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{{For|the [[alternative rock]] band|Odds (band)}}
In [[physics]], the '''Planck mass''', denoted by ''m''<sub>P</sub>, is the unit of [[mass]] in the system of [[natural units]] known as [[Planck units]]. It is defined so that
{{Redirect|Odds against|the 1966 documentary film|The Odds Against}}
:<math>m_\text{P}=\sqrt{\frac{\hbar c}{G}}</math>≈ {{val|1.2209|e=19|u=[[GeV]]/c<sup>2</sup>}} = {{val|2.17651|(13)|e=-8|u=kg}}, (or {{val|21.7651|u=μg}}),<ref>CODATA 2010: [http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?plkmc2gev value in GeV], [http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?plkm value in kg]</ref>
{{One source|date=May 2012}}


where ''c'' is the [[speed of light]] in a vacuum, ''G'' is the [[gravitational constant]], and ''ħ'' is the [[reduced Planck constant]].
'''The odds in favor of''' an [[event (probability theory)|event]] or a [[proposition]] are the ratio of the probability that an event will happen to the probability that it will not happen. For example, the odds that a [[random variable|randomly chosen]] day of the week is a Sunday are one to six, which is sometimes written 1:6, or 1/6.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Odds.html
|title=Wolfram MathWorld (Odds) |author=Wolfram MathWorld |publisher=Wolfram Research Inc. |accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref>


[[Particle physics|Particle physicists]] and [[physical cosmology|cosmologists]] often use the '''reduced Planck mass''', which is
'Odds' are an expression of relative probabilities. Often 'odds' are quoted as odds against, rather than as odds in favor of, because of the possibility of confusion  of the latter with the fractional probability of an event occurring.  For example, the probability that a random day is a Sunday is one-seventh (1/7).  A [[bookmaker]] may (for his own purposes) use 'odds' of 'one-sixth', but a more common use is "odds against", of the form 6 to 1, 6-1, 6:1, or 6/1 (all read as 'six-to-one') where the first figure represents the number of ways of failing to achieve the outcome and the second figure is the number of ways of achieving a ''favorable'' outcome.
:<math>\sqrt\frac{\hbar{}c}{8\pi G}</math> ≈ {{val|4.341|e=-9|u=kg}} = 2.435 × 10<sup>18</sup> [[GeV]]/c<sup>2</sup>.
The factor of <math>1/\sqrt{8\pi}</math>  simplifies a number of equations in [[general relativity]].


The name honors [[Max Planck]] because the unit measures the approximate scale at which quantum effects, here in the case of gravity, become important.  Quantum effects are typified by the magnitude of [[Planck constant|Planck's constant]], <math>h = 2\pi\hbar</math>.
In [[probability theory]], odds may sometimes be more natural or more convenient than probabilities. This is often the case in problems of sequential decision making as for instance in problems of how to stop (online) on a '''last specific event''' which is solved by the [[odds algorithm]].


==Significance==
In some games of chance, using odds against is also the most convenient way to understand what winnings will be paid if the selection is successful: the winner will be paid 'six' of whatever stake unit was bet for each 'one' of the stake unit wagered.  For example, a winning bet of 10 at 6/1 will win '6&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;10 = 60' with the original 10 stake also being returned. Betting odds are skewed to ensure that the bookmaker makes a profit—if true odds were offered the bookmaker would break even in the long run—so the numbers do not represent the true odds.


The Planck mass is nature’s maximum allowed mass for point-masses ([[quanta]]). If two quanta of the Planck mass or greater met, they could spontaneously form a [[black hole]] whose [[Schwarzschild radius]] equals their [[de Broglie wavelength]]. Once such a hole formed, other particles would fall in, and the black hole would experience runaway, explosive growth (assuming it did not evaporate via [[Hawking Radiation]]). Nature’s stable point-mass particles, such as [[electrons]] and [[quarks]], are many, many orders of magnitude smaller than the Planck mass and cannot form black holes in this manner. On the other hand, extended objects (as opposed to point-masses) can have any mass.
"Odds on" means that the event is more likely to happen than not.  This is sometimes expressed with the smaller number first (1:2) but more often using the word "on" (2:1 on) meaning that the event is twice as likely to happen as not.


