Standard ruler

In mathematics, the affine hull of a set S in Euclidean space Rⁿ is the smallest affine set containing S, or equivalently, the intersection of all affine sets containing S. Here, an affine set may be defined as the translation of a vector subspace.

The affine hull aff(S) of S is the set of all affine combinations of elements of S, that is,

$\mathrm{aff}(S)=\left\{\sum _{i=1}^k{\alpha }_i{x}_i\right|k>0,x_i\in S,{\alpha }_i\in \mathbb{ℝ},\sum _{i=1}^k{\alpha }_i=1\}.$

Examples

• The affine hull of a set of two different points is the line through them.
• The affine hull of a set of three points not on one line is the plane going through them.
• The affine hull of a set of four points not in a plane in R³ is the entire space R³.

Properties

• $\mathrm{a}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}(\mathrm{a}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}(S))=\mathrm{a}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}(S)$
• $\mathrm{a}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}(S)$ is a closed set

Related sets

• If instead of an affine combination one uses a convex combination, that is one requires in the formula above that all ${\alpha }_i$ be non-negative, one obtains the convex hull of S, which cannot be larger than the affine hull of S as more restrictions are involved.
• The notion of conical combination gives rise to the notion of the conical hull
• If however one puts no restrictions at all on the numbers ${\alpha }_i$, instead of an affine combination one has a linear combination, and the resulting set is the linear span of S, which contains the affine hull of S.

References

• R.J. Webster, Convexity, Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-19-853147-8.