Ym =306 megaparsecs
|diameter of the [[Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex]], the supercluster complex where we live.
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10 yottametres|10<sup>25</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|10 Ym
|1.37 billion light years<br>= 1.3{{E|25}}&nbsp;m = 13&nbsp;Ym
|Length of the [[Sloan Great Wall]], a giant wall of galaxies ([[galactic filament]]).<ref>[http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0310571 J. R. Gott III ''et al.'', ''Astrophys. J.'', '''624''', 463 (2005).] Figure 8 &ndash; "Logarithmic Maps of the Universe" &ndash; is available as a poster from [http://www.astro.princeton.edu/~mjuric/universe/ the homepage of Mario Juric.]</ref>
|-
|3.26 billion light years<br>=30.8&nbsp;Ym = 1 gigaparsec
|1 [[gigaparsec]]
|-
|4 billion light years<br>= 3.784{{E|25}}&nbsp;m = 37.84&nbsp;Ym
|Length of the [[Huge-LQG]], a group of 73 [[quasar]]s, the largest and most massive structure in the [[observable universe]] as of 2013
<div id="1E26/>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[100 yottametres|10<sup>26</sup>]]
|rowspan=3|100 Ym
|1{{E|10}} light-years<br>= 9.5{{E|25}}&nbsp;m = 95&nbsp;Ym
|estimated [[Distance measures (cosmology)|light travel distance]] to certain [[quasars]]
|-
|13.42 billion light years<br>=1.27{{E|26}}&nbsp;m = 127&nbsp;Ym
|Estimated [[Distance measures (cosmology)|light travel distance]] to [[UDFj-39546284]], the [[List of the most distant astronomical objects|most distant object]] ever observed
|-
|9.2{{E|10}} light years<br>= 8.7{{E|26}}&nbsp;m = 870&nbsp;Ym
|approx. diameter ([[comoving distance]]) of the [[visible universe]]<ref name="Burgess_and_Quevedo"/>
|-
|10<sup>27</sup>
|1000 Ym
|~250 billion light years<br>= 2.4{{E|27}}&nbsp;m = 2400&nbsp;Ym
|lower bound of the (possibly infinite) radius of the universe, if it is a [[3-sphere]], according to one estimate using the [[WMAP]] data at 95% confidence.<ref>http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0605709v2 How Many Universes Do There Need To Be?</ref> It equivalently implies that there are at minimum 21 [[particle horizon]]-sized volumes in the universe.
|-
|10<sup>28</sup>
|10 000 Ym
|~7.8 trillion light years<br>= 7.4{{E|28}}&nbsp;m = 74000&nbsp;Ym
|Lower bound of the homogeneous universe derived from the [[Planck spacecraft]] <ref>[http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.1181 data]</ref>
|-
|<math>10^{10^{64}}</math>
|<math>10^{10^{64}}</math> Ym
|<math>10^{10^{64}}</math> megaparsecs<br>=<math>10^{10^{64}}</math>&nbsp;m<br>=<math>10^{10^{64}}</math>&nbsp;Ym
|The size of the [[universe]] according to [[chaotic inflation theory]].
|-
|<math>10^{10^{122}}</math><ref name="exponents" group=note>10<sup>122</sup> is 1 followed by 122 zeroes, or a [[googol]] multiplied by a quadrillion. 10<sup>10<sup>122</sup></sup> is 1 followed by a quadrillion googol zeroes. 10<sup>10<sup>10<sup>122</sup></sup></sup>is 1 followed by 10<sup>10<sup>122</sup></sup> (a [[googolplex]]<sup>10 sextillion</SUP>) zeroes. These numbers are so vast that they are essentially the same in whatever units we could use to list them.</ref>
|<math>10^{10^{122}}</math> Ym
|<math>10^{10^{122}}</math> megaparsecs<br>= <math>10^{10^{122}}</math>&nbsp;m<br>= <math>10^{10^{122}}</math>Ym
|According to the laws of probability, the distance one must travel until one encounters a volume of space identical to our [[observable universe]] with conditions identical to our own.<ref name="TegmarkPUstaple">"Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations.", Tegmark M., Sci Am. 2003 May;288(5):40-51.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Max Tegmark |journal=In "Science and Ultimate Reality: from Quantum to Cosmos", honoring John Wheeler's 90th birthday. J. D. Barrow, P.C.W. Davies, & C.L. Harper eds. Cambridge University Press (2003) |title=Parallel Universes |year=2003 |arxiv=astro-ph/0302131|bibcode = 2003astro.ph..2131T }}</ref>
|-
|<math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math><ref name="exponents" group=note/>
|<math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math> Ym
|<math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math> Mpc<br>= <math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math>&nbsp;m<br>= <math>10^{10^{10^{122}}}</math>Ym
|size of universe after [[cosmological inflation]], implied by one resolution of the No-Boundary Proposal<ref>http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0610199 "Susskind's Challenge to the Hartle-Hawking No-Boundary Proposal and Possible Resolutions "</ref>
|}
 
==See also==
* [[List of examples of lengths]]
* [[List of semiconductor scale examples]]
* [[Earth's location in the universe]]
* ''[[Powers of Ten]]'', a 1968 short documentary film which depicts the relative scale of the Universe in factors of ten.
 
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
 
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.vendian.org/howbig/ How Big Are Things?] displays orders of magnitude in successively larger rooms
* [http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/Microcosm/P10/english/welcome.html Powers of Ten] Travel across the Universe. Altering perspective by changing scale by just a few powers of ten (interactive) {{dead link|date=May 2013}}
* [http://www.shekpvar.net/~dna/Publications/Cosmos/cosmos.html Cosmos &ndash; an Illustrated Dimensional Journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos] &ndash; from Digital Nature Agency {{dead link|date=May 2013}}
* [http://htwins.net/scale2/ Scale of the universe]- interactive guide to length magnitudes
 
 
{{Orders of magnitude wide}}
{{Units of length used in Astronomy}}
 
[[Category:Length]]
[[Category:Orders of magnitude|Length]]
[[Category:Orders of magnitude (length)|*]]
[[Category:Lists by length]]

Revision as of 10:16, 1 March 2014

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