MDS matrix

According to the British flag theorem, the red squares have the same total area as the blue squares

In Euclidean geometry, the British flag theorem says that if a point P is chosen inside rectangle ABCD then the sum of the squared Euclidean distances from P to two opposite corners of the rectangle equals the sum to the other two opposite corners. As an equation:

$AP^{2}+CP^{2}=BP^{2}+DP^{2}.\,$

The theorem also applies to points outside the rectangle, and more generally to the distances from a point in Euclidean space to the corners of a rectangle embedded into the space. Even more generally, if the sums of squared distances from a point P to the two pairs of opposite corners of a parallelogram are compared, the two sums will not in general be equal, but the difference of the two sums will depend only on the shape of the parallelogram and not on the choice of P.

Proof

Illustration for proof

Drop perpendicular lines from the point P to the sides of the rectangle, meeting sides AB, BC, CD, and AD in points w, x, y and z respectively, as shown in the figure; these four points wxyz form the vertices of an orthodiagonal quadrilateral. By applying the Pythagorean theorem to the right triangle AwP, and observing that wP = Az, it follows that

• $AP^{2}=Aw^{2}+wP^{2}=Aw^{2}+Az^{2}$

and by a similar argument the squared lengths of the distances from P to the other three corners can be calculated as

• $PC^{2}=wB^{2}+zD^{2},$
• $BP^{2}=wB^{2}+Az^{2},$ and
• $PD^{2}=zD^{2}+Aw^{2}.$

Therefore:

$AP^{2}+PC^{2}=(Aw^{2}+Az^{2})+(wB^{2}+zD^{2})=(wB^{2}+Az^{2})+(zD^{2}+Aw^{2})=BP^{2}+PD^{2}.\,$

Naming

The flag of the United Kingdom.

This theorem takes its name from the fact that, when the line segments from P to the corners of the rectangle are drawn, together with the perpendicular lines used in the proof, the completed figure somewhat resembles a Union Flag.

References

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