Apollonian gasket: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 05:10, 4 October 2013

Direct-methanol fuel cells or DMFCs are a subcategory of proton-exchange fuel cells in which methanol is used as the fuel. Their main advantage is the ease of transport of methanol, an energy-dense yet reasonably stable liquid at all environmental conditions.

Efficiency is quite low for these cells, so they are targeted especially to portable applications, where energy and power density are more important than efficiency.

A more efficient version of a direct fuel cell would play a key role in the theoretical use of methanol as a general energy transport medium, in the hypothesized methanol economy.

The cell

In contrast to indirect methanol fuel cells, where methanol is reacted to hydrogen by steam reforming, DMFCs use a methanol solution (usually around 1M, i.e. about 3% in mass) to carry the reactant into the cell; common operating temperatures are in the range 50–120 °C, where high temperatures are usually pressurized. DMFCs themselves are more efficient at high temperatures and pressures, but these conditions end up causing so many losses in the complete system that the advantage is lost;^[1] therefore, atmospheric-pressure configurations are currently preferred.

Because of the methanol cross-over, a phenomenon by which methanol diffuses through the membrane without reacting, methanol is fed as a weak solution: this decreases efficiency significantly, since crossed-over methanol, after reaching the air side (the cathode), immediately reacts with air; though the exact kinetics are debated, the end result is a reduction of the cell voltage. Cross-over remains a major factor in inefficiencies, and often half of the methanol is lost to cross-over. Methanol cross-over and/or its effects can be alleviated by (a) developing alternative membranes (e.g. ^[2]), (b) improving the electro-oxidation process in the catalyst layer and improving the structure of the catalyst and gas diffusion layers (e.g. ^[3] ), and (c) optimizing the design of the flow field and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) which can be achieved by studying the current density distributions (e.g. ^[4] ).

Other issues include the management of carbon dioxide created at the anode, the sluggish dynamic behavior, and the ability to maintain the solution water.

The only waste products with these types of fuel cells are carbon dioxide and water.

History

In 1990 superacid specialist Dr. Surya Prakash, and Nobel laureate Dr. George A. Olah, both of the University of Southern California's Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, invented a fuel cell that would directly convert methanol to electricity. USC, in a collaborative effort with Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) proceeded to invent the direct oxidation of liquid hydrocarbons subsequently coined as DMFC, Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Technology. Others were involved in the invention, including California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and DTI Energy, Inc. Some advances in DMFC have been: bringing down the fuel crossover, miniaturizing the cell for consumer and military products, ceramic plates, carbon nanotubes, porous silicon layers and oxidation reduction.

Application

Current DMFCs are limited in the power they can produce, but can still store a high energy content in a small space. This means they can produce a small amount of power over a long period of time. This makes them ill-suited for powering large vehicles (at least directly), but ideal for smaller vehicles such as forklifts and tuggers^[5] and consumer goods such as mobile phones, digital cameras or laptops. Military applications of DMFCs are an emerging application since they have low noise and thermal signatures and no toxic effluent. These applications include power for man-portable tactical equipment, battery chargers, and autonomous power for test and training instrumentation. Units are available with power outputs between 25 watts and 5 kilowatts with durations up to 100 hours between refuelings.

Methanol

Methanol is a liquid from -97.0 °C to 64.7 °C at atmospheric pressure. The energy density of methanol is an order of magnitude greater than even highly compressed hydrogen, and 15 times higher than Lithium-ion batteries.

Methanol is toxic and flammable. However, the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Dangerous Goods Panel (DGP) voted in November 2005 to allow passengers to carry and use micro fuel cells and methanol fuel cartridges when aboard airplanes to power laptop computers and other consumer electronic devices. On September 24, 2007, the US Department of Transportation issued a proposal to allow airline passengers to carry fuel cell cartridges on board.^[6] The Department of Transportation issued a final ruling on April 30, 2008, permitting passengers and crew to carry an approved fuel cell with an installed methanol cartridge and up to two additional spare cartridges.^[7] It is worth noting that 200 ml maximum methanol cartridge volume allowed in the final ruling is double the 100 ml limit on liquids allowed by the Transportation Security Administration in carry-on bags.^[8]

Reaction

The DMFC relies upon the oxidation of methanol on a catalyst layer to form carbon dioxide. Water is consumed at the anode and is produced at the cathode. Protons (H⁺) are transported across the proton exchange membrane - often made from Nafion - to the cathode where they react with oxygen to produce water. Electrons are transported through an external circuit from anode to cathode, providing power to connected devices.

The half-reactions are:

	Equation
Anode	$\mathrm {CH_{3}OH+H_{2}O\to 6\ H^{+}+6\ e^{-}+CO_{2}}$ oxidation
Cathode	$\mathrm {{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}+6\ H^{+}+6\ e^{-}\to 3\ H_{2}O}$ reduction
Overall reaction	$\mathrm {CH_{3}OH+{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}\to 2\ H_{2}O+CO_{2}}$ redox reaction

Methanol and water are adsorbed on a catalyst usually made of platinum and ruthenium particles, and lose protons until carbon dioxide is formed. As water is consumed at the anode in the reaction, pure methanol cannot be used without provision of water via either passive transport such as back diffusion (osmosis), or active transport such as pumping. The need for water limits the energy density of the fuel.

Platinum is used as a catalyst for both half-reactions. This contributes to the loss of cell voltage potential, as any methanol that is present in the cathode chamber will oxidize. If another catalyst could be found for the reduction of oxygen, the problem of methanol crossover would likely be significantly lessened. Furthermore, platinum is very expensive and contributes to the high cost per kilowatt of these cells.

