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29 yr old Orthopaedic Surgeon Grippo from Saint-Paul, spends time with interests including model railways, top property developers in singapore developers in singapore and dolls. Finished a cruise ship experience that included passing by Runic Stones and Church. In algebraic topology, a simplicial k-chain is a formal linear combination of k-simplices.

Integration on chains

Integration is defined on chains by taking the linear combination of integrals over the simplices in the chain with coefficients typically integers. The set of all k-chains forms a group and the sequence of these groups is called a chain complex.

Boundary operator on chains

The boundary of a polygonal curve is a linear combination of its nodes; in this case, some linear combination of A₁ through A₆. Assuming the segments all are oriented left-to-right (in increasing order from A_k to A_k+1), the boundary is A₆ − A₁.

A closed polygonal curve, assuming consistent orientation, has null boundary.

The boundary of a chain is the linear combination of boundaries of the simplices in the chain. The boundary of a k-chain is a (k−1)-chain. Note that the boundary of a simplex is not a simplex, but a chain with coefficients 1 or −1 – thus chains are the closure of simplices under the boundary operator.

Example 1: The boundary of a path is the formal difference of its endpoints: it is a telescoping sum. To illustrate, if the 1-chain $c=t_1+t_2+t_3$ is a path from point $v_1$ to point $v_4$, where $t_1=[v_1,v_2]$, $t_2=[v_2,v_3]$ and $t_3=[v_3,v_4]$ are its constituent 1-simplices, then

$\begin{array}{rl}{\partial }_{1}c& ={\partial }_1(t_1+t_2+t_3)\\ & ={\partial }_1(t_1)+{\partial }_1(t_2)+{\partial }_1(t_3)\\ & ={\partial }_1([v_1,v_2])+{\partial }_1([v_2,v_3])+{\partial }_1([v_3,v_4])\\ & =([v_2]-[v_1])+([v_3]-[v_2])+([v_4]-[v_3])\\ & =[v_4]-[v_1].\end{array}$

Example 2: The boundary of the triangle is a formal sum of its edges with signs arranged to make the traversal of the boundary counterclockwise.

A chain is called a cycle when its boundary is zero. A chain that is the boundary of another chain is called a boundary. Boundaries are cycles, so chains form a chain complex, whose homology groups (cycles modulo boundaries) are called simplicial homology groups.

Example 3: A 0-cycle is a linear combination of points such that the sum of all the coefficients is 0. Thus, the 0-homology group measures the number of path connected components of the space.

Example 4: The plane punctured at the origin has nontrivial 1-homology group since the unit circle is a cycle, but not a boundary.

In differential geometry, the duality between the boundary operator on chains and the exterior derivative is expressed by the general Stokes' theorem.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.