Weak convergence (Hilbert space)
This page provides supplementary data of the properties of water.
Further comprehensive authoritative data can be found at the NIST Webbook page on thermophysical properties of fluids.
Structure and properties
Structure and properties | |
---|---|
Index of refraction, nD | 1.333 at 20 °C |
Dielectric constant[1] | 88.00 ε0 at 0 °C 86.04 ε0 at 5 °C 84.11 ε0 at 10 °C 82.22 ε0 at 15 °C 80.36 ε0 at 20 °C 78.54 ε0 at 25 °C 76.75 ε0 at 30 °C 75.00 ε0 at 35 °C 73.28 ε0 at 40 °C 71.59 ε0 at 45 °C 69.94 ε0 at 50 °C 66.74 ε0 at 60 °C 63.68 ε0 at 70 °C 60.76 ε0 at 80 °C 57.98 ε0 at 90 °C 55.33 ε0 at 100 °C |
Bond strength | 492.215 kJ/mol O–H bond dissociation energy[2] |
Bond length | 95.87 pm (equilibrium)[3] |
Bond angle | 104.4776° (equilibrium) [4][5] |
Magnetic susceptibility | −9.04 × 10−6 volume SI units[6] |
Thermodynamic properties
Phase behavior | |
---|---|
Triple point | 273.16 K (0.01 °C), 611.73 Pa |
Critical point | 647 K (374 °C), 22.1 MPa |
Std enthalpy change of fusion, ΔfusH |
6.01 kJ/mol |
Std entropy change of fusion, ΔfusS |
22.0 J/(mol·K) |
Std enthalpy change of vaporization, ΔvapH |
40.68 kJ/mol |
Std entropy change of vaporization, ΔvapS |
118.89 J/(mol·K) |
Std enthalpy change of sublimation, ΔsubH |
46.70 kJ/mol |
Std entropy change of sublimation, ΔsubS |
130.9 J/(mol·K) |
Molal freezing point constant | −1.858 °C kg/mol |
Molal boiling point constant | 0.512 °C kg/mol |
Solid properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfH |
−291.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, S |
41 J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity, cp | 12.2 J/(mol K) at −200 °C 15.0 J/(mol K) at −180 °C 17.3 J/(mol K) at −160 °C 19.8 J/(mol K) at −140 °C 24.8 J/(mol K) at −100 °C 29.6 J/(mol K) at −60 °C 32.77 J/(mol K) at −38.3 °C 33.84 J/(mol K) at −30.6 °C 35.20 J/(mol K) at −20.8 °C 36.66 J/(mol K) at −11.0 °C 37.19 J/(mol K) at −4.9 °C 37.84 J/(mol K) at −2.2 °C |
Liquid properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfH |
−285.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, S |
69.95 J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity, cp | 75.97 J/(mol K) at 0 °C 75.42 J/(mol K) at 10 °C 75.33 J/(mol K) at 20 °C 75.28 J/(mol K) at 25 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) at 30 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) at 40 °C 75.30 J/(mol K) at 50 °C 75.37 J/(mol K) at 60 °C 75.46 J/(mol K) at 70 °C 75.58 J/(mol K) at 80 °C 75.74 J/(mol K) at 90 °C 75.94 J/(mol K) at 100 °C |
Gas properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation, ΔfH |
−241.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, S |
188.84 J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity, cp | 36.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 36.1 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 36.2 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 37.9 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 41.4 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C |
Heat capacity, cv | 27.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 27.6 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 27.8 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 29.5 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 33.1 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C |
Heat capacity ratio, γ = cp/cv |
1.324 at 100 °C 1.310 at 200 °C 1.301 at 400 °C 1.282 at 700 °C 1.252 at 1000 °C |
van der Waals' constants | a = 553.6 L2 kPa/mol2 b = 0.03049 liter per mole |
Liquid physical properties
Velocity of sound in water | |
---|---|
c in distilled water at 25 °C | 1498 m/s |
c at other temperatures[7] | 1403 m/s at 0 °C 1427 m/s at 5 °C 1447 m/s at 10 °C 1481 m/s at 20 °C 1507 m/s at 30 °C 1526 m/s at 40 °C 1541 m/s at 50 °C 1552 m/s at 60 °C 1555 m/s at 70 °C 1555 m/s at 80 °C 1550 m/s at 90 °C 1543 m/s at 100 °C |
Density[8] | |
0.99984 g/cm3 at 0 °C | 0.98804 g/cm3 at 50 °C |
0.99997 g/cm3 at 4 °C | 0.98570 g/cm3 at 55 °C |
0.99996 g/cm3 at 5 °C | 0.98321 g/cm3 at 60 °C |
0.99970 g/cm3 at 10 °C | 0.98056 g/cm3 at 65 °C |
0.99910 g/cm3 at 15 °C | 0.97778 g/cm3 at 70 °C |
0.99820 g/cm3 at 20 °C | 0.97486 g/cm3 at 75 °C |
0.99704 g/cm3 at 25 °C | 0.97180 g/cm3 at 80 °C |
0.99564 g/cm3 at 30 °C | 0.96862 g/cm3 at 85 °C |
0.99403 g/cm3 at 35 °C | 0.96531 g/cm3 at 90 °C |
0.99221 g/cm3 at 40 °C | 0.96189 g/cm3 at 95 °C |
0.99022 g/cm3 at 45 °C | 0.95835 g/cm3 at 100 °C |
Viscosity[9] | |
η = 1.7921 mPa·s (cP) at 0 °C | η = 0.5494 mPa·s at 50 °C |
η = 1.5188 mPa·s at 5 °C | η = 0.5064 mPa·s at 55 °C |
η = 1.3077 mPa·s at 10 °C | η = 0.4688 mPa·s at 60 °C |
η = 1.1404 mPa·s at 15 °C | η = 0.4355 mPa·s at 65 °C |
η = 1.0050 mPa·s at 20 °C | η = 0.4061 mPa·s at 70 °C |
η = 0.8937 mPa·s at 25 °C | η = 0.3799 mPa·s at 75 °C |
η = 0.8007 mPa·s at 30 °C | η = 0.3635 mPa·s at 80 °C |
η = 0.7225 mPa·s at 35 °C | η = 0.3355 mPa·s at 85 °C |
η = 0.6560 mPa·s at 40 °C | η = 0.3165 mPa·s at 90 °C |
η = 0.5988 mPa·s at 45 °C | η = 0.2994 mPa·s at 95 °C |
η = 0.2838 mPa·s at 100 °C | |
Surface tension[10] | |
75.64 dyn/cm at 0 °C | 69.56 dyn/cm at 40 °C |
74.92 dyn/cm at 5 °C | 68.74 dyn/cm at 45 °C |
74.22 dyn/cm at 10 °C | 67.91 dyn/cm at 50 °C |
73.49 dyn/cm at 15 °C | 66.18 dyn/cm at 60 °C |
72.75 dyn/cm at 20 °C | 64.42 dyn/cm at 70 °C |
71.97 dyn/cm at 25 °C | 62.61 dyn/cm at 80 °C |
71.18 dyn/cm at 30 °C | 60.75 dyn/cm at 90 °C |
70.38 dyn/cm at 35 °C | 58.85 dyn/cm at 100 °C |
Temperature, °C | Conductivity, μS/m |
---|---|
0.01 | 1.15 |
25 | 5.50 |
100 | 76.5 |
200 | 299 |
300 | 241 |
Water/steam equilibrium properties
Vapor pressure formula for steam in equilibrium with liquid water:[12]
- log10(P) = A − B / (T – C)
where P is equilibrium vapor pressure in kPa, and T is temperature in kelvins.