During the methanol oxidation reaction carbon monoxide (CO) is formed, which strongly adsorbs onto the platinum catalyst, reducing the surface area and thus the performance of the cell. The addition of other components, such as ruthenium or gold, to the catalyst tends to ameliorate this problem because, according to the most well-established theory in the field, these catalysts oxidize water to yield OH radicals: H₂O → OH• + H⁺ + e^-. The OH species from the oxidized water molecule oxidizes CO to produce CO₂ which can then be released as a gas: CO + OH• → CO₂ + H⁺ + e^-.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

Using these OH groups in the half reactions, they are also expressed as:

	Equation
Anode	$\mathrm {CH_{3}OH+6\ OH^{-}\to 5\ H_{2}O+6\ e^{-}+CO_{2}}$ oxidation
Cathode	$\mathrm {{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}+3\ H_{2}O+6\ e^{-}\to 6\ OH^{-}}$ reduction
Overall reaction	$\mathrm {CH_{3}OH+{\frac {3}{2}}O_{2}\to 2\ H_{2}O+CO_{2}}$ redox reaction

Cross-over current

Methanol on the anodic side is usually in a weak solution (from 1M to 3M), because methanol in high concentrations has the tendency to diffuse through the membrane to the cathode, where its concentration is about zero because it is rapidly consumed by oxygen. Low concentrations help in reducing the cross-over, but also limit the maximum attainable current.

The practical realisation is usually that a solution loop enters the anode, exits, is refilled with methanol, and returns to the anode again.

Water drag

The water in the anodic loop is lost because of the anodic reaction, but mostly because of the associated water drag: every proton formed at the anode drags a number of water molecules to the cathode. Depending on temperature and membrane type, this number can be between 2 and 6.

Ancillary units

A direct methanol fuel cell is usually part of a larger system including all the ancillary units that permit its operation. Compared to most other types of fuel cells, the ancillary system of DMFCs is relatively complex. The main reasons for its complexity are:

providing water along with methanol would make the fuel supply more cumbersome, so water has to be recycled in a loop;
CO₂ has to be removed from the solution flow exiting the fuel cell;
water in the anodic loop is slowly consumed by reaction and drag; it is necessary to recover water from the cathodic side to maintain steady operation.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

Template:Fuel cells

ko:연료전지#직접메탄올 연료전지 (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, DMFC)

↑ Dohle, H.; Mergel, J. & Stolten, D.: Heat and power management of a direct-methanol-fuel-cell (DMFC) system, Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 111, 268-282.
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ Tenn. Nissan Plant to Use Methanol to Cut Costs by ABC News.
↑ US Department of Transportation moves to approve fuel cells for aircraft use, by FuelCellToday.
↑ Hazardous Materials: Revision to Requirements for the Transportation of Batteries and Battery-Powered Devices; and Harmonization with the United Nations Recommendations, International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, and International Civil Aviation Organization's Technical Instructions, by the US department of transportation.
↑ 3-1-1 Gains International Acceptance, by the US transport security administration.

[1] Dohle, H.; Mergel, J. & Stolten, D.: Heat and power management of a direct-methanol-fuel-cell (DMFC) system, Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 111, 268-282.

[2] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[3] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[4] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[5] Tenn. Nissan Plant to Use Methanol to Cut Costs by ABC News.

[6] US Department of Transportation moves to approve fuel cells for aircraft use, by FuelCellToday.

[7] Hazardous Materials: Revision to Requirements for the Transportation of Batteries and Battery-Powered Devices; and Harmonization with the United Nations Recommendations, International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, and International Civil Aviation Organization's Technical Instructions, by the US department of transportation.

[8] 3-1-1 Gains International Acceptance, by the US transport security administration.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Nike Blazer Uk ==
+[[Image:Fuel cell NASA p48600ac.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Direct-methanol fuel cell]]
+'''Direct-methanol fuel cells''' or '''DMFCs''' are a subcategory of [[proton exchange membrane fuel cell|proton-exchange fuel cells]] in which [[methanol]] is used as the fuel. Their main advantage is the ease of transport of methanol, an energy-dense yet reasonably stable liquid at all environmental conditions.
-Get yourself a Life Coach<br><br>To be sure with Kend Life Coaching is really an awesome career field in the meantime there is no laws governing coaching. However, I recognize that the vast majority of schools do honor the ethics of your ICF. The ICF started just like every other institute it's not necessarily a government entity. They do not RULE the joy of LIFE COACHING. Yes, all schools needs to have ethics. However, training and education won't be employed by me for a whole year to know things i already know just,. i might try out a school to get certified to increase my experiences and build a network of coaches where we could share innovative ideas. I dealt with a lifestyle Coach. The event was great. The person I worked alongside didn't check out a high-end school. I caused them given that they was certified and worked in the community for years "Helping Other's" we spend lots of money on music and entertainment. Why Not pay someone their worth given that they i would love you to get a healthier and Happy Life. I read through the site for your life coach training institute spencer Institute. After, reviewing apparently both will probably be affordable together with seeking the one that is the most effective fit for you personally. Life coaching is ideal for healthy motivated individuals. One seems geared toward fitness coaching. Additional one may seem like it is a family based environment for people who require head to head experience. The decision is definitely yours? Develop a network to make the network for yourself. Possess a wonderful day.<br><br>Does anyone know how to easily turn into life coach?<br><br>I've decided that my goal in your everyday living is to turn into life coach. I have an undergrad degree in psychology, and still have been giving advice for so long as I'm able to remember  to my younger siblings, my local freinds, my parents!, etc. I really do give great advice we care! I not really know how to become your life coach without extensive further schooling, that we simply can't afford. Does anyone know your life coach who is looking for the best assistant, paid intern, or protoge?<br><br>I see that you're a little confused here.<br><br>Counseling is quite distinct from life coaching. Coaching is bringing the ideal out of individuals from their existing state. Counseling desires at their past as a way to solve their existing problems.<br><br>You won't need a qualification being a life coach, although most coaches employ a degree or better qualifications of sorts. Smile! Will you be shining yet?<br><br>This can be done by using a Bacehlor of Applied Social Science (Coaching), however your university may offer a qualification just for Life Councelling by itself given it draws on from disciplines like psychology, sociology, mentoring and other sorts of counseling. Of course if your in university discover psychology since you have eto take courses related to life coaching, if you want to concentrate on drug addicts or runaway counseling etc. you could possibly wonderfully have a almost all your life coaching credits in psychology<br><br>Life coaches are sent out in as much fields as you're able visualize, schools; and also businesses, for professional sport players, health (weight-loss), victims of abuse<br><br>I don't learn about universities close to you, but mine supplies a 400 hour course included with your bachelors in places you buy your Psychology Bachelors as well as a rehabilitation/counseling certificate<br><br>However you can purchase an "accelerated life coach" degree in a short time from some college, but a) You won't purchase a decent education a university gives you b) It's questionable if somebody will hire you on the university student [http://nikeblazersuk.mycylex.co.uk/ Nike Blazer Uk] and c) Many life coaches have PhDs<br><br>I might suggest asking the universities in the area for exact information, they will likely supply you with better information than you will find on-line, their particular websites and anyone can provide you with on this web site just call whichever department has the degree; they are very needing to help young individuals who are trying to find information in tips on how to enroll, they will sure enough have free literature within the types of degrees and classes you might take for those who meet them on the department itself<br><br>Depending on the requirements in your country, chances are you'll wish to consider a Diploma or Degree in Counselling or Social Work, etc. from a reputable school/institutes to pursue counselling being a career. Couselling works pretty differently form Life Coaching because there's no strict regulation or a national standards on the is really a Life Coach. While acknowledging that, a diploma/degree does provides good impresssion and credibility to someone if he wants a career in daily life Coaching.<br><br>For NLP, the equipment which have been taught over the training also are beneficial in Life Coaching as well for the way they are being used.<br><br>Life Coaching is really an industry alone. I reckon that you could potentially say it might be self improvement career?"Coaching is partnering with clients in the thought provoking and artistic procedure that inspires them to maximize their professional and personal potential.<br><br>Professional coaches provide an ongoing partnership built to help clients produce fulfilling results in their personal and professional lives. Coaches help people better their performances and improve quality of the lives.<br><br>Coaches are conditioned to listen, to observe in order to customize their way of individual client needs. They look to elicit solutions and techniques with the client; presume the customer is naturally creative and resourceful.<br><br>You can easily claim to be a Life Coach, but if you hone your talent, you will not be in the position to create a good referral base or gain credibility in the business. So, some training is certainly recommended. There is certification from the International Coaches Federation and many schools offer a certification jointly with that. Look for more at<br><br>Most people are successful at to become Life Coach. Here are a few companies which are hiring several coaches that they need to train and match up with clients. Most coaches start his or her businesses, though. So, it's not only about understanding the skills, it is also about learning how to create a successful business. I would rather search for a life coach with a degree, i really am assuming plenty of people would as well. Perform a search online to find out what sort of degress are held by these individuals. Possibly a psych degree would be good. You know, study regarding human behavior. Find someone that is actually a life coach now and get them. I can't see why they wouldnt' talk with you and also answer questions. I think there are many of them kinds of people on myspace. I might even have one on my own friends list. I will post the hyperlink [http://fakeraybansuk.mycylex.co.uk/ Fake Ray Ban Sunglasses Uk] below if you'd like to look through them. Myspace could be a fantastic spot to find a life coach to probe their brain.<br><br>I have already been both an authorized Coach as well as a Certified Trainer i can let you know this: Home buying of printing up business card printing and merely calling who you are a life coach are no longer. Clients today will be more wary than in the past of dealing with unqualified professionals. Reputable coach training programs take about a couple of years to perform. The good news is that they're less expensive college and you will actually use everything you learned in your coaching business. An excellent personal training certification can take a shorter time. Get both. Most coaches and trainers don't make much cash, nevertheless the best ones generate a great living. Be the better.<br><br>Learn how to turn into a life coach? What education credentials what's have before you begin the organization?<br><br>I graduated this past spring with bachelors in psychology i [http://vibramfivefingersnz0.blog.co.nz/ Vibram Five Fingers Nz] wish to do something along with it. We [http://hollisternz.blog.co.nz/ Hollister Nz] are in grad. school at this time so i currently act on a mental/behavioral hospital. i have to begin a life coach business, but i not really know exactly what is required. I need to know, do I have enough education background to legally start the company along with what other legal stuff will I need to understand about? I live in ohio so i have seen the gov's. site for starting a new business, yet it's less than helpful.<ul>
+Efficiency is quite low for these cells, so they are targeted especially to portable applications, where energy and power density are more important than efficiency.
-   <li>[http://verdamilio.net/tonio/spip.php?article1557/ http://verdamilio.net/tonio/spip.php?article1557/]</li>
-   <li>[http://www.kmqdyp.com/news/html/?12551.html http://www.kmqdyp.com/news/html/?12551.html]</li>
-   <li>[http://www.tuanyifa.com/forum/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2650 http://www.tuanyifa.com/forum/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2650]</li>
-   <li>[http://verdamilio.net/tonio/spip.php?article1544/ http://verdamilio.net/tonio/spip.php?article1544/]</li>
-   <li>[http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article64#forum18422656 http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article64#forum18422656]</li>
- </ul>
-== Ray Ban Nz The statement ==
+A more efficient version of a direct fuel cell would play a key role in the theoretical use of methanol as a general energy transport medium, in the hypothesized [[methanol economy]].
-Patrick Brazeau Motivated to Repay Thousands<br><br>OTTAWA   Independent audits into dubious housing allowance claims by three senators did little Thursday to silence allegations of improper spending and cover up hanging over Canada's much maligned upper house.<br><br>Pm Stephen Harper dismissed accusations that this trio was defrauding taxpayers, together collecting nearly $200,000 in invalid housing allowances. Harper declared it to do with fuzzy rules as an alternative to impropriety.<br><br>But New [http://raybannz.blog.co.nz/ Ray Ban Nz] Democrat and Liberal MPs, and also Liberal Senate leader James Cowan, said the cops must have been asked to check out housing claims.<br><br>"Personally, I do think be the appropriate thing to do," Cowan said, predicting that the police would bring it upon themselves to examine the audits   even without an invitation to accomplish this in the Senate.<br><br>The audits, conducted by Deloitte, resulted in the Senate's internal economy committee demanding that hefty sums be repaid by Conservative Sen. Mike Duffy, former Conservative Sen. Patrick Brazeau and Liberal Mac Harb.<br><br>Harb, who promises to fight the issue issue will be important, resigned in the Liberal caucus before the matter is settled.<br><br>Conservative Senate leader Marjory LeBreton declared the matter closed and said Duffy will in the Conservative caucus. Harper echoed her remarks inside Commons.<br><br>"The auditor has determined that the laws into position weren't clear; however, the Senate itself has decided it expects better judgment with the senators," the top minister said.<br><br>"Sen. Duffy has some months ago repaid the money along with the Senate has decided that other senators might be supposed to similarly repay those amounts."<br><br>Even so the integrity of the audit process had also been called into question amid suspicions that Duffy was tipped off about irregularities in his expense claims through the chairman with the committee that had been investigating them.<br><br>Correspondence from Duffy suggests fellow Conservative Sen. David Tkachuk, head of the Senate's internal economy committee, told him that Deloitte auditors had found he collected greater than $1,000 in a everyday living allowance during holiday for 12 days in Florida.<br><br>"Following our informal conversation, Tuesday evening, I underwent my files for January 2012," Duffy says inside April 18 letter to Tkachuk, obtained with the Canadian Press.<br><br>"I in which by having a clerical error, per diems were inadvertently charged stay once i wasn't inside National Capital Region."<br><br>The informal conversation referenced while in the letter came about April 16   within 24 [http://cheapmbtshoesuk.mycylex.co.uk/ Mbt Trainers] hours Tkachuk was briefed with the auditors on the findings.<br><br>In the letter, Duffy blames an unsophisticated, temporary staffer for that mistake. "This claim was clearly not appropriate and I will reimburse the Senate without hesitation."<br><br>Cowan called Tkachuk's apparent manages to Duffy "certainly not proper."<br><br>NDP ethics critic Charlie Angus said finish to Duffy, which allowed him to remedy the situation ahead of the audit was complete, implies that the Senate is "an old boys' club."<br><br>"They're overlaying for every single other."<br><br>NDP Leader Tom Mulcair referred to the Senate's handling from the housing allowance controversy to be a "bogus investigation" by Harper's "hand picked cronies."<br><br>For his part, Duffy issued a written statement claiming vindication for his assertion that confusing rules led him to mistakenly claim some $90,000 in housing allowances   which he repaid in March.<br><br>Duffy said the reimbursed sum included the "erroneously claimed" per diems during your a Florida vacation   an assertion difficult to square along with his letter to Tkachuk, which signifies he didn't know regarding the per diem problem until mid April.<br><br>The statement, wherein Duffy says he won't be granting interviews or taking media calls, could not make any hitting the ground with controversy over Tkachuk's apparent manages.<br><br>In declaring the difficulty closed, LeBreton noted how the auditors found [http://cheapniketrainersuk.mycylex.co.uk Nike Trainers Uk] the rules governing senators' primary and secondary residences cant be found clear, thereby essentially clearing the trio of deliberate fraud.<br><br>It's sufficient the fact that three senators might be instructed to repay allowances who were improperly claimed, LeBreton said.<br><br>In March, Duffy reimbursed the Senate $90,000 to get a housing allowance he said he or she have mistakenly claimed because of confusing paperwork.<br><br>Harb is already being motivated to repay almost $51,500 and Brazeau almost $49,000 in allowances claimed from April 2011 to Sept. 30, 2012.<br><br>Harb and Brazeau may yet need to repay much more money. The internal economy committee will quickly extend its overview of their expense says it will cover the whole period since they were appointed to the upper chamber   a different seven years valuation on claims for Harb and also years for Brazeau.<br><br>The talk, which erupted last fall, requires a housing allowance meant to compensate senators whose primary residence is [http://nikeairmax1uk.mycylex.co.uk/ Cheap Nike Air Max 1 Uk] a bit more than 100 kilometres away from the national capital area. They may be qualified for claim around $22,000 1 year in compensation for maintaining the second home in Ottawa.<ul>
+== The cell ==
+In contrast to [[indirect methanol fuel cell]]s, where methanol is reacted to [[hydrogen]] by steam reforming, DMFCs use a methanol solution (usually around 1[[Molarity|M]], i.e. about 3% in mass) to carry the reactant into the cell; common operating temperatures are in the range 50&ndash;120 °C, where high temperatures are usually pressurized.
-   <li>[http://empoweringsouthshore.org/home/forum/profile.php?id=10903 http://empoweringsouthshore.org/home/forum/profile.php?id=10903]</li>
+DMFCs themselves are more efficient at high temperatures and pressures, but these conditions end up causing so many losses in the complete system that the advantage is lost;<ref>Dohle, H.; Mergel, J. & Stolten, D.: Heat and power management of a direct-methanol-fuel-cell (DMFC) system, Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 111, 268-282.</ref> therefore, atmospheric-pressure configurations are currently preferred.
-   <li>[http://euve30437.vserver.de/sold/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=232809 http://euve30437.vserver.de/sold/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=232809]</li>
-   <li>[http://09dm.com/news/html/?180524.html http://09dm.com/news/html/?180524.html]</li>
-   <li>[http://www.aunis.net/blog/index.php?2007/10/24/24-desinformation-virus-chaine-de-mail-comment-ne-plus-se-laisser-avoir/ http://www.aunis.net/blog/index.php?2007/10/24/24-desinformation-virus-chaine-de-mail-comment-ne-plus-se-laisser-avoir/]</li>
-   <li>[http://www.cantspellaweso.me/node/50#comment-28702851 http://www.cantspellaweso.me/node/50#comment-28702851]</li>
- </ul>
-== Tiffany And Co Nz  not restrictions ==
+Because of the methanol cross-over, a phenomenon by which methanol diffuses through the membrane without reacting, methanol is fed as a weak solution: this decreases efficiency significantly, since crossed-over methanol, after reaching the air side (the cathode), immediately reacts with air; though the exact kinetics are debated, the end result is a reduction of the cell voltage.
+Cross-over remains a major factor in inefficiencies, and often half of the methanol is lost to cross-over. Methanol cross-over and/or its effects can be alleviated by (a) developing alternative membranes (e.g. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Wei|first=Yongsheng|coauthors=et al.|title=A novel membrane for DMFC – Na2Ti3O7 Nanotubes/Nafion® composite membrane: Performances studies|journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy|year=2012|volume=37|issue=2|pages=1857-1864}}</ref>), (b) improving the electro-oxidation process in the catalyst layer and improving the structure of the catalyst and gas diffusion layers (e.g. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Matar|first=Saif|coauthors=Hongtan Liu|title=Effect of cathode catalyst layer thickness on methanol cross-over in a DMFC|journal=Electrochimica Acta|year=2010|volume=56|issue=1|pages=600-606}}</ref> ), and (c) optimizing the design of the flow field and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) which can be achieved by studying the current density distributions (e.g. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Almheiri|first=Saif|coauthors=Hongtan Liu|title=Separate measurement of current density under land and channel in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells|journal=Journal of Power Sources|year=2014|volume=246|pages=899-905}}</ref> ).
-FYI News for Faculty Staff<br><br>This year's Women's Week Committee, Presidential Commission about the Status of females, and Office for Equity and Diversity request nominations for any 13th annual Linda K. Amos Award for Distinguished Prefer to Women. The award recognizes women staff or faculty member who have selflessly unpredictable moment and to enhance the academic and/or working environment for women for the University.<br><br>The nominee should represent the ideals and actions of Linda K. Amos, for whom the award is called. Amos was the founding chair from the Presidential Commission about the Status of ladies, a professor of nursing, and served for quite a while as dean from the College of Nursing and associate vice chairman for Health Sciences. Throughout her career, she was the champion for enhancing the status and connection with women on campus.<br><br>Previously nominated candidates are going to be considered because of the Committee. Nominators should please update the original nomination letter and indicate any additional information for your file.<br><br>A summary of previous recipients is online. Please send nomination materials electronically.<br><br>Gould Auditorium at Marriott Library<br><br>UTA will open the Mid Jordan and West Valley TRAX light rail lines on Aug. 7, 2011. These new lines represent a substantial improvement in transit need to west and southwest Salt Lake County. The outlet of such lines may also bring changes to UTA's system, as the agency actively works to make sure that entire product is operating as efficiently as they can.<br><br>Economic downturn and the downturn has left UTA with fewer operating resources than originally anticipated as well as agency is going to be making these changes under some constraints. That allows you to be certain that transit objectives are met in the reflects the demands and needs of area residents, UTA needs feedback in the community by using a combination of open houses.<br><br>You'll be able to attend these records gathering process by taking a web based surveyor by attending among eight open houses including one with the U (see above) held all over the valley inside coming weeks. Yet another meeting is going to be held in case you work and/or livein the downtown area. That meeting is slated for Thursday, Dec. for the City Library, Conference Room B (210 East 400 South).<br><br>UTA make use of the information gathered for the open houses to create service plans that is to be distributed to the population for extra input and refinement in early 2011. Final plans for service is going to be adopted in late summer for implementation on Aug. 7, 2011.<br><br>Booking onlinefor more info regarding UTA's August 2011 changes.<br><br>It is a rivalry so powerful that office friendships turn coolneighbors grow distanteven the faithful in church pews split. true blue blooded Cougars.<br><br>Red Blood, Blue Blood: The Rivalry, hosted by sports luminary Frank Layden, delivers upfront stories through candid conversations with legendary coaches for example LaVell Edwards and Ron McBride. Athletes share their memories of victory and defeat, and, moreover, to be section of among the nation's most heated rivalries.<br><br>Although the greatest voice will be the one who emanates from the stands the lads, women, and kids who don the red or blue being a lifetime commitment, and also the lengths they may pay a visit to defend their team. in Rice Eccles Stadium is SOLD OUT!<br><br>Substantive updates for the 2008 Campus Master Plan recently were announced by Mike Perez, associate v . p . for facilities. should be remembered thatmaster [http://tiffanyandconz0.blog.co.nz/ Tiffany And Co Nz] plans are usually in progress and guides, not restrictions, says Perez. continue as needs or conditions change. Much more information about the Campus Master Program's online.<br><br>Revisions on the 2008 Master plan include:<br><br> The parking structure originally slated to become constructed south of your business school complex has been relocated to some site northeast of your original location. This will likely generate a better pedestrian corridor for college kids coming onto campus from your South Campus TRAX station plus a safer drop off zone for youngsters attending dance classes in the potential built Beverley Taylor Sorenson Arts and Education Complex. This business loop will likely be eliminated as a "thru street but a shuttle bus road will likely be constructed west with the parking structure and definitely will go to Central [http://louisvuittonbeltuk.mycylex.co.uk/ Louis Vuitton Belt Replica Uk] Campus Drive. During special occasions, this latest passenger bus road will be accessible to regular traffic to create an alternate campus exit for anyone attending events. The parking structure is a least five years from being constructed. The actual business loop parking surface is slated to however that area is known to recapture green space in the event the automobile parking space will not be needed.<br><br> The McCarthey Family Track facility was moved slightly towards west to lose topography challenges and provide better disability access. The "fat" track design accommodates an illuminated multi sports stage on the track infield, including soccer and rugby. The new baseball field might be built northwest of your track and to the south, a different student life center will be built.<br><br> Inside 2008 master plan, a greenspace northeast with the Eccles Broadcast Center was designated for golf instruction. With off campus golf facilities projected to be played with for [http://cheapnikecortezuk.mycylex.co.uk/ Nike Cortez Trainers] the purpose, the greenspace instead will be used by a brand new i . t building. Another choice is usually to build an extra number of tracks (rail track) in the alongside each other configuration but [http://hermesbeltuk.mycylex.co.uk/ Hermes Belt] at the lower grade. The University is trying to develop more vibrant activity round the Medical CenterTRAX station to not only enhance mass transit ridership but in addition to develop a vibrant gateway onto campus.<br><br> The George Thomas Building, the future vacated home of your Utah Museum of Natural History, is going to be renovated and utilized as additional space to the College of Science.<br><br> An accent the Fine Arts Building (art and architecture) are going to be constructedto free airline of thecurrent structure and tucked to the hillside to begin of the present structure (below grade with the building)connecting with the lower and main levels.<ul>
+Other issues include the management of [[carbon dioxide]] created at the [[anode]], the sluggish dynamic behavior, and the ability to maintain the solution water.
-   <li>[http://www.smenhu.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1560711 http://www.smenhu.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1560711]</li>
-   <li>[http://ukvotism.com/activity/p/387680/ http://ukvotism.com/activity/p/387680/]</li>
-   <li>[http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article66#forum18427606 http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article66#forum18427606]</li>
-   <li>[http://www.sebalo.info/spip/spip.php?article13 http://www.sebalo.info/spip/spip.php?article13]</li>
-   <li>[http://www.vitrinaweb.es/index.php?page=item&id=92461 http://www.vitrinaweb.es/index.php?page=item&id=92461]</li>
- </ul>
-== Nike Roshe Run Uk  pr log ==
+The only waste products with these types of fuel cells are [[carbon dioxide]] and water.
-Our directories or blogs the right spot to start out<br><br>Comprehend the entire discussion on AOL AnswersCopy and paste the link above to mention this Q<br><br>Take care in how you will set about marketing your website. Improperly marketing your web site at the best might lead to no traffic, at worse penalties or simply getting banned by search engines like yahoo. Lots of people still preach old skool SEO tactics, like getting links from farms or exchanges, stuffing keywords, hiding things from yahoo and google. These matters are all bad. Is going to do Matters.<br><br>I. Relevant Content: Make sure that all irrelevant submissions are removed, each page is required to be highly relevant to that exact content. Search engines like google index pages besides meta desc or meta keywords anymore, so content articles are important.<br><br>II. Proper Inbound linking, search engines like yahoo would like site for being relevant, in order that they have a look at backlinks, but these links has to be real links business sites, blogs, articles that are published, forum posts, etc not from farms, exchanges etc.<br><br>2 things will allow you to a lot. To get started in marketing, should you not have a decent budget we always recommend avoiding ppc or cpm campaigns. Give attention to utilizing web 2 . 0 and word of mouth marketing to drive a car results. Use a facebook page, twitter pages, etc that you contently update. Have best [http://cheapnikerosherunuk2.mycylex.co.uk/ Nike Roshe Run Uk] freinds and family tell their relatives and buddies, write and distribute articles and post blogs, etc. Hope these suggestions assist in giving you some general ideas. Steer clear of anyone claiming to deliver quick results, guaranteeing ranks on search engines, all bad ideas.<br><br>Usually there are some good solutions to your query. There is a couple of things i didn't see and that's that this is a wise course of action to submit your website towards the blog post directories like: pr [http://pradashoesuk.mycylex.co.uk/ Prada Shoes Uk] release 1888, sane pr, pr log, free website article, etc. these are all services and can direct you towards getting backlinks to your site and is [http://ralphlaurenuk.mycylex.co.uk/ Ralph Lauren Outlet Uk] a superb marketing strategy. Just look up examples of pr campaigns and therefore should present you with a concept on which you have to do for your site.<br><br>Furthermore would get (add this) with your site, what this can be is really a creating of social bookmarks tool that individuals who reach your internet site can select and bookmark your internet site with digg, twitter, face book, and about 250 more options plus its also free.<br><br>As much as changing content in your site which Google likes you might get an Feed from NPR which changes is content each day. This is a little screwy to understand ways to get the feed but once you are doing it is just a breeze afterward. I'll offer you a little information about the way [http://cheappandoracharmsuk.mycylex.co.uk/ Cheap Pandora Charms Uk] to get it done. One and only thing that NPR requires is basically that you put NPR with your title for any Feed widget, if it's about sports then you can put NPR Sports.<br><br>The worst thing I'll think about is the fact not less than 5% of your respective words in your site have to be keywords. These are typically words that pertain to what your website is about and apply keywords that searchers would use find when looking for what you're selling. You can check out Google Ad Words and type inside your product or maybe a keyword or phrase and it also should show a window with more used phrases and keywords by individuals who are searching for a product. It becomes a number regarding how oftentimes a I think it's by month that searchers input a keyword or phrase. Start using thise inside your site, be sure to either bold the text or organize them in italics like that the major search engines recognize those words as esential. Personally I really like to use italics it's not at all so glaring as bold words.<ul>
+== History ==
+In 1990 [[superacid]] specialist Dr. Surya Prakash, and Nobel laureate Dr. [[George Andrew Olah|George A. Olah]], both of the [[University of Southern California]]'s [[Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute]], invented a fuel cell that would directly convert methanol to electricity.  USC, in a collaborative effort with [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL) proceeded to invent the direct oxidation of liquid hydrocarbons subsequently coined as DMFC, Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Technology. Others were involved in the invention, including [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech) and DTI Energy, Inc.
-   <li>[http://www.hanzhuangpifa.org/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=48&filter=typeid&typeid=7 http://www.hanzhuangpifa.org/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=48&filter=typeid&typeid=7]</li>
+Some advances in DMFC have been: bringing down the fuel crossover, miniaturizing the cell for consumer and military products, ceramic plates, carbon nanotubes, porous silicon layers and oxidation reduction.
-   <li>[http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article64#forum18083239 http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article64#forum18083239]</li>
-   <li>[http://wx.bjsunrise.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=31346 http://wx.bjsunrise.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=31346]</li>
-   <li>[http://intellipals.com/activity/p/206006/ http://intellipals.com/activity/p/206006/]</li>
-   <li>[http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article64#forum18428461 http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article64#forum18428461]</li>
- </ul>
-== Air Jordans Uk  google friendconnect widgets etc. ==
+== Application ==
+Current DMFCs are limited in the power they can produce, but can still store a high energy content in a small space.  This means they can produce a small amount of power over a long period of time. This makes them ill-suited for powering large vehicles (at least directly), but ideal for smaller vehicles such as forklifts and tuggers<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=8409053 Tenn. Nissan Plant to Use Methanol to Cut Costs ] by ABC News.</ref> and consumer goods such as [[mobile phone]]s, [[digital camera]]s or [[laptop]]s. Military applications of DMFCs are an emerging application since they have low noise and thermal signatures and no toxic effluent. These applications include power for man-portable tactical equipment, battery chargers, and autonomous power for test and training instrumentation. Units are available with power outputs between 25 watts and 5 kilowatts with durations up to 100 hours between refuelings.
-Less space and a lot more content the brand new trend in internet sites<br><br>After blogging moved into picture this news sites and other huge content oriented sites received a tough time to promote or project their content for further readability and then make essentially the most with the top content there for your readers.<br><br>Ahead of the news sites were uncomplicated to learn, but this time its has been a challenge with the news or huge content oriented sites to show [http://cheapairjordansuk.mycylex.co.uk/ Air Jordans Uk] off more categorized top content in a single website like having category wise new articles, top articles, photos, videos, forums, recent comments or activities and the majority important to always remember social widgets like bookmarking buttons, facebook, google friendconnect widgets etc.<br><br>They are the few elements which a website designer should consider while planning for more content oriented website. I always wanted my site to generally be well arranged, more readable and appealing, you will find lot of things I modified within this website we keep changing the structure to suit the most up-to-date trend and make my [http://abercrombieandfitchnz.blog.co.nz/ Abercrombie Nz] readers much more comfortable within my site. I realize you can find many more improvements to get implemented to the site and I apply it having a proper plan etc. Therefore i remember to keep trying to find websites that [http://nikeairmax1uk.mycylex.co.uk/ Cheap Nike Air Max 1 Uk] has got more content with more appealing site I really do this just to get updated together with the most recent fashion in Software and User Experience which always matters for every website for inspiration too.<br><br>Here i will discuss the pair of inspiration on interesting parts of sites that we similar to most and that we needed to highlight because neat thing [http://louisvuittonbeltuk.mycylex.co.uk/ Louis Vuitton Belt Replica Uk] or section in the particular website.<ul>
+== Methanol ==
+Methanol is a liquid from -97.0 °C to 64.7 °C at atmospheric pressure.
-   <li>[http://elgranbazar.com.mx/index.php?page=item&id=52145 http://elgranbazar.com.mx/index.php?page=item&id=52145]</li>
+The [[energy density]] of methanol is an order of magnitude greater than even highly [[compressed hydrogen]], and 15 times higher than [[Lithium-ion battery|Lithium-ion batteries]].
-   <li>[http://www.jinyuanbao.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=83552 http://www.jinyuanbao.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=83552]</li>
+Methanol is [[toxicity|toxic]] and [[Flammability|flammable]].
+However, the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Dangerous Goods Panel (DGP) voted in November 2005 to allow passengers to carry and use micro fuel cells and methanol fuel cartridges when aboard airplanes to power [[laptop computer]]s and other consumer electronic devices.
-   <li>[http://www.metransparent.com/spip.php?article20626&lang=ar&id_forum=34132/ http://www.metransparent.com/spip.php?article20626&lang=ar&id_forum=34132/]</li>
+On September 24, 2007, the [[US Department of Transportation]] issued a proposal to allow airline passengers to carry fuel cell cartridges on board.<ref>[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/online/news/articles/2007-09/US-Department-of-Transportation-moves-to-approve-fuel-cells-for-aircraft-use ''US Department of Transportation moves to approve fuel cells for aircraft use''], by FuelCellToday.</ref>
+The Department of Transportation issued a final ruling on April 30, 2008, permitting passengers and crew to carry an approved fuel cell with an installed methanol cartridge and up to two additional spare cartridges.<ref>[http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Federal%20Register/Hazmat/HM-215J%20Final%20Rule%2012-30-08.pdf ''Hazardous Materials: Revision to Requirements for the Transportation of Batteries and Battery-Powered Devices; and Harmonization with the United Nations Recommendations, International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, and International Civil Aviation Organization's Technical Instructions''], by the US department of transportation.</ref>
-   <li>[http://www.duolaig.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=7631 http://www.duolaig.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=7631]</li>
+It is worth noting that 200 ml maximum methanol cartridge volume allowed in the final ruling is double the 100 ml limit on liquids allowed by the Transportation Security Administration in carry-on bags.<ref>[http://www.tsa.gov/press/happenings/311_intl_acceptance.shtm ''3-1-1 Gains International Acceptance''], by the US transport security administration.</ref>
-   <li>[http://www.film-video-dvd-production.com/spip.php?article6/ http://www.film-video-dvd-production.com/spip.php?article6/]</li>
+== Reaction ==
+The DMFC relies upon the [[redox|oxidation]] of [[methanol]] on a [[catalyst]] layer to form [[carbon dioxide]]. Water is consumed at the [[anode]] and is produced at the [[cathode]]. [[Proton]]s (H<sup>+</sup>) are transported across the proton exchange membrane - often made from [[Nafion]] - to the cathode where they react with [[oxygen]] to produce water. [[Electron]]s are transported through an external circuit from anode to cathode, providing power to connected devices.
- </ul>
+The [[half-reaction]]s are:
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
+ !
+ !Equation
+ |-
+ !Anode
+ |<math>\mathrm{CH_3OH + H_2O \to 6\ H^+  + 6\ e^- + CO_2}</math><br><small>oxidation</small>
+ |-
+ !Cathode
+ |<math>\mathrm{\frac{3}{2} O_2 + 6\ H^+  + 6\ e^- \to 3\ H_2O}</math><br><small>reduction</small>
+ |-
+ !Overall reaction
+ |<math>\mathrm{CH_3OH + \frac{3}{2} O_2 \to 2\ H_2O + CO_2}</math><br><small>redox reaction</small>
+ |-
+ |}
+Methanol and water are adsorbed on a catalyst usually made of [[platinum]] and [[ruthenium]] particles, and lose protons until carbon dioxide is formed.  As water is consumed at the [[anode]] in the reaction, pure methanol cannot be used without provision of water via either passive transport such as back [[diffusion]] ([[osmosis]]), or [[active transport]] such as pumping. The need for water limits the energy density of the fuel.
+Platinum is used as a catalyst for both half-reactions. This contributes to the loss of cell voltage potential, as any methanol that is present in the cathode chamber will oxidize. If another catalyst could be found for the reduction of oxygen, the problem of methanol crossover would likely be significantly lessened. Furthermore, platinum is very expensive and contributes to the high cost per kilowatt of these cells.
+During the methanol oxidation reaction [[carbon monoxide]] (CO) is formed, which strongly adsorbs onto the platinum catalyst, reducing the surface area and thus the performance of the cell. The addition of other components, such as ruthenium or [[gold]], to the catalyst tends to ameliorate this problem because, according to the most well-established theory in the field, these catalysts oxidize water to yield OH radicals: H<sub>2</sub>O → OH• + H<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>-</sup>. The OH species from the oxidized water molecule oxidizes CO to produce CO<sub>2</sub> which can then be released as a gas: CO + OH• → CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>-</sup>.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}
+Using these OH groups in the half reactions, they are also expressed as:
+{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
+ !
+ !Equation
+ |-
+ !Anode
+ |<math>\mathrm{CH_3OH + 6\ OH^- \to 5\ H_2O  + 6\ e^- + CO_2}</math><br><small>oxidation</small>
+ |-
+ !Cathode
+ |<math>\mathrm{\frac{3}{2} O_2 + 3\ H_2O  + 6\ e^- \to 6\ OH^-}</math><br><small>reduction</small>
+ |-
+ !Overall reaction
+ |<math>\mathrm{CH_3OH + \frac{3}{2} O_2 \to 2\ H_2O + CO_2}</math><br><small>redox reaction</small>
+ |-
+ |}
+=== Cross-over current ===
+Methanol on the anodic side is usually in a weak solution (from 1M to 3M), because methanol in high concentrations has the tendency to diffuse through the membrane to the cathode, where its concentration is about zero because it is rapidly consumed by oxygen. Low concentrations help in reducing the cross-over, but also limit the maximum attainable current.
+The practical realisation is usually that a solution loop enters the anode, exits, is refilled with methanol, and returns to the anode again.
+=== Water drag ===
+The water in the anodic loop is lost because of the anodic reaction, but mostly because of the associated water drag: every proton formed at the anode drags a number of water molecules to the cathode. Depending on temperature and membrane type, this number can be between 2 and 6.
+== Ancillary units ==
+A direct methanol fuel cell is usually part of a larger system including all the ancillary units that permit its operation. Compared to most other types of fuel cells, the ancillary system of DMFCs is relatively complex. The main reasons for its complexity are:
+* providing water along with methanol would make the fuel supply more cumbersome, so water has to be recycled in a loop;
+* CO<sub>2</sub> has to be removed from the solution flow exiting the fuel cell;
+* water in the anodic loop is slowly consumed by reaction and drag; it is necessary to recover water from the cathodic side to maintain steady operation.
+== See also ==
+* [[Fuel Cell]]
+* [[Alkali anion exchange membrane]]
+* [[Dynamic hydrogen electrode]]
+* [[Glossary of fuel cell terms]]
+* [[Portable fuel cell applications]]
+* [[Liquid fuels]]
+* [[Methanol (data page)]]
+* [[Methanol economy]]
+== References ==
+{{Reflist|2}}
+==Further reading==
+*Merhoff, Henry and Helbig, Peter. Development and Fielding of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell; ''ITEA Journal'', March 2010
+== External links ==
+*[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com Fuel Cell Today. An internet portal of news and articles of fuel cell developments]
+*[http://www.knowledgefoundation.com/viewevents.php?event_id=209&act=evt 12th Small Fuel Cells. Annual conference on portable fuel cell technology developments]
+{{Fuel cells}}
+[[Category:Fuel cells]]
+[[ko:연료전지#직접메탄올 연료전지 (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, DMFC)]]