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Look at my blog; Hostgator 1 Cent Coupon Additive synthesis is a sound synthesis technique that creates timbre by adding sine waves together.^[1]^[2]

The timbre of musical instruments can be considered in the light of Fourier theory to consist of multiple harmonic or inharmonic partials or overtones. Each partial is a sine wave of different frequency and amplitude that swells and decays over time.

Additive synthesis most directly generates sound by adding the output of multiple sine wave generators. Alternative implementations may use pre-computed wavetables or the inverse Fast Fourier transform.

Definitions

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Harmonic additive synthesis is closely related to the concept of a Fourier series which is a way of expressing a periodic function as the sum of sinusoidal functions with frequencies equal to integer multiples of a common fundamental frequency. These sinusoids are called harmonics, overtones, or generally, partials. In general, a Fourier series contains an infinite number of sinusoidal components, with no upper limit to the frequency of the sinusoidal functions and includes a DC component (one with frequency of 0 Hz). Frequencies outside of the human audible range can be omitted in additive synthesis. As a result only a finite number of sinusoidal terms with frequencies that lie within the audible range are modeled in additive synthesis.

A waveform or function is said to be periodic if

y(t)=y(t+P)\

for all $t\,$ and for some period $P\,$ .

The Fourier series of a periodic function is mathematically expressed as:

{\begin{aligned}y(t)&={\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\left[a_{k}\cos(2\pi kf_{0}t)-b_{k}\sin(2\pi kf_{0}t)\right]\\&={\frac {a_{0}}{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }r_{k}\cos \left(2\pi kf_{0}t+\phi _{k}\right)\\\end{aligned}}

where

f_{0}=1/P\,

is the fundamental frequency of the waveform and is equal to the reciprocal of the period,

a_{k}=r_{k}\cos(\phi _{k})=2f_{0}\int _{0}^{P}y(t)\cos(2\pi kf_{0}t)\,dt,\quad k\geq 0\,

b_{k}=r_{k}\sin(\phi _{k})=-2f_{0}\int _{0}^{P}y(t)\sin(2\pi kf_{0}t)\,dt,\quad k\geq 1\,

r_{k}={\sqrt {a_{k}^{2}+b_{k}^{2}}}\,

is the amplitude of the

k\,

th harmonic,

\phi _{k}=\operatorname {atan2} (b_{k},a_{k})\,

is the phase offset of the

k\,

th harmonic. atan2( ) is the four-quadrant arctangent function,

Being inaudible, the DC component, $a_{0}/2\,$ , and all components with frequencies higher than some finite limit, $Kf_{0}\,$ , are omitted in the following expressions of additive synthesis.

Harmonic form

The simplest harmonic additive synthesis can be mathematically expressed as:

Template:NumBlk

where $y(t)\,$ is the synthesis output, $r_{k}\,$ , $kf_{0}\,$ , and $\phi _{k}\,$ are the amplitude, frequency, and the phase offset, respectively, of the $k\,$ th harmonic partial of a total of $K\,$ harmonic partials, and $f_{0}\,$ is the fundamental frequency of the waveform and the frequency of the musical note.

Time-dependent amplitudes

	Example of harmonic additive synthesis in which each harmonic has a time-dependent amplitude. The fundamental frequency is 440 Hz. File:Harmonic additive synthesis.ogg Problems listening to this file? See Media help

More generally, the amplitude of each harmonic can be prescribed as a function of time, $r_{k}(t)\,$ , in which case the synthesis output is

Template:NumBlk

Each envelope $r_{k}(t)\,$ should vary slowly relative to the frequency spacing between adjacent sinusoids. The bandwidth of $r_{k}(t)\,$ should be significantly less than $f_{0}\,$ .

Inharmonic form

Additive synthesis can also produce inharmonic sounds (which are aperiodic waveforms) in which the individual overtones need not have frequencies that are integer multiples of some common fundamental frequency.^[3]^[4] While many conventional musical instruments have harmonic partials (e.g. an oboe), some have inharmonic partials (e.g. bells). Inharmonic additive synthesis can be described as

y(t)=\sum _{k=1}^{K}r_{k}(t)\cos \left(2\pi f_{k}t+\phi _{k}\right),

where $f_{k}\,$ is the constant frequency of $k\,$ th partial.