Unlike all other [[Planck units|Planck base units]] and most Planck derived units, the Planck mass has a scale more or less conceivable to [[human]]s. It is traditionally said to be about the mass of a [[flea]], but more accurately it is about the mass of a flea egg.
==Examples==


==Derivations==
Example #1: There are 5 pink marbles, 2 blue marbles, and 8 purple marbles. What are the odds in favor of picking a blue marble?
===Dimensional analysis===
The formula for the Planck mass can be derived by [[dimensional analysis]]. In this approach, one starts with the three [[physical constant]]s ħ, c, and G, and attempt to combine them to get a quantity with units of mass. The expected formula is of the form
:<math>m_\text{P} = c^{n_1} G^{n_2} \hbar^{n_3},</math>
where <math>n_1,n_2,n_3</math> are constants to be determined by matching the dimensions of both sides. Using the symbol L for length, T for time, M for mass, and writing "[x]" for the dimensions of some physical quantity x, we have the following:
:<math>[c] = LT^{-1} \ </math>
:<math>[G] = M^{-1}L^3T^{-2} \ </math>
:<math>[\hbar] = M^1L^2T^{-1} \ </math>.
Therefore,
:<math>[c^{n_1} G^{n_2} \hbar^{n_3}] = M^{-n_2+n_3} L^{n_1+3n_2+2n_3} T^{-n_1-2n_2-n_3}</math>
If one wants dimensions of mass, the following equations must hold:
:<math>-n_2 + n_3 = 1 \ </math>
:<math>n_1 + 3n_2 + 2n_3 = 0 \ </math>
:<math>-n_1 - 2n_2 - n_3 = 0 \ </math>.
The solution of this system is:
:<math>n_1 = 1/2, n_2 = -1/2, n_3 = 1/2. \ </math>
Thus, the Planck mass is:
:<math>m_\text{P} = c^{1/2}G^{-1/2}\hbar^{1/2} = \sqrt{\frac{c\hbar}{G}}. </math>


===Elimination of a coupling constant===
Answer: 2/13.  
Equivalently, the Planck mass is defined such that the [[gravitational potential energy]] between two masses ''m''<sub>P</sub> of separation ''r'' is equal to the energy of a photon (or graviton) of angular wavelength ''r'' (see the [[Planck relation]]), or that their ratio equals one.
:<math>E=\frac{G m_\text{P}^2}{r}=\frac{\hbar c}{r}</math>
Multiplying through,
:<math>G m_\text{P}^2=\hbar c</math>
This equation has units of energy times length and equals the value <math>\hbar c</math>, a ubiquitous quantity when deriving the Planck units. Since the two quantities are equal their ratio equals one. From here, it is easy to isolate the mass that would satisfy this equation in our system of units:
:<math>m_\text{P}=\sqrt{\frac{\hbar c}{G}}</math>
Note in the second equation that if instead of planck masses the electron mass were used, the equation would no longer be unitary and instead equal a [[gravitational coupling constant]], analogous to how the equation of the [[fine-structure constant]] operates with respect to the [[elementary charge]] and the [[Planck charge]]. Thus, the planck mass is an attempt to absorb the gravitational coupling constant into the unit of mass (and those of distance/time as well), as the planck charge does for the fine-structure constant; naturally it is impossible to truly set either of these dimensionless numbers to zero.


===Compton wavelength and Schwarzschild radius===
In [[probability theory]] and [[statistics]], where the variable ''p'' is the [[probability]] in favor of a binary event, and the probability against the event is therefore 1-''p'', "the odds" of the event are the quotient of the two, or  <math>\frac{p}{1-p}</math>. That value may be regarded as the relative likelihood the event will happen, expressed as a fraction (if it is less than 1), or a multiple (if it is equal to or greater than one) of the likelihood that the event will not happen. In the example just given, saying the odds of a Sunday are "one to six" or, less commonly, "one-sixth" means the probability of picking a Sunday randomly is one-sixth the probability of not picking a Sunday. While the mathematical probability of an event has a value in the range from zero to one, "the odds" in favor of that same event lie between zero and infinity. The odds against the event with probability given as ''p'' are <math>\frac{1-p}{p}</math>.
The Planck mass can be derived approximately by setting it as the mass whose [[Compton wavelength]] and [[Schwarzschild radius]] are equal.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=WYxkrwMidp0C&pg=PR10 The riddle of gravitation] by Peter Gabriel Bergmann, page x</ref> The Compton wavelength is, loosely speaking, the length-scale where [[quantum mechanics|quantum effects]] start to become important for a particle; the heavier the particle, the smaller the Compton wavelength. The Schwarzschild radius is the radius in which a mass, if confined, would become a [[black hole]]; the heavier the particle, the larger the Schwarzschild radius. If a particle were massive enough that its Compton wavelength and Schwarzschild radius were approximately equal, its dynamics would be strongly affected by [[quantum gravity]]. This mass is (approximately) the Planck mass.


The Compton wavelength is
The '''odds against''' Sunday are 6:1 or &nbsp;6/1&nbsp;=&nbsp;6: it is 6 times as likely that a random day is not a Sunday.
:<math>\lambda_c = \frac{h}{mc}</math>
 
and the Schwarzschild radius is
Example #2: There are 5 red marbles, 2 green marbles, and 8 yellow marbles. What are the odds against picking a yellow marble?
:<math>r_s = \frac{2Gm}{c^2}</math>
 
Setting them equal:
Answer: 7/8
:<math>m = \sqrt{\frac{hc}{2G}} = \sqrt{\frac{\pi c \hbar}{G}}</math>
 
This is not quite the Planck mass: It is a factor of <math>\sqrt{\pi}</math> larger. However, this is a heuristic derivation, only intended to get the right order of magnitude.  On the other hand, the previous "derivation" of the Planck mass should have had a proportional sign in the initial expression rather than an equal sign.  Therefore, the extra factor might be the correct one.
==Alternate usage==
 
Another possible use of the word "odds" is with the word "in" to refer to the probability itself. For example, the "odds of picking a blue marble are 2 in 15" (see example #2 above). Alternatively, the word chance could be used as in: "the chance of picking a blue marble is 2 in 15".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.powerball.com/powerball/pb_prizes.asp |title=Welcome to Powerball - Prizes |author=Multi-State Lottery Association |date= |work= |publisher=Multi-State Lottery Association |accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Odds of Finding Earth-Size Exoplanets Are 1-in-4 |author=Lisa Grossman |url=http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/10/exoplanet-stats/ |newspaper=Wired |date=October 28, 2010 |accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Poker+Probabilities |title=Wolfram Alpha (Poker Probabilities) |author=Wolfram Alpha |date= |work= |publisher=Wolfram Alpha |accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref>
 
==Presentation of odds==
 
===Decimal presentation===
 
Taking an event with a 1 in 5 probability of occurring (i.e. a probability of 1/5, 0.2 or 20%), then the odds are 0.2&nbsp;/&nbsp;(1&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;0.2) = 0.2&nbsp;/&nbsp;0.8 = '''0.25'''. This figure (0.25) represents the monetary stake necessary for a person to gain one (monetary) unit on a successful wager when offered fair odds.  This may be scaled up by any convenient factor to give whole number values. For example, if a stake of 0.25 wins 1 unit, then scaling by a factor of four means a stake of 1 wins 4 units.
 
===Ratio presentation===
 
[[Fixed odds gambling]] tends to represent the probability as [[Fixed-odds gambling#Fractional odds|fractional odds]], and excludes the stake. For example 0.20 is represented as "4 to 1 ''against''" (written as 4-1, 4:1, or 4/1), since there are five outcomes of which four are unsuccessful. Thus the stake returned must be added to the odds to compute the entire return of a successful bet. In [[craps]] the payout would be represented as "5 for 1", and in [[Fixed-odds gambling#Moneyline odds|moneyline odds]] as +400 representing the ''gain'' from a 100 stake.
 
By contrast, for an event with a 4 in 5 probability of occurring (i.e. a probability of 4/5, 0.8 or 80%), then the odds are 0.8&nbsp;/&nbsp;(1&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;0.8) = 4. If one bets 4 units at these odds and the event occurs, one receives back 1 unit plus the original unit 4 units stake. This would be presented in fractional odds of "4 to 1 ''on'''' (written as 1/4 or 1&ndash;4), in decimal odds as 1.25 to include the returned stake, in craps as "5 for 4", and in moneyline odds as &minus;400 representing the stake necessary to gain 100.
 
Fixed odds are not necessarily presented in the lowest possible terms; if there is a pattern of odds of 5&ndash;4, 7&ndash;4 and so on, odds which are mathematically 3&ndash;2 are more easily compared if expressed in the mathematically equivalent form 6&ndash;4. Similarly, 10&ndash;3 may be stated as 100&ndash;30.
 
==Gambling odds versus probabilities==
{{Main|Sports betting#Odds}}
 
In gambling, the odds on display do not represent the true chances that the event will occur, but are the amounts that the [[bookmaker]] will pay out on winning bets. In formulating his odds to display the bookmaker will have included a profit margin which effectively means that the payout to a successful [[gambler|bettor]] is less than that represented by the true chance of the event occurring. This profit is known as the 'over-round' on the 'book' (the 'book' refers to the old-fashioned ledger in which wagers were recorded, and is the derivation of the term 'bookmaker') and relates to the sum of the 'odds' in the following way:
 
In a 3-horse race, for example, the true probabilities of each of the horses winning based on their relative abilities may be 50%, 40% and 10%. These are simply the bookmaker's 'odds' multiplied by 100% for convenience. The total of these three percentages is 100%, thus representing a fair 'book'. The true odds against winning for each of the three horses are 1-1, 3-2 and 9-1 respectively.
In order to generate a profit on the wagers accepted by the bookmaker he may decide to increase the values to 60%, 50% and 20% for the three horses, representing odds against of 4-6, 1-1 and 4-1. These values now total 130%, meaning that the book has an [[Mathematics of bookmaking|overround]] of 30 (130 &minus; 100). This value of 30 represents the amount of profit for the bookmaker if he accepts bets in the correct proportions on each of the horses. The art of bookmaking is that he will take in, for example, $130 in wagers and only pay $100 back (including stakes) no matter which horse wins.
 
Profiting in [[gambling]] involves predicting the relationship of the true probabilities to the payout odds. [[Sports information service]]s are often used by professional and semi-professional sports bettors to help achieve this goal.
 
The odds or amounts the bookmaker will pay are determined by the total amount that has been bet on all of the possible events.  They reflect the balance of wagers on either side of the event, and include the deduction of a bookmaker’s brokerage fee ("vig" or [[vigorish]]).
 
Also, depending on how the betting is affected by jurisdiction, taxes may be involved for the bookmaker and/or the winning player. This may be taken into account when offering the odds and/or may reduce the amount won by a player.
 
==Even odds==
 
The terms "even odds", "even money" or simply "evens" (1 to 1, or 2 for 1) imply that the payout will be one unit per unit wagered plus the original stake, that is, 'double-your-money'.  Assuming there is no bookmaker fee or built-in profit margin, the actual probability of winning is 50%.  The term "better than even odds" (or "better than evens") looks at it from the perspective of a gambler rather than a statistician.  If the odds are Evens (1&ndash;1), and one bets 10 units, one would be returned 20 units, profiting 10 units. If the gamble was paying 4-1 and the event occurred, one would make a profit of 40 units. So, it is "better than evens" from the gambler's perspective because it pays out more than one-for-one.  If an event is more likely to occur than an even chance, then the odds will be "worse than evens", and the bookmaker will pay out less than one-for-one.
 
In popular parlance surrounding uncertain events, the expression "better than evens" usually implies a better than (greater than) 50% chance of the event occurring, which is exactly the opposite of the meaning of the expression when used in a gaming context.
 
The odds are a [[ratio]] of probabilities; an [[odds ratio]] is a ratio of odds, that is, a ratio of ratios of probabilities.  Odds-ratios are often used in analysis of [[clinical trial]]s.  While they have useful mathematical properties, they can produce counter-[[Intuition (knowledge)|intuitive]] results: an event with an 80% probability of occurring is four times ''more likely'' to happen than an event with a 20% probability, but the ''odds'' are 16 times higher on the less likely event (4&ndash;1 ''against'', or 4) than on the more likely one (1&ndash;4, or 4&ndash;1 ''on'', or 0.25).
 
The [[logarithm]] of the odds is the [[logit]] of the probability.
 
==Historical==
 
The language of odds such as "ten to one" for intuitively estimated risks is found in the sixteenth century, well before the discovery of mathematical [[probability]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal |first=Franklin |last=James |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |year=2001 |pages=280–281 }}</ref> Shakespeare wrote:
 
{{quote|
Knew that we ventured on such dangerous seas<br />
That if we wrought out life 'twas ten to one
|[[William Shakespeare]]|[[Henry IV, Part II]], Act I,  Scene 1 lines 181&ndash;2.
}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Micro black hole]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (mass)]]
* [[Planck length]]
* [[Planck particle]]


== Notes and references==
*[[Galton box]]
{{Reflist|2}}
*[[Gambling]]
*[[Gaming mathematics]]
*[[Logistic regression#Formal_mathematical_specification|Formal mathematical specification of logistic regression]]
*[[Mathematics of bookmaking]]
*[[Odds algorithm]]
*[[Optimal stopping]]
*[[Statistical Soccer (Football) Predictions]]
*[[Betgenius]]


==Bibliography==
==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite arXiv |last=Sivaram |first=C. |authorlink= |eprint=0707.0058  |title=What is Special About the Planck Mass? |class=gr-qc |year=2007 |version=v1 |accessdate=13 November 2013}}
{{Refend}}


==External links==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}


{{Planck's natural units}}
[[Category:Probability theory]]
{{Portal bar|Physics}}
[[Category:Statistical ratios]]
[[Category:Statistical terminology]]
[[Category:Wagering]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Planck Mass}}
[[ca:Oportunitat]]
[[Category:Physical constants]]
[[de:Odds]]
[[Category:Natural units|Mass]]
[[es:Cuota]]
[[Category:Units of mass]]
[[eu:Momio]]
[[it:Odds]]
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[[ja:オッズ]]
[[no:Odds]]
[[pt:Chance]]
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The odds in favor of an event or a proposition are the ratio of the probability that an event will happen to the probability that it will not happen. For example, the odds that a randomly chosen day of the week is a Sunday are one to six, which is sometimes written 1:6, or 1/6.[1]

'Odds' are an expression of relative probabilities. Often 'odds' are quoted as odds against, rather than as odds in favor of, because of the possibility of confusion of the latter with the fractional probability of an event occurring. For example, the probability that a random day is a Sunday is one-seventh (1/7). A bookmaker may (for his own purposes) use 'odds' of 'one-sixth', but a more common use is "odds against", of the form 6 to 1, 6-1, 6:1, or 6/1 (all read as 'six-to-one') where the first figure represents the number of ways of failing to achieve the outcome and the second figure is the number of ways of achieving a favorable outcome.

In probability theory, odds may sometimes be more natural or more convenient than probabilities. This is often the case in problems of sequential decision making as for instance in problems of how to stop (online) on a last specific event which is solved by the odds algorithm.

In some games of chance, using odds against is also the most convenient way to understand what winnings will be paid if the selection is successful: the winner will be paid 'six' of whatever stake unit was bet for each 'one' of the stake unit wagered. For example, a winning bet of 10 at 6/1 will win '6 × 10 = 60' with the original 10 stake also being returned. Betting odds are skewed to ensure that the bookmaker makes a profit—if true odds were offered the bookmaker would break even in the long run—so the numbers do not represent the true odds.

"Odds on" means that the event is more likely to happen than not. This is sometimes expressed with the smaller number first (1:2) but more often using the word "on" (2:1 on) meaning that the event is twice as likely to happen as not.

Examples

Example #1: There are 5 pink marbles, 2 blue marbles, and 8 purple marbles. What are the odds in favor of picking a blue marble?

Answer: 2/13.

In probability theory and statistics, where the variable p is the probability in favor of a binary event, and the probability against the event is therefore 1-p, "the odds" of the event are the quotient of the two, or p1−p. That value may be regarded as the relative likelihood the event will happen, expressed as a fraction (if it is less than 1), or a multiple (if it is equal to or greater than one) of the likelihood that the event will not happen. In the example just given, saying the odds of a Sunday are "one to six" or, less commonly, "one-sixth" means the probability of picking a Sunday randomly is one-sixth the probability of not picking a Sunday. While the mathematical probability of an event has a value in the range from zero to one, "the odds" in favor of that same event lie between zero and infinity. The odds against the event with probability given as p are 1−pp.

The odds against Sunday are 6:1 or  6/1 = 6: it is 6 times as likely that a random day is not a Sunday.

Example #2: There are 5 red marbles, 2 green marbles, and 8 yellow marbles. What are the odds against picking a yellow marble?

Answer: 7/8

Alternate usage

Another possible use of the word "odds" is with the word "in" to refer to the probability itself. For example, the "odds of picking a blue marble are 2 in 15" (see example #2 above). Alternatively, the word chance could be used as in: "the chance of picking a blue marble is 2 in 15".[2][3][4]

Presentation of odds

Decimal presentation

Taking an event with a 1 in 5 probability of occurring (i.e. a probability of 1/5, 0.2 or 20%), then the odds are 0.2 / (1 − 0.2) = 0.2 / 0.8 = 0.25. This figure (0.25) represents the monetary stake necessary for a person to gain one (monetary) unit on a successful wager when offered fair odds. This may be scaled up by any convenient factor to give whole number values. For example, if a stake of 0.25 wins 1 unit, then scaling by a factor of four means a stake of 1 wins 4 units.

Ratio presentation

Fixed odds gambling tends to represent the probability as fractional odds, and excludes the stake. For example 0.20 is represented as "4 to 1 against" (written as 4-1, 4:1, or 4/1), since there are five outcomes of which four are unsuccessful. Thus the stake returned must be added to the odds to compute the entire return of a successful bet. In craps the payout would be represented as "5 for 1", and in moneyline odds as +400 representing the gain from a 100 stake.

By contrast, for an event with a 4 in 5 probability of occurring (i.e. a probability of 4/5, 0.8 or 80%), then the odds are 0.8 / (1 − 0.8) = 4. If one bets 4 units at these odds and the event occurs, one receives back 1 unit plus the original unit 4 units stake. This would be presented in fractional odds of "4 to 1 on'' (written as 1/4 or 1–4), in decimal odds as 1.25 to include the returned stake, in craps as "5 for 4", and in moneyline odds as −400 representing the stake necessary to gain 100.

Fixed odds are not necessarily presented in the lowest possible terms; if there is a pattern of odds of 5–4, 7–4 and so on, odds which are mathematically 3–2 are more easily compared if expressed in the mathematically equivalent form 6–4. Similarly, 10–3 may be stated as 100–30.

Gambling odds versus probabilities

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In gambling, the odds on display do not represent the true chances that the event will occur, but are the amounts that the bookmaker will pay out on winning bets. In formulating his odds to display the bookmaker will have included a profit margin which effectively means that the payout to a successful bettor is less than that represented by the true chance of the event occurring. This profit is known as the 'over-round' on the 'book' (the 'book' refers to the old-fashioned ledger in which wagers were recorded, and is the derivation of the term 'bookmaker') and relates to the sum of the 'odds' in the following way:

In a 3-horse race, for example, the true probabilities of each of the horses winning based on their relative abilities may be 50%, 40% and 10%. These are simply the bookmaker's 'odds' multiplied by 100% for convenience. The total of these three percentages is 100%, thus representing a fair 'book'. The true odds against winning for each of the three horses are 1-1, 3-2 and 9-1 respectively. In order to generate a profit on the wagers accepted by the bookmaker he may decide to increase the values to 60%, 50% and 20% for the three horses, representing odds against of 4-6, 1-1 and 4-1. These values now total 130%, meaning that the book has an overround of 30 (130 − 100). This value of 30 represents the amount of profit for the bookmaker if he accepts bets in the correct proportions on each of the horses. The art of bookmaking is that he will take in, for example, $130 in wagers and only pay $100 back (including stakes) no matter which horse wins.

Profiting in gambling involves predicting the relationship of the true probabilities to the payout odds. Sports information services are often used by professional and semi-professional sports bettors to help achieve this goal.

The odds or amounts the bookmaker will pay are determined by the total amount that has been bet on all of the possible events. They reflect the balance of wagers on either side of the event, and include the deduction of a bookmaker’s brokerage fee ("vig" or vigorish).

Also, depending on how the betting is affected by jurisdiction, taxes may be involved for the bookmaker and/or the winning player. This may be taken into account when offering the odds and/or may reduce the amount won by a player.

Even odds

The terms "even odds", "even money" or simply "evens" (1 to 1, or 2 for 1) imply that the payout will be one unit per unit wagered plus the original stake, that is, 'double-your-money'. Assuming there is no bookmaker fee or built-in profit margin, the actual probability of winning is 50%. The term "better than even odds" (or "better than evens") looks at it from the perspective of a gambler rather than a statistician. If the odds are Evens (1–1), and one bets 10 units, one would be returned 20 units, profiting 10 units. If the gamble was paying 4-1 and the event occurred, one would make a profit of 40 units. So, it is "better than evens" from the gambler's perspective because it pays out more than one-for-one. If an event is more likely to occur than an even chance, then the odds will be "worse than evens", and the bookmaker will pay out less than one-for-one.

In popular parlance surrounding uncertain events, the expression "better than evens" usually implies a better than (greater than) 50% chance of the event occurring, which is exactly the opposite of the meaning of the expression when used in a gaming context.

The odds are a ratio of probabilities; an odds ratio is a ratio of odds, that is, a ratio of ratios of probabilities. Odds-ratios are often used in analysis of clinical trials. While they have useful mathematical properties, they can produce counter-intuitive results: an event with an 80% probability of occurring is four times more likely to happen than an event with a 20% probability, but the odds are 16 times higher on the less likely event (4–1 against, or 4) than on the more likely one (1–4, or 4–1 on, or 0.25).

The logarithm of the odds is the logit of the probability.

Historical

The language of odds such as "ten to one" for intuitively estimated risks is found in the sixteenth century, well before the discovery of mathematical probability.[5] Shakespeare wrote:

31 year-old Systems Analyst Bud from Deep River, spends time with pursuits for instance r/c cars, property developers new condo in singapore singapore and books. Last month just traveled to Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape.

See also

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. 30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí.

ca:Oportunitat de:Odds es:Cuota eu:Momio it:Odds nl:Odds ja:オッズ no:Odds pt:Chance ru:Фора simple:Odds sv:Odds tr:Olasılıklar oranı zh:发生比

  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ Template:Cite web
  3. ↑ Template:Cite news
  4. ↑ Template:Cite web
  5. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
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