for T = 273 K to 333 K: A = 7.2326; B = 1750.286; C = 38.1
for T = 333 K to 423 K: A = 7.0917; B = 1668.21; C = 45.1
Steam table[13] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp. | Pressure | H of liquid | ΔvapH | ΔvapW | ρ of vapor |
0 °C | 0.612 kPa | 0.00 J/g | 2496.5 J/g | 126.0 J/g | 0.004845 kg/m3 |
10 °C | 1.227 kPa | 42.0 J/g | 2473.5 J/g | 130.5 J/g | 0.009398 kg/m3 |
20 °C | 2.536 kPa | 83.8 J/g | 2450.9 J/g | 135.1 J/g | 0.01728 kg/m3 |
30 °C | 4.242 kPa | 125.6 J/g | 2427.9 J/g | 139.7 J/g | 0.03036 kg/m3 |
40 °C | 7.370 kPa | 167.2 J/g | 2404.9 J/g | 144.2 J/g | 0.05107 kg/m3 |
50 °C | 12.33 kPa | 209.0 J/g | 2381.4 J/g | 148.7 J/g | 0.08285 kg/m3 |
60 °C | 19.90 kPa | 250.8 J/g | 2357.6 J/g | 153.0 J/g | 0.1300 kg/m3 |
70 °C | 31.15 kPa | 292.7 J/g | 2332.9 J/g | 157.3 J/g | 0.1979 kg/m3 |
80 °C | 46.12 kPa | 334.6 J/g | 2307.7 J/g | 161.5 J/g | 0.2931 kg/m3 |
90 °C | 70.10 kPa | 376.6 J/g | 2282.6 J/g | 165.5 J/g | 0.4232 kg/m3 |
100 °C | 101.32 kPa | 419.0 J/g | 2256.3 J/g | 169.4 J/g | 0.5974 kg/m3 |
110 °C | 143.27 kPa | 460.8 J/g | 2229.5 J/g | 173.1 J/g | 0.8264 kg/m3 |
120 °C | 198.50 kPa | 503.2 J/g | 2201.4 J/g | 176.7 J/g | 1.121 kg/m3 |
130 °C | 270.13 kPa | 545.8 J/g | 2172.5 J/g | 180.2 J/g | 1.497 kg/m3 |
140 °C | 361.4 kPa | 588.5 J/g | 2142.8 J/g | 183.2 J/g | 1.967 kg/m3 |
150 °C | 476.0 kPa | 631.5 J/g | 2111.8 J/g | 186.1 J/g | 2.548 kg/m3 |
160 °C | 618.1 kPa | 674.7 J/g | 2080.0 J/g | 188.7 J/g | 3.263 kg/m3 |
170 °C | 792.0 kPa | 718.5 J/g | 2047.0 J/g | 190.6 J/g | 4.023 kg/m3 |
180 °C | 1002.7 kPa | 762.5 J/g | 2012.2 J/g | 192.8 J/g | 5.165 kg/m3 |
190 °C | 1254.9 kPa | 807.0 J/g | 1975.8 J/g | 194.5 J/g | 6.402 kg/m3 |
200 °C | 1554.3 kPa | 851.9 J/g | 1937.3 J/g | 195.6 J/g | 7.868 kg/m3 |
210 °C | 1907.9 kPa | 897.5 J/g | 1897.5 J/g | 196.3 J/g | 9.606 kg/m3 |
221.1 °C | 2369.8 kPa | 948.5 J/g | 1850.2 J/g | 196.6 J/g | 11.88 kg/m3 |
229.4 °C | 2769.6 kPa | 987.9 J/g | 1812.5 J/g | 196.2 J/g | 13.87 kg/m3 |
240.6 °C | 3381.1 kPa | 1040.6 J/g | 1759.4 J/g | 195.1 J/g | 16.96 kg/m3 |
248.9 °C | 3904.1 kPa | 1080.3 J/g | 1715.8 J/g | 193.7 J/g | 19.66 kg/m3 |
260.0 °C | 4695.9 kPa | 1134.8 J/g | 1653.9 J/g | 190.8 J/g | 23.84 kg/m3 |
271.1 °C | 5603.4 kPa | 1195.9 J/g | 1586.5 J/g | 186.9 J/g | 28.83 kg/m3 |
279.4 °C | 6366.5 kPa | 1240.7 J/g | 1532.5 J/g | 183.3 J/g | 33.18 kg/m3 |
290.6 °C | 7506.2 kPa | 1302.3 J/g | 1456.3 J/g | 177.4 J/g | 39.95 kg/m3 |
298.9 °C | 8463.9 kPa | 1350.0 J/g | 1394.8 J/g | 172.2 J/g | 45.93 kg/m3 |
310.0 °C | 9878.0 kPa | 1415.7 J/g | 1307.7 J/g | 164.2 J/g | 55.25 kg/m3 |
321.1 °C | 11461 kPa | 1483.9 J/g | 1212.7 J/g | 154.5 J/g | 66.58 kg/m3 |
329.4 °C | 12785 kPa | 1537.9 J/g | 1133.2 J/g | 145.6 J/g | 76.92 kg/m3 |
340.6 °C | 14727 kPa | 1617.9 J/g | 1007.6 J/g | 130.9 J/g | 94.25 kg/m3 |
348.9 °C | 16331 kPa | 1687.0 J/g | 892.0 J/g | 117.0 J/g | 111.5 kg/m3 |
360.0 °C | 18682 kPa | 1797.0 J/g | 694.0 J/g | 91.0 J/g | 145.3 kg/m3 |
371.1 °C | 21349 kPa | 1968.3 J/g | 365.0 J/g | 47.0 J/g | 214.5 kg/m3 |
374.4 °C | 22242 kPa | 2151.2 J/g | 0 J/g | 0 J/g | 306.8 kg/m3 |
Temp. | Pressure | H of liquid | ΔvapH | ΔvapW | ρ of vapor |
Data in the table above is given for water-steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in kPa. The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C. The fourth column is the heat of vaporization of each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The fifth column is the PV work done by each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The sixth column is the density of the vapor.
Melting point of ice at various pressures
Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed., p. 2390
Pressure kPa | Temp. °C |
101.325 | 0.0 |
32950 | −2.5 |
60311 | −5.0 |
87279 | −7.5 |
113267 | −10.0 |
138274 | −12.5 |
159358 | −15.0 |
179952 | −17.5 |
200251 | −20.0 |
215746 | −22.1 |
Table of various forms of ice
Properties of various forms of ice[14] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ice form |
Density g/cm3 |
Crystal structure |
Triple points |
TP temp °C | TP pressure MPa |
Ih | 0.92 | hexagonal | Lq, Vap, Ih | 0.01 | 0.000612 |
Lq, Ih, III | −22.0 | 207.5 | |||
Ih, II, III | −34.7 | 212.9 | |||
Ic | 0.92 | cubic | |||
II | 1.17 | rhombohedral | Ih, II, III | −34.7 | 212.9 |
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3 | |||
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620 | |||
III | 1.14 | tetragonal | Lq, Ih, III | −22.0 | 207.5 |
Lq, III, V | −17 | 346.3 | |||
Ih, II, III | −34.7 | 212.9 | |||
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3 | |||
IV | 1.27 | rhombohedral | |||
V | 1.23 | monoclinic | Lq, III, V | −17 | 346.3 |
Lq, V, VI | 0.16 | 625.9 | |||
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3 | |||
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620 | |||
VI | 1.31 | tetragonal | Lq, V, VI | 0.16 | 625.9 |
Lq, VI, VII | 81.6 | 2200 | |||
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620 | |||
VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100 | |||
VII | 1.50 | cubic | Lq, VI, VII | 81.6 | 2200 |
VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100 | |||
VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000 | |||
VIII | 1.46 | tetragonal | VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100 |
VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000 | |||
IX | 1.16 | tetragonal | |||
X | 2.46 | cubic | VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000 |
XI‡ | 0.92 | orthorhombic | Vap, Ih, XI | −201.5 | 0 (expected) |
XII | 1.29 | tetragonal | |||
XIII | 1.23 | monoclinic | |||
XIV | 1.29 | orthorhombic |
‡Ice XI triple point is theoretical and has never been obtained
Phase diagram
Water with dissolved NaCl
NaCl, wt% | Teq, °C | ρ, g/cm3 | n | η, mPa·s |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0.99984 | 1.333 | 1.002 |
0.5 | −0.3 | 1.0018 | 1.3339 | 1.011 |
1 | −0.59 | 1.0053 | 1.3347 | 1.02 |
2 | −1.19 | 1.0125 | 1.3365 | 1.036 |
3 | −1.79 | 1.0196 | 1.3383 | 1.052 |
4 | −2.41 | 1.0268 | 1.34 | 1.068 |
5 | −3.05 | 1.034 | 1.3418 | 1.085 |
6 | −3.7 | 1.0413 | 1.3435 | 1.104 |
7 | −4.38 | 1.0486 | 1.3453 | 1.124 |
8 | −5.08 | 1.0559 | 1.347 | 1.145 |
9 | −5.81 | 1.0633 | 1.3488 | 1.168 |
10 | −6.56 | 1.0707 | 1.3505 | 1.193 |
12 | −8.18 | 1.0857 | 1.3541 | 1.25 |
14 | −9.94 | 1.1008 | 1.3576 | 1.317 |
16 | −11.89 | 1.1162 | 1.3612 | 1.388 |
18 | −14.04 | 1.1319 | 1.3648 | 1.463 |
20 | −16.46 | 1.1478 | 1.3684 | 1.557 |
22 | −19.18 | 1.164 | 1.3721 | 1.676 |
23.3 | −21.1 | |||
23.7 | −17.3 | |||
24.9 | −11.1 | |||
26.1 | −2.7 | |||
26.28 | 0 | |||
26.32 | 10 | |||
26.41 | 20 | |||
26.45 | 25 | |||
26.52 | 30 | |||
26.67 | 40 | |||
26.84 | 50 | |||
27.03 | 60 | |||
27.25 | 70 | |||
27.5 | 80 | |||
27.78 | 90 | |||
28.05 | 100 |
Note: ρ is density, n is refractive index at 589 nm and η is viscosity, all at 20 °C; Teq is the equilibrium temperature between two phases: ice/liquid solution for Teq < 0-0.1 and NaCl/liquid solution for Teq above 0.1 °C.
Self ionization
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°C | −35 | 0 | 25 | 60 | 300 (~50 MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pKw[16] | 17 | 14.9 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12 |
Spectral data
UV-Vis | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
λmax | ? nm | |||||||||||||||
Extinction coefficient, ε | ? | |||||||||||||||
IR | ||||||||||||||||
Major absorption bands[17] |
| |||||||||||||||
NMR | ||||||||||||||||
Proton NMR | 4.79 ppm in D2O ; 1.56 ppm in CDCl3 ; 0.40 ppm in C6D6 ; 4.87 in CD3OD[18] | |||||||||||||||
Carbon-13 NMR | N/A | |||||||||||||||
Other NMR data | ||||||||||||||||
MS | ||||||||||||||||
Masses of main fragments |
Additional data translated from German "Wasser (Stoffdaten)" page
The data that follows was copied and translated from the German language Wikipedia version of this page (which has moved to here). It provides supplementary physical, thermodynamic, and vapor pressure data, some of which is redundant with data in the tables above, and some of which is additional.
Physical and thermodynamic tables
In the following tables, values are temperature dependent and to a lesser degree pressure dependent, and are arranged by state of aggregation (s=solid, lq=liquid, g=gas), which are clearly a function of temperature and pressure. All of the data were computed from data given in "Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for Scientific and General Use" (1984). This applies to:
- T – temperature in degrees Celsius
- V – specific volume in decimeter3 per kilogram (1 dm3 is equivalent to 1 liter)
- H – specific enthalpy in kJ per kilogram
- U – specific internal energy in kJ per kilogram
- S – specific entropy in kJ per kilogram-kelvin
- cp – specific heat capacity at constant pressure in kJ per kilogram-kelvin
- γ – Thermal expansion coefficient as 10−3 per kelvin
- λ – Heat conductivity in milliwatt per meter-kelvin
- η – Viscosity in micropascal-seconds (1 cP = 1000 µPa·s)
- σ – surface tension in millinewtons per meter (equivalent to dyn/cm)
Standard conditions
In the following table, material data are given for standard pressure of 0.1 MPa (equivalent to 1 bar). Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1 atm), which is the average atmospheric pressure.
Water/steam data table at standard pressure (0.1 MPa) | ||||||||||
T °C | V dm3/kg |
H kJ/kg |
U kJ/kg |
S kJ/(kg·K) |
cp kJ/(kg·K) |
γ 10−3/K |
λ mW / (m·K) |
η µPa·s |
σ ‡ mN/m | |
0 | lq | 1.0002 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.0001 | 4.228 | −0.080 | 561.0 | 1792 | 75.65 |
5 | 1.0000 | 21.1 | 21.0 | 0.076 | 4.200 | 0.011 | 570.6 | 1518 | 74.95 | |
10 | 1.0003 | 42.1 | 42.0 | 0.151 | 4.188 | 0.087 | 580.0 | 1306 | 74.22 | |
15 | 1.0009 | 63.0 | 62.9 | 0.224 | 4.184 | 0.152 | 589.4 | 1137 | 73.49 | |
20 | 1.0018 | 83.9 | 83.8 | 0.296 | 4.183 | 0.209 | 598.4 | 1001 | 72.74 | |
25 | 1.0029 | 104.8 | 104.7 | 0.367 | 4.183 | 0.259 | 607.2 | 890.4 | 71.98 | |
30 | 1.0044 | 125.8 | 125.7 | 0.437 | 4.183 | 0.305 | 615.5 | 797.7 | 71.20 | |
35 | 1.0060 | 146.7 | 146.6 | 0.505 | 4.183 | 0.347 | 623.3 | 719.6 | 70.41 | |
40 | 1.0079 | 167.6 | 167.5 | 0.572 | 4.182 | 0.386 | 630.6 | 653.3 | 69.60 | |
45 | 1.0099 | 188.5 | 188.4 | 0.638 | 4.182 | 0.423 | 637.3 | 596.3 | 68.78 | |
50 | 1.0121 | 209.4 | 209.3 | 0.704 | 4.181 | 0.457 | 643.6 | 547.1 | 67.95 | |
60 | 1.0171 | 251.2 | 251.1 | 0.831 | 4.183 | 0.522 | 654.4 | 466.6 | 66.24 | |
70 | 1.0227 | 293.1 | 293.0 | 0.955 | 4.187 | 0.583 | 663.1 | 404.1 | 64.49 | |
80 | 1.0290 | 335.0 | 334.9 | 1.075 | 4.194 | 0.640 | 670.0 | 354.5 | 62.68 | |
90 | 1.0359 | 377.0 | 376.9 | 1.193 | 4.204 | 0.696 | 675.3 | 314.6 | 60.82 | |
99.63 | lq | 1.0431 | 417.5 | 417.4 | 1.303 | 4.217 | 0.748 | 679.0 | 283.0 | 58.99 |
g | 1694.3 | 2675 | 2505 | 7.359 | 2.043 | 2.885 | 25.05 | 12.26 | – | |
100 | g | 1696.1 | 2675 | 2506 | 7.361 | 2.042 | 2.881 | 25.08 | 12.27 | 58.92 |
200 | 2172.3 | 2874 | 2657 | 7.833 | 1.975 | 2.100 | 33.28 | 16.18 | 37.68 | |
300 | 2638.8 | 3073 | 2810 | 8.215 | 2.013 | 1.761 | 43.42 | 20.29 | 14.37 | |
500 | 3565.5 | 3488 | 3131 | 8.834 | 2.135 | 1.297 | 66.970 | 28.57 | – | |
750 | 4721.0 | 4043 | 3571 | 9.455 | 2.308 | 0.978 | 100.30 | 38.48 | – | |
1000 | 5875.5 | 4642 | 4054 | 9.978 | 2.478 | 0.786 | 136.3 | 47.66 | – | |
‡ The values for surface tension for the liquid section of the table are for a liquid/air interface. Values for the gas section of the table are for a liquid/saturated steam interface. |
Triple point
In the following table, material data are given with a pressure of 611.7 Pa (equivalent to 0.006117 bar). Up to a temperature of 0.01 °C, the triple point of water, water normally exists as ice, except for supercooled water, for which one data point is tabulated here. At the triple point, ice can exist together with both liquid water and vapor. At higher temperatures, the data are for water vapor only.
Water/steam data table at triple point pressure (0.0006117 MPa) | |||||||||
T °C | V dm3/kg |
H kJ/kg |
U kJ/kg |
S kJ/(kg·K) |
cp kJ/(kg·K) |
γ 10−3/K |
λ mW / (m·K) |
η µPa·s | |
0 | lq | 1.0002 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.0002 | 4.339 | −0.081 | 561.0 | 1792 |
0.01 | s | 1.0908 | −333.4 | −333.4 | −1.221 | 1.93 | 0.1 | 2.2 | – |
lq | 1.0002 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 4.229 | −0.080 | 561.0 | 1791 | |
g | 205986 | 2500 | 2374 | 9.154 | 1.868 | 3.672 | 17.07 | 9.22 | |
5 | g | 209913 | 2509 | 2381 | 9.188 | 1.867 | 3.605 | 17.33 | 9.34 |
10 | 213695 | 2519 | 2388 | 9.222 | 1.867 | 3.540 | 17.60 | 9.46 | |
15 | 217477 | 2528 | 2395 | 9.254 | 1.868 | 3.478 | 17.88 | 9.59 | |
20 | 221258 | 2537 | 2402 | 9.286 | 1.868 | 3.417 | 18.17 | 9.73 | |
25 | 225039 | 2547 | 2409 | 9.318 | 1.869 | 3.359 | 18.47 | 9.87 | |
30 | 228819 | 2556 | 2416 | 9.349 | 1.869 | 3.304 | 18.78 | 10.02 | |
35 | 232598 | 2565 | 2423 | 9.380 | 1.870 | 3.249 | 19.10 | 10.17 | |
40 | 236377 | 2575 | 2430 | 9.410 | 1.871 | 3.197 | 19.43 | 10.32 | |
45 | 240155 | 2584 | 2437 | 9.439 | 1.872 | 3.147 | 19.77 | 10.47 | |
50 | 243933 | 2593 | 2444 | 9.469 | 1.874 | 3.098 | 20.11 | 10.63 | |
60 | 251489 | 2612 | 2459 | 9.526 | 1.876 | 3.004 | 20.82 | 10.96 | |
70 | 259043 | 2631 | 2473 | 9.581 | 1.880 | 2.916 | 21.56 | 11.29 | |
80 | 266597 | 2650 | 2487 | 9.635 | 1.883 | 2.833 | 22.31 | 11.64 | |
90 | 274150 | 2669 | 2501 | 9.688 | 1.887 | 2.755 | 23.10 | 11.99 | |
100 | 281703 | 2688 | 2515 | 9.739 | 1.891 | 2.681 | 23.90 | 12.53 | |
200 | 357216 | 2879 | 2661 | 10.194 | 1.940 | 2.114 | 32.89 | 16.21 | |
300 | 432721 | 3076 | 2811 | 10.571 | 2.000 | 1.745 | 43.26 | 20.30 | |
500 | 583725 | 3489 | 3132 | 11.188 | 2.131 | 1.293 | 66.90 | 28.57 | |
750 | 772477 | 4043 | 3571 | 11.808 | 2.307 | 0.977 | 100.20 | 38.47 | |
1000 | 961227 | 4642 | 4054 | 12.331 | 2.478 | 0.785 | 136.30 | 47.66 |
Saturated vapor pressure
The following table is based on different, complementary sources and approximation formulas, whose values are of various quality and accuracy. The values in the temperature range of −100 °C to 100 °C were inferred from D. Sunday (1982) and are quite uniform and exact. The values in the temperature range of the boiling point of the water up to the critical point (100 °C to 374 °C), are drawn from different sources and are substantially less accurate, hence they should be understood and used also only as approximate values.[19][20][21][22]
To use the values correctly, consider the following points:
- The values apply only to smooth interfaces and in the absence other gases or gas mixtures such as air. Hence they apply only to pure phases and need a correction factor for systems in which air is present.
- The values were not computed according formulas widely used in the US, but using somewhat more exact formulas (see below), which can also be used to compute further values in the appropriate temperature ranges.
- The saturated vapor pressure over water in the temperature range of −100 °C to −50 °C is only extrapolated [Translator's note: Supercooled liquid water is not known to exist below −42 °C].
- The values have various units (Pa, hPa or bar), which must be considered when reading them.
Formulas
The table values for −100 °C to 100 °C were computed by the following formulas, where T is in kelvins and vapor pressures, Pw and Pi, are in pascals.
Over liquid water
- loge(Pw) = –6094.4642 T−1 + 21.1249952 – 2.724552×10−2 T + 1.6853396×10−5 T2 + 2.4575506 loge(T)
For temperature range: 173.15 K to 373.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 100 °C
Over ice
- loge(Pi) = –5504.4088 T−1 – 3.5704628 – 1.7337458×10−2 T + 6.5204209×10−6 T2 + 6.1295027 loge(T)
For temperature range: 173.15 K to 273.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 0 °C
At triple point
An important basic value, which is not registered in the table, is the saturated vapor pressure at the triple point of water. The internationally accepted value according to measurements of Guildner, Johnson and Jones (1976) amounts to:
Values of saturated vapor pressure of water | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp. T in °C |
Pi(T) over ice in Pa |
Pw(T) over water in Pa |
Temp. T in °C |
Pw(T) over water in hPa |
Temp. T in °C |
P(T) in bar |
Temp. T in °C |
P(T) in bar |
Temp. T in °C |
P(T) in bar | ||||
−100 | 0.0013957 | 0.0036309 | 0 | 6.11213 | 100 | 1.01 | 200 | 15.55 | 300 | 85.88 | ||||
−99 | 0.0017094 | 0.0044121 | 1 | 6.57069 | 101 | 1.05 | 201 | 15.88 | 301 | 87.09 | ||||
−98 | 0.0020889 | 0.0053487 | 2 | 7.05949 | 102 | 1.09 | 202 | 16.21 | 302 | 88.32 | ||||
−97 | 0.0025470 | 0.0064692 | 3 | 7.58023 | 103 | 1.13 | 203 | 16.55 | 303 | 89.57 | ||||
−96 | 0.0030987 | 0.0078067 | 4 | 8.13467 | 104 | 1.17 | 204 | 16.89 | 304 | 90.82 | ||||
−95 | 0.0037617 | 0.0093996 | 5 | 8.72469 | 105 | 1.21 | 205 | 17.24 | 305 | 92.09 | ||||
−94 | 0.0045569 | 0.011293 | 6 | 9.35222 | 106 | 1.25 | 206 | 17.60 | 306 | 93.38 | ||||
−93 | 0.0055087 | 0.013538 | 7 | 10.0193 | 107 | 1.30 | 207 | 17.96 | 307 | 94.67 | ||||
−92 | 0.0066455 | 0.016195 | 8 | 10.7280 | 108 | 1.34 | 208 | 18.32 | 308 | 95.98 | ||||
−91 | 0.0080008 | 0.019333 | 9 | 11.4806 | 109 | 1.39 | 209 | 18.70 | 309 | 97.31 | ||||
−90 | 0.0096132 | 0.023031 | 10 | 12.2794 | 110 | 1.43 | 210 | 19.07 | 310 | 98.65 | ||||
−89 | 0.011528 | 0.027381 | 11 | 13.1267 | 111 | 1.48 | 211 | 19.46 | 311 | 100.00 | ||||
−88 | 0.013797 | 0.032489 | 12 | 14.0251 | 112 | 1.53 | 212 | 19.85 | 312 | 101.37 | ||||
−87 | 0.016482 | 0.038474 | 13 | 14.9772 | 113 | 1.58 | 213 | 20.25 | 313 | 102.75 | ||||
−86 | 0.019653 | 0.045473 | 14 | 15.9856 | 114 | 1.64 | 214 | 20.65 | 314 | 104.15 | ||||
−85 | 0.02339 | 0.053645 | 15 | 17.0532 | 115 | 1.69 | 215 | 21.06 | 315 | 105.56 | ||||
−84 | 0.027788 | 0.063166 | 16 | 18.1829 | 116 | 1.75 | 216 | 21.47 | 316 | 106.98 | ||||
−83 | 0.032954 | 0.074241 | 17 | 19.3778 | 117 | 1.81 | 217 | 21.89 | 317 | 108.43 | ||||
−82 | 0.039011 | 0.087101 | 18 | 20.6409 | 118 | 1.86 | 218 | 22.32 | 318 | 109.88 | ||||
−81 | 0.046102 | 0.10201 | 19 | 21.9757 | 119 | 1.93 | 219 | 22.75 | 319 | 111.35 | ||||
−80 | 0.054388 | 0.11925 | 20 | 23.3854 | 120 | 1.99 | 220 | 23.19 | 320 | 112.84 | ||||
−79 | 0.064057 | 0.13918 | 21 | 24.8737 | 121 | 2.05 | 221 | 23.64 | 321 | 114.34 | ||||
−78 | 0.075320 | 0.16215 | 22 | 26.4442 | 122 | 2.12 | 222 | 24.09 | 322 | 115.86 | ||||
−77 | 0.088419 | 0.18860 | 23 | 28.1006 | 123 | 2.18 | 223 | 24.55 | 323 | 117.39 | ||||
−76 | 0.10363 | 0.21901 | 24 | 29.8470 | 124 | 2.25 | 224 | 25.02 | 324 | 118.94 | ||||
−75 | 0.12127 | 0.25391 | 25 | 31.6874 | 125 | 2.32 | 225 | 25.49 | 325 | 120.51 | ||||
−74 | 0.14168 | 0.29390 | 26 | 33.6260 | 126 | 2.40 | 226 | 25.98 | 326 | 122.09 | ||||
−73 | 0.16528 | 0.33966 | 27 | 35.6671 | 127 | 2.47 | 227 | 26.46 | 327 | 123.68 | ||||
−72 | 0.19252 | 0.39193 | 28 | 37.8154 | 128 | 2.55 | 228 | 26.96 | 328 | 125.30 | ||||
−71 | 0.22391 | 0.45156 | 29 | 40.0754 | 129 | 2.62 | 229 | 27.46 | 329 | 126.93 | ||||
−70 | 0.26004 | 0.51948 | 30 | 42.4520 | 130 | 2.70 | 230 | 27.97 | 330 | 128.58 | ||||
−69 | 0.30156 | 0.59672 | 31 | 44.9502 | 131 | 2.78 | 231 | 28.48 | 331 | 130.24 | ||||
−68 | 0.34921 | 0.68446 | 32 | 47.5752 | 132 | 2.87 | 232 | 29.01 | 332 | 131.92 | ||||
−67 | 0.40383 | 0.78397 | 33 | 50.3322 | 133 | 2.95 | 233 | 29.54 | 333 | 133.62 | ||||
−66 | 0.46633 | 0.89668 | 34 | 53.2267 | 134 | 3.04 | 234 | 30.08 | 334 | 135.33 | ||||
−65 | 0.53778 | 1.0242 | 35 | 56.2645 | 135 | 3.13 | 235 | 30.62 | 335 | 137.07 | ||||
−64 | 0.61933 | 1.1682 | 36 | 59.4513 | 136 | 3.22 | 236 | 31.18 | 336 | 138.82 | ||||
−63 | 0.71231 | 1.3306 | 37 | 62.7933 | 137 | 3.32 | 237 | 31.74 | 337 | 140.59 | ||||
−62 | 0.81817 | 1.5136 | 38 | 66.2956 | 138 | 3.42 | 238 | 32.31 | 338 | 142.37 | ||||
−61 | 0.93854 | 1.7195 | 39 | 69.9675 | 139 | 3.51 | 239 | 32.88 | 339 | 144.18 | ||||
−60 | 1.0753 | 1.9509 | 40 | 73.8127 | 140 | 3.62 | 240 | 33.47 | 340 | 146.00 | ||||
−59 | 1.2303 | 2.2106 | 41 | 77.8319 | 141 | 3.72 | 241 | 34.06 | 341 | 147.84 | ||||
−58 | 1.4060 | 2.5018 | 42 | 82.0536 | 142 | 3.82 | 242 | 34.66 | 342 | 149.71 | ||||
−57 | 1.6049 | 2.8277 | 43 | 86.4633 | 143 | 3.93 | 243 | 35.27 | 343 | 151.58 | ||||
−56 | 1.8296 | 3.1922 | 44 | 91.0757 | 144 | 4.04 | 244 | 35.88 | 344 | 153.48 | ||||
−55 | 2.0833 | 3.5993 | 45 | 95.8984 | 145 | 4.16 | 245 | 36.51 | 345 | 155.40 | ||||
−54 | 2.3694 | 4.0535 | 46 | 100.939 | 146 | 4.27 | 246 | 37.14 | 346 | 157.34 | ||||
−53 | 2.6917 | 4.5597 | 47 | 106.206 | 147 | 4.39 | 247 | 37.78 | 347 | 159.30 | ||||
−52 | 3.0542 | 5.1231 | 48 | 111.708 | 148 | 4.51 | 248 | 38.43 | 348 | 161.28 | ||||
−51 | 3.4618 | 5.7496 | 49 | 117.452 | 149 | 4.64 | 249 | 39.09 | 349 | 163.27 | ||||
−50 | 3.9193 | 6.4454 | 50 | 123.4478 | 150 | 4.76 | 250 | 39.76 | 350 | 165.29 | ||||
−49 | 4.4324 | 7.2174 | 51 | 129.7042 | 151 | 4.89 | 251 | 40.44 | 351 | 167.33 | ||||
−48 | 5.0073 | 8.0729 | 52 | 136.2304 | 152 | 5.02 | 252 | 41.12 | 352 | 169.39 | ||||
−47 | 5.6506 | 9.0201 | 53 | 143.0357 | 153 | 5.16 | 253 | 41.81 | 353 | 171.47 | ||||
−46 | 6.3699 | 10.068 | 54 | 150.1298 | 154 | 5.29 | 254 | 42.52 | 354 | 173.58 | ||||
−45 | 7.1732 | 11.225 | 55 | 157.5226 | 155 | 5.43 | 255 | 43.23 | 355 | 175.70 | ||||
−44 | 8.0695 | 12.503 | 56 | 165.2243 | 156 | 5.58 | 256 | 43.95 | 356 | 177.85 | ||||
−43 | 9.0685 | 13.911 | 57 | 173.2451 | 157 | 5.72 | 257 | 44.68 | 357 | 180.02 | ||||
−42 | 10.181 | 15.463 | 58 | 181.5959 | 158 | 5.87 | 258 | 45.42 | 358 | 182.21 | ||||
−41 | 11.419 | 17.170 | 59 | 190.2874 | 159 | 6.03 | 259 | 46.16 | 359 | 184.43 | ||||
−40 | 12.794 | 19.048 | 60 | 199.3309 | 160 | 6.18 | 260 | 46.92 | 360 | 186.66 | ||||
−39 | 14.321 | 21.110 | 61 | 208.7378 | 161 | 6.34 | 261 | 47.69 | 361 | 188.93 | ||||
−38 | 16.016 | 23.372 | 62 | 218.5198 | 162 | 6.50 | 262 | 48.46 | 362 | 191.21 | ||||
−37 | 17.893 | 25.853 | 63 | 228.6888 | 163 | 6.67 | 263 | 49.25 | 363 | 193.52 | ||||
−36 | 19.973 | 28.570 | 64 | 239.2572 | 164 | 6.84 | 264 | 50.05 | 364 | 195.86 | ||||
−35 | 22.273 | 31.544 | 65 | 250.2373 | 165 | 7.01 | 265 | 50.85 | 365 | 198.22 | ||||
−34 | 24.816 | 34.795 | 66 | 261.6421 | 166 | 7.18 | 266 | 51.67 | 366 | 200.61 | ||||
−33 | 27.624 | 38.347 | 67 | 273.4845 | 167 | 7.36 | 267 | 52.49 | 367 | 203.02 | ||||
−32 | 30.723 | 42.225 | 68 | 285.7781 | 168 | 7.55 | 268 | 53.33 | 368 | 205.47 | ||||
−31 | 34.140 | 46.453 | 69 | 298.5363 | 169 | 7.73 | 269 | 54.17 | 369 | 207.93 | ||||
−30 | 37.903 | 51.060 | 70 | 311.7731 | 170 | 7.92 | 270 | 55.03 | 370 | 210.43 | ||||
−29 | 42.046 | 56.077 | 71 | 325.5029 | 171 | 8.11 | 271 | 55.89 | 371 | 212.96 | ||||
−28 | 46.601 | 61.534 | 72 | 339.7401 | 172 | 8.31 | 272 | 56.77 | 372 | 215.53 | ||||
−27 | 51.607 | 67.466 | 73 | 354.4995 | 173 | 8.51 | 273 | 57.66 | 373 | 218.13 | ||||
−26 | 57.104 | 73.909 | 74 | 369.7963 | 174 | 8.72 | 274 | 58.56 | 374 | 220.64 | ||||
−25 | 63.134 | 80.902 | 75 | 385.6459 | 175 | 8.92 | 275 | 59.46 | 374.15 | 221.20 | ||||
−24 | 69.745 | 88.485 | 76 | 402.0641 | 176 | 9.14 | 276 | 60.38 | ||||||
−23 | 76.987 | 96.701 | 77 | 419.0669 | 177 | 9.35 | 277 | 61.31 | ||||||
−22 | 84.914 | 105.60 | 78 | 436.6708 | 178 | 9.57 | 278 | 62.25 | ||||||
−21 | 93.584 | 115.22 | 79 | 454.8923 | 179 | 9.80 | 279 | 63.20 | ||||||
−20 | 103.06 | 125.63 | 80 | 473.7485 | 180 | 10.03 | 280 | 64.17 | ||||||
−19 | 113.41 | 136.88 | 81 | 493.2567 | 181 | 10.26 | 281 | 65.14 | ||||||
−18 | 124.70 | 149.01 | 82 | 513.4345 | 182 | 10.50 | 282 | 66.12 | ||||||
−17 | 137.02 | 162.11 | 83 | 534.3000 | 183 | 10.74 | 283 | 67.12 | ||||||
−16 | 150.44 | 176.23 | 84 | 555.8714 | 184 | 10.98 | 284 | 68.13 | ||||||
−15 | 165.06 | 191.44 | 85 | 578.1673 | 185 | 11.23 | 285 | 69.15 | ||||||
−14 | 180.97 | 207.81 | 86 | 601.2068 | 186 | 11.49 | 286 | 70.18 | ||||||
−13 | 198.27 | 225.43 | 87 | 625.0090 | 187 | 11.75 | 287 | 71.22 | ||||||
−12 | 217.07 | 244.37 | 88 | 649.5936 | 188 | 12.01 | 288 | 72.27 | ||||||
−11 | 237.49 | 264.72 | 89 | 674.9806 | 189 | 12.28 | 289 | 73.34 | ||||||
−10 | 259.66 | 286.57 | 90 | 701.1904 | 190 | 12.55 | 290 | 74.42 | ||||||
−9 | 283.69 | 310.02 | 91 | 728.2434 | 191 | 12.83 | 291 | 75.51 | ||||||
−8 | 309.75 | 335.16 | 92 | 756.1608 | 192 | 13.11 | 292 | 76.61 | ||||||
−7 | 337.97 | 362.10 | 93 | 784.9639 | 193 | 13.40 | 293 | 77.72 | ||||||
−6 | 368.52 | 390.95 | 94 | 814.6743 | 194 | 13.69 | 294 | 78.85 | ||||||
−5 | 401.58 | 421.84 | 95 | 845.3141 | 195 | 13.99 | 295 | 79.99 | ||||||
−4 | 437.31 | 454.88 | 96 | 876.9057 | 196 | 14.29 | 296 | 81.14 | ||||||
−3 | 475.92 | 490.19 | 97 | 909.4718 | 197 | 14.60 | 297 | 82.31 | ||||||
−2 | 517.62 | 527.93 | 98 | 943.0355 | 198 | 14.91 | 298 | 83.48 | ||||||
−1 | 562.62 | 568.22 | 99 | 977.6203 | 199 | 15.22 | 299 | 84.67 | ||||||
0 | 611.153 | 611.213 | 100 | 1013.25 | 200 | 15.55 | 300 | 85.88 | ||||||
Temp. T in °C |
Pi(T) over ice in Pa |
Pw(T) over water in Pa |
Temp. T in °C |
Pw(T) over water in hPa |
Temp. T in °C |
P(T) in bar |
Temp. T in °C |
P(T) in bar |
Temp. T in °C |
P(T) in bar |
References
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Bibliography
- Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. ISBN 0-07-016384-7 (for 15th edition)
- Template:Nist
External links
- Microwave Spectrum (by NIST)
- Compilation of properties, with citations by Martin Chaplin, London South Bank University.
Disclaimer
Except where noted otherwise, data relate to standard ambient temperature and pressure.
Disclaimer applies.
- ↑ David R. Lide CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics CRC Press, 2004, p. 6-15 ISBN 0-8493-0485-7
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
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Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ http://cccbdb.nist.gov/
- ↑ Griffiths, D. J. "Introduction to Electrodynamics," 3rd Ed. page 275. Prentice Hall, 1999 ISBN 0-13-859851-7
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Lange, p. 1199. Due to the old definition of liter used at the time, the data from the Handbook was converted from old g/ml to g/cm3, by multiplying by 0.999973
- ↑ David R. Lide CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics CRC Press, 2004, p. 6-201 ISBN 0-8493-0485-7
- ↑ Lange, p. 1663
- ↑ Revised Release on Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Heavy Water Substance, The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam Lucerne, Switzerland, August 2007
- ↑ Lange, p. 1436
- ↑ Lange, p. 1476
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:RubberBible86th
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Fulmer et al. Organometallics, Vol. 29, No. 9, 2010
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Klaus Scheffler (1981): Wasserdampftafeln: thermodynam. Eigenschaften von Wasser u. Wasserdampf bis 800°C u. 800 bar (Water Vapor Tables: Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water and Water Vapor to 800°C and 800 bar), Berlin [u.a.] ISBN 3-540-10930-7
- ↑ D. Sonntag und D. Heinze (1982): Sättigungsdampfdruck- und Sättigungsdampfdichtetafeln für Wasser und Eis. (Saturated Vapor Pressure and Saturated Vapor Density Tables for Water and Ice)(1. Aufl.), VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
- ↑ Ulrich Grigull, Johannes Staub, Peter Schiebener (1990): Steam Tables in SI-Units – Wasserdampftafeln. Springer-Verlagdima gmbh