	Example of inharmonic additive synthesis in which both the amplitude and frequency of each partial are time-dependent. File:Inharmonic additive synthesis.ogg Problems listening to this file? See Media help

Time-dependent frequencies

In the general case, the instantaneous frequency of a sinusoid is the derivative (with respect to time) of the argument of the sine or cosine function. If this frequency is represented in hertz, rather than in angular frequency form, then this derivative is divided by $2\pi \,$ . This is the case whether the partial is harmonic or inharmonic and whether its frequency is constant or time-varying.

In the most general form, the frequency of each non-harmonic partial is a non-negative function of time, $f_{k}(t)\,$ , yielding

Template:NumBlk

Broader definitions

Additive synthesis has been used as an umbrella term for the class of sound synthesis techniques that sum simple elements to create more complex timbres, even when the elements are not sine waves.^[5]^[6] For example, F. Richard Moore listed additive synthesis as one of the "four basic categories" of sound synthesis alongside subtractive synthesis, nonlinear synthesis, and physical modelling.^[6] In this broad sense, pipe organs, which also have pipes producing non-sinusoidal waveforms, can be considered as additive synthesizers. Summation of principal components and Walsh functions have also been classified as additive synthesis.^[7]

Additive analysis/resynthesis

It is possible to analyze the frequency components of a recorded sound giving a "sum of sinusoids" representation. This representation can be re-synthesized using additive synthesis. One method of decomposing a sound into time varying sinusoidal partials is Fourier Transform-based McAulay-Quatieri Analysis.^[9]^[10]

By modifying the sum of sinusoids representation, timbral alterations can be made prior to resynthesis. For example, a harmonic sound could be restructured to sound inharmonic, and vice versa. Sound hybridisation or "morphing" has been implemented by additive resynthesis.^[11]

Additive analysis/resynthesis has been employed in a number of techniques including Sinusoidal Modelling,^[12] Spectral Modelling Synthesis (SMS),^[11] and the Reassigned Bandwidth-Enhanced Additive Sound Model.^[13] Software that implements additive analysis/resynthesis includes: SPEAR,^[14] LEMUR, LORIS,^[15] SMSTools,^[16] ARSS.^[17]

Products

New England Digital Synclavier had a resynthesis feature where samples could be analyzed and converted into ”timbre frames” which were part of its additive synthesis engine. Technos acxel, launched in 1987, utilized the additive analysis/resynthesis model, in an FFT implementation.

Also a vocal synthesizer, Vocaloid have been implemented on the basis of additive analysis/resynthesis: its spectral voice model called Excitation plus Resonances (EpR) model^[18]^[19] is extended based on Spectral Modeling Synthesis (SMS), and its diphone concatenative synthesis is processed using spectral peak processing (SPP)^[20] technique similar to modified phase-locked vocoder^[21] (an improved phase vocoder for formant processing).^[22] Using these techniques, spectral components (formants) consisting of purely harmonic partials can be appropriately transformed into desired form for sound modeling, and sequence of short samples (diphones or phonemes) constituting desired phrase, can be smoothly connected by interpolating matched partials and formant peaks, respectively, in the inserted transition region between different samples.

Applications

Musical instruments

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Additive synthesis is used in electronic musical instruments.

Speech synthesis

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In linguistics research, harmonic additive synthesis was used in 1950s to play back modified and synthetic speech spectrograms.^[23] Later, in early 1980s, listening tests were carried out on synthetic speech stripped of acoustic cues to assess their significance. Time-varying formant frequencies and amplitudes derived by linear predictive coding were synthesized additively as pure tone whistles. This method is called sinewave synthesis.^[24]^[25]

Implementation methods

Modern-day implementations of additive synthesis are mainly digital. (See section Discrete-time equations for the underlying discrete-time theory)

Oscillator bank synthesis

Additive synthesis can be implemented using a bank of sinusoidal oscillators, one for each partial.^[1]

Wavetable synthesis

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. In the case of harmonic, quasi-periodic musical tones, wavetable synthesis can be as general as time-varying additive synthesis, but requires less computation during synthesis.^[26] As a result, an efficient implementation of time-varying additive synthesis of harmonic tones can be accomplished by use of wavetable synthesis.

Group additive synthesis^[27]^[28]^[29] is a method to group partials into harmonic groups (of differing fundamental frequencies) and synthesize each group separately with wavetable synthesis before mixing the results.

Inverse FFT synthesis

An inverse Fast Fourier transform can be used to efficiently synthesize frequencies that evenly divide the transform period or "frame". By careful consideration of the DFT frequency-domain representation it is also possible to efficiently synthesize sinusoids of arbitrary frequencies using a series of overlapping frames and the inverse Fast Fourier transform.^[30]

History

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Harmonic analysis was discovered by Joseph Fourier,^[31] who published an extensive treatise of his research in the context of heat transfer in 1822.^[32] The theory found an early application in prediction of tides. Around 1876,^[33] Lord Kelvin constructed a mechanical tide predictor. It consisted of a harmonic analyzer and a harmonic synthesizer, as they were called already in the 19th century.^[34]^[35] The analysis of tide measurements was done using James Thomson's integrating machine. The resulting Fourier coefficients were input into the synthesizer, which then used a system of cords and pulleys to generate and sum harmonic sinusoidal partials for prediction of future tides. In 1910, a similar machine was built for the analysis of periodic waveforms of sound.^[36] The synthesizer drew a graph of the combination waveform, which was used chiefly for visual validation of the analysis.^[36]

Georg Ohm applied Fourier's theory to sound in 1843. The line of work was greatly advanced by Hermann von Helmholtz, who published his eight years worth of research in 1863.^[37] Helmholtz believed that the psychological perception of tone color is subject to learning, while hearing in the sensory sense is purely physiological.^[38] He supported the idea that perception of sound derives from signals from nerve cells of the basilar membrane and that the elastic appendages of these cells are sympathetically vibrated by pure sinusoidal tones of appropriate frequencies.^[36] Helmholtz agreed with the finding of Ernst Chladni from 1787 that certain sound sources have inharmonic vibration modes.^[38]

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In Helmholtz's time, electronic amplification was unavailable. For synthesis of tones with harmonic partials, Helmholtz built an electrically excited array of tuning forks and acoustic resonance chambers that allowed adjustment of the amplitudes of the partials.^[39] Built at least as early as in 1862,^[39] these were in turn refined by Rudolph Koenig, who demonstrated his own setup in 1872.^[39] For harmonic synthesis, Koenig also built a large apparatus based on his wave siren. It was pneumatic and utilized cut-out tonewheels, and was criticized for low purity of its partial tones.^[33] Also tibia pipes of pipe organs have nearly sinusoidal waveforms and can be combined in the manner of additive synthesis.^[33]

In 1938, with significant new supporting evidence,^[40] it was reported on the pages of Popular Science Monthly that the human vocal cords function like a fire siren to produce a harmonic-rich tone, which is then filtered by the vocal tract to produce different vowel tones.^[41] By the time, the additive Hammond organ was already on market. Most early electronic organ makers thought it too expensive to manufacture the plurality of oscillators required by additive organs, and began instead to built subtractive ones.^[42] In a 1940 Institute of Radio Engineers meeting, the head field engineer of Hammond elaborated on the company's new Novachord as having a “subtractive system” in contrast to the original Hammond organ in which “the final tones were built up by combining sound waves”.^[43] Alan Douglas used the qualifiers additive and subtractive to describe different types of electronic organs in a 1948 paper presented to the Royal Musical Association.^[44] The contemporary wording additive synthesis and subtractive synthesis can be found in his 1957 book The electrical production of music, in which he categorically lists three methods of forming of musical tone-colours, in sections titled Additive synthesis, Subtractive synthesis, and Other forms of combinations.^[45]

A typical modern additive synthesizer produces its output as an electrical, analog signal, or as digital audio, such as in the case of software synthesizers, which became popular around year 2000.^[46]

Timeline

The following is a timeline of historically and technologically notable analog and digital synthesizers and devices implementing additive synthesis.

Research implementation or publication	Commercially available	Company or institution	Synthesizer or synthesis device	Description	Audio samples
1900^[47]	1906^[47]	New England Electric Music Company	Telharmonium	The first polyphonic, touch-sensitive music synthesizer.^[48] Implemented sinuosoidal additive synthesis using tonewheels and alternators. Invented by Thaddeus Cahill.	no known recordings^[47]
1933^[49]	1935^[49]	Hammond Organ Company	Hammond Organ	An electronic additive synthesizer that was commercially more successful than Telharmonium.^[48] Implemented sinusoidal additive synthesis using tonewheels and magnetic pickups. Invented by Laurens Hammond.	My name: Lindsey Gavin My age: 28 Country: Sweden Home town: Vemdalen Postal code: 840 92 Address: Buanvagen 79 Look into my weblog :: http://www.hostgator1centcoupon.info/
1950 or earlier^[23]		Haskins Laboratories	Pattern Playback	A speech synthesis system that controlled amplitudes of harmonic partials by a spectrogram that was either hand-drawn or an analysis result. The partials were generated by a multi-track optical tonewheel.^[23]	samples
1958^[50]			ANS	An additive synthesizer^[51] that played microtonal spectrogram-like scores using multiple multi-track optical tonewheels. Invented by Evgeny Murzin. A similar instrument that utilized electronic oscillators, the Oscillator Bank, and its input device Spectrogram were realized by Hugh Le Caine in 1959.^[52]^[53]	My name: Lindsey Gavin My age: 28 Country: Sweden Home town: Vemdalen Postal code: 840 92 Address: Buanvagen 79 Look into my weblog :: http://www.hostgator1centcoupon.info/
1963^[54]		MIT		An off-line system for digital spectral analysis and resynthesis of the attack and steady-state portions of musical instrument timbres by David Luce.^[54]
1964^[55]		University of Illinois	Harmonic Tone Generator	An electronic, harmonic additive synthesis system invented by James Beauchamp.^[55]^[56]	samples (info)
1974 or earlier^[57]^[58]	1974^[57]^[58]	RMI	Harmonic Synthesizer	The first synthesizer product that implemented additive^[59] synthesis using digital oscillators.^[57]^[58] The synthesizer also had a time-varying analog filter.^[57] RMI was a subsidiary of Allen Organ Company, which had released the first commercial digital church organ, the Allen Computer Organ, in 1971, using digital technology developed by North American Rockwell.^[60]	1 2 3 4
1974^[61]		EMS (London)	Digital Oscillator Bank	A bank of digital oscillators with arbitrary waveforms, individual frequency and amplitude controls,^[62] intended for use in analysis-resynthesis with the digital Analysing Filter Bank (AFB) also constructed at EMS.^[61]^[62] Also known as: DOB.	in The New Sound of Music^[63]
1976^[64]	1976^[65]	Fairlight	Qasar M8	An all-digital synthesizer that used the Fast Fourier Transform^[66] to create samples from interactively drawn amplitude envelopes of harmonics.^[67]	samples
1977^[68]		Bell Labs	Digital Synthesizer	A real-time, digital additive synthesizer^[68] that has been called the first true digital synthesizer.^[69] Also known as: Alles Machine, Alice.	sample (info)
1979^[69]	1979^[69]	New England Digital	Synclavier II	A commercial digital synthesizer that enabled development of timbre over time by smooth cross-fades between waveforms generated by additive synthesis.	My name: Lindsey Gavin My age: 28 Country: Sweden Home town: Vemdalen Postal code: 840 92 Address: Buanvagen 79 Look into my weblog :: http://www.hostgator1centcoupon.info/

Discrete-time equations

In digital implementations of additive synthesis, discrete-time equations are used in place of the continuous-time synthesis equations. A notational convention for discrete-time signals uses brackets i.e. $y[n]\,$ and the argument $n\,$ can only be integer values. If the continuous-time synthesis output $y(t)\,$ is expected to be sufficiently bandlimited; below half the sampling rate or $f_{\mathrm {s} }/2\,$ , it suffices to directly sample the continuous-time expression to get the discrete synthesis equation. The continuous synthesis output can later be reconstructed from the samples using a digital-to-analog converter. The sampling period is $T=1/f_{\mathrm {s} }\,$ .

Beginning with (Template:EquationNote),

y(t)=\sum _{k=1}^{K}r_{k}(t)\cos \left(2\pi \int _{0}^{t}f_{k}(u)\ du+\phi _{k}\right)

and sampling at discrete times $t=nT=n/f_{\mathrm {s} }\,$ results in

{\begin{aligned}y[n]&=y(nT)=\sum _{k=1}^{K}r_{k}(nT)\cos \left(2\pi \int _{0}^{nT}f_{k}(u)\ du+\phi _{k}\right)\\&=\sum _{k=1}^{K}r_{k}(nT)\cos \left(2\pi \sum _{i=1}^{n}\int _{(i-1)T}^{iT}f_{k}(u)\ du+\phi _{k}\right)\\&=\sum _{k=1}^{K}r_{k}(nT)\cos \left(2\pi \sum _{i=1}^{n}(Tf_{k}[i])+\phi _{k}\right)\\&=\sum _{k=1}^{K}r_{k}[n]\cos \left({\frac {2\pi }{f_{\mathrm {s} }}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}f_{k}[i]+\phi _{k}\right)\\\end{aligned}}

where

r_{k}[n]=r_{k}(nT)\,

is the discrete-time varying amplitude envelope

f_{k}[n]={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{(n-1)T}^{nT}f_{k}(t)\ dt\,

is the discrete-time backward difference instantaneous frequency.

This is equivalent to

y[n]=\sum _{k=1}^{K}r_{k}[n]\cos \left(\theta _{k}[n]\right)

where

{\begin{aligned}\theta _{k}[n]&={\frac {2\pi }{f_{\mathrm {s} }}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}f_{k}[i]+\phi _{k}\\&=\theta _{k}[n-1]+{\frac {2\pi }{f_{\mathrm {s} }}}f_{k}[n]\\\end{aligned}}

for all

n>0\,

^[30]

and

\theta _{k}[0]=\phi _{k}.\,

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

Digital Keyboards Synergy

Template:Sound synthesis types

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Template:Cite web Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "JOS_Additive" defined multiple times with different content
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ Template:Cite paper
↑ Template:Cite web
↑ Template:Cite web
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 Template:Cite paper
↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ ^36.0 ^36.1 ^36.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ ^38.0 ^38.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ ^39.0 ^39.1 ^39.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ Template:Cite jstor
↑ Template:Cite doi
↑ Template:Cite jstor
↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ ^47.0 ^47.1 ^47.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ ^48.0 ^48.1 Template:Cite paper
↑ ^49.0 ^49.1 Template:Cite web
↑ Template:Cite web
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ Template:Cite web
↑ Template:Cite web
↑ ^54.0 ^54.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ ^55.0 ^55.1 Template:Cite web
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ ^57.0 ^57.1 ^57.2 ^57.3 Template:Cite web
↑ ^58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ Template:Cite web
↑ ^61.0 ^61.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ ^62.0 ^62.1 Template:Cite web
↑ Template:Cite video Includes a demonstration of DOB and AFB.
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ Template:Cite thesis
↑ Template:Cite web
↑ Template:Cite web
↑ ^68.0 ^68.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ ^69.0 ^69.1 ^69.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[JOS_Additive-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Template:Cite web Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "JOS_Additive" defined multiple times with different content

[2] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[smith05-3] Template:Cite web (online reprint)

[smith11-4] Template:Cite web

[5] 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[MooreFoundationsCM-6] 6.0 ^6.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[7] 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[MQ1988-8] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[MQ1986-9] Template:Cite paper

[10] Template:Cite web

[XSerraPhD-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Template:Cite thesis

[12] Template:Cite web

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[14] SPEAR Sinusoidal Partial Editing Analysis and Resynthesis for MacOS X, MacOS 9 and Windows

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[16] SMSTools application for Windows

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See "Excitation plus resonances voice model" (p. 51)

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[cooper1951-23] 23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[remez81-24] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[rubin80-25] Template:Cite paper

[Wavetable_Synthesis_101-26] Template:Cite web

[27] Template:Cite web

[28] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[29] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[RodetDepalle_FFTm1-30] 30.0 ^30.1 Template:Cite paper

[prestini2004-31] 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[32] 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[miller1916-33] 33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[philmag1875-34] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[thomson1878-35] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[cahan1993-36] 36.0 ^36.1 ^36.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[helmholtz1863-37] 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[christensen2002-38] 38.0 ^38.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[helmholtz1875-39] 39.0 ^39.1 ^39.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[40] 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[41] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[comerford1993-42] Template:Cite jstor

[43] Template:Cite doi

[Douglas1948-44] Template:Cite jstor

[douglas1957-45] 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[pejrolo2007-46] 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[weidenaar1995-47] 47.0 ^47.1 ^47.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[moog1977-48] 48.0 ^48.1 Template:Cite paper

[harvey2011-49] 49.0 ^49.1 Template:Cite web

[holzer2010-50] Template:Cite web

[vail2002-51] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[young1999a-52] Template:Cite web

[young1999b-53] Template:Cite web

[luce1963-54] 54.0 ^54.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[beauchamp2009-55] 55.0 ^55.1 Template:Cite web

[beauchamp1966-56] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[synthmuseum-RMI-57] 57.0 ^57.1 ^57.2 ^57.3 Template:Cite web

[reid2001-58] 58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[flint2008-59] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[fundinguniverse-60] Template:Cite web

[cosimi2009-61] 61.0 ^61.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[hinton2002-62] 62.0 ^62.1 Template:Cite web

[63] Template:Cite video Includes a demonstration of DOB and AFB.

[leete1999-64] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[twyman2004-65] Template:Cite thesis

[street2000-66] Template:Cite web

[67] Template:Cite web

[Leider2004-68] 68.0 ^68.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[chadabe1997-69] 69.0 ^69.1 ^69.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

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Additive synthesis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:21, 14 January 2014

Contents

Definitions

Harmonic form

Time-dependent amplitudes

Inharmonic form

Time-dependent frequencies

Broader definitions

Additive analysis/resynthesis

Products

Applications

Musical instruments

Speech synthesis

Implementation methods

Oscillator bank synthesis

Wavetable synthesis

Inverse FFT synthesis

History

Timeline

Discrete-time equations

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
+{{Listen
+| filename      = Additive_synthesis_bell.ogg
+| title         = Additive synthesis example
+| description   = A bell-like sound generated by additive synthesis of 21 inharmonic partials
+| pos           = right
+}}
+'''Additive synthesis''' is a '''[[sound synthesis]]''' technique that creates [[timbre]] by adding [[sine function|sine]] waves together.<ref name="JOS_Additive">
+{{cite web      | ref=harv
+ | author       = Julius O. Smith III
+ | title        = Additive Synthesis (Early Sinusoidal Modeling)
+ | url          = https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/sasp/Additive_Synthesis_Early_Sinusoidal.html
+ | quote        = The term "additive synthesis" refers to sound being formed by adding together many sinusoidal components
+ | accessdate   = 14 January 2012
+}}</ref><ref>
+{{cite journal  | ref=harv
+ | author       = Gordon Reid
+ | title        = Synth Secrets, Part 14: An Introduction To Additive Synthesis
+ | url          = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jun00/articles/synthsec.htm
+ | journal      = Sound On Sound
+ | issue        = January 2000
+ | accessdate   = 14 January 2012
+}}</ref>
+The timbre of musical instruments can be considered in the light of [[Fourier series|Fourier theory]] to consist of multiple [[harmonic]] or inharmonic ''[[harmonic series (music)|partials]]'' or [[overtones]]. Each partial is a sine wave of different [[frequency]] and [[amplitude]] that swells and decays [[ADSR envelope|over time]].
+Additive synthesis most directly generates sound by adding the output of multiple sine wave generators. Alternative implementations may use pre-computed [[Wavetable synthesis|wavetables]] or the inverse [[Fast Fourier transform]].
+==Definitions==
+{{See also|Fourier series|Fourier analysis}}
+{| style="float: right;" border="0"
+| valign="top" | [[File:Additive synthesis.svg|250px|thumb|Schematic diagram of additive synthesis. The inputs to the oscillators are frequencies <math>f_k\,</math> and amplitudes <math>r_k\,</math>.]]
+|}
+Harmonic additive synthesis is closely related to the concept of a [[Fourier series]] which is a way of expressing a [[periodic function]] as the sum of [[Sine wave|sinusoidal]] functions with [[frequencies]] equal to integer multiples of a common [[fundamental frequency]].  These sinusoids are called [[harmonic]]s, [[overtone]]s, or generally, [[Harmonic series (music)#Partial|partials]].  In general, a Fourier series contains an infinite number of sinusoidal components, with no upper limit to the frequency of the sinusoidal functions and includes a [[direct current|DC]] component (one with frequency of 0 [[Hertz|Hz]]).  [[Equal-loudness contour|Frequencies outside of the human audible range]] can be omitted in additive synthesis.  As a result only a finite number of sinusoidal terms with frequencies that lie within the audible range are modeled in additive synthesis.
+A waveform or function is said to be [[periodic function|periodic]] if
+: <math> y(t) = y(t+P) \ </math>
+for all <math> t \,</math> and for some period <math> P \,</math>.
+The [[Fourier series]] of a periodic function is mathematically expressed as:
+: <math> \begin{align}
+  y(t) &= \frac{a_0}{2} + \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \left[ a_k \cos(2 \pi k f_0 t ) - b_k \sin(2 \pi k f_0 t ) \right] \\
+       &= \frac{a_0}{2} + \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} r_k \cos\left(2 \pi k f_0 t + \phi_k \right) \\
+   \end{align} </math>
+where
+:: <math>f_0 = 1/P\,</math> is the [[fundamental frequency]] of the waveform and is equal to the reciprocal of the period,
+:: <math>a_k = r_k \cos(\phi_k) = 2 f_0 \int_{0}^P y(t) \cos(2 \pi k f_0 t)\, dt, \quad k \ge 0\,</math>
+:: <math>b_k = r_k \sin(\phi_k) = -2 f_0 \int_{0}^P y(t) \sin(2 \pi k f_0 t)\, dt, \quad k \ge 1\,</math>
+:: <math>r_k = \sqrt{a_k^2 + b_k^2}\,</math> is the [[amplitude]] of the <math>k\,</math>th harmonic,
+:: <math>\phi_k = \operatorname{atan2}(b_k, a_k)\,</math> is the [[phase (waves)|phase offset]] of the <math>k\,</math>th harmonic. [[atan2]](&nbsp;) is the four-quadrant [[arctangent]] function,
+Being inaudible, the [[direct current|DC]] component, <math>a_0/2\,</math>, and all components with frequencies higher than some finite limit, <math>K f_0\,</math>, are omitted in the following expressions of additive synthesis.
+===Harmonic form===
+The simplest harmonic additive synthesis can be mathematically expressed as:
+: {{NumBlk|:|<math>y(t) = \sum_{k=1}^{K} r_k \cos\left(2 \pi k f_0 t + \phi_k \right)</math>,|{{EquationRef|1}}}}
+where <math>y(t)\,</math> is the synthesis output, <math>r_k\,</math>, <math>k f_0\,</math>, and <math>\phi_k\,</math> are the amplitude, frequency, and the phase offset, respectively, of the <math>k\,</math>th harmonic partial of a total of <math>K\,</math> harmonic partials, and <math>f_0\,</math> is the [[fundamental frequency]] of the waveform and the [[Piano key frequencies|frequency of the musical note]].
+===Time-dependent amplitudes===
+{|class=wikitable align=right  width=420px
+|-
+| [[File:Harmonic additive synthesis spectrum.png|280px]]
+| <span style="font-size:85%;line-height:130%;">Example of harmonic additive synthesis in which each harmonic has a time-dependent amplitude. The fundamental frequency is 440&nbsp;Hz.</span>
+[[File:Harmonic additive synthesis.ogg|noicon|150px]]
+<span style="font-size:70%;line-height:130%;font-style:italic;">Problems listening to this file? See [[Media help]]</span>
+|}
+More generally, the amplitude of each harmonic can be prescribed as a function of time, <math>r_k(t)\,</math>, in which case the synthesis output is
+: {{NumBlk|:|<math>y(t) = \sum_{k=1}^{K} r_k(t) \cos\left(2 \pi k f_0 t + \phi_k \right)</math>.|{{EquationRef|2}}}}
+Each [[Envelope (waves)|envelope]] <math>r_k(t)\,</math> should vary slowly relative to the frequency spacing between adjacent sinusoids.  The [[bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of <math>r_k(t)\,</math> should be significantly less than <math>f_0\,</math>.
+===Inharmonic form===
+Additive synthesis can also produce [[Inharmonicity|inharmonic]] sounds (which are [[aperiodic]] waveforms) in which the individual overtones need not have frequencies that are integer multiples of some common fundamental frequency.<ref name=smith05>
+{{Cite web      | ref=harv
+ | last1        = Smith III | first1 = Julius O.
+ | last2        = Serra     | first2 = Xavier
+ | year         = 2005
+ | chapter      = Additive Synthesis
+ | chapterurl   = https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/parshl/Additive_Synthesis.html
+ | title        = PARSHL: An Analysis/Synthesis Program for Non-Harmonic Sounds Based on a Sinusoidal Representation
+ | url          = https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/parshl/
+ |<!-- work     = Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference (ICMC-87, Tokyo), Computer Music Association, 1987. -->
+ | publisher    = [[Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics|CCRMA]], Department of Music, Stanford University
+ | accessdate   = 9 January 2012
+}} ([https://ccrma.stanford.edu/STANM/stanms/stanm43/stanm43.pdf online reprint])</ref><ref name=smith11>
+{{Cite web      | ref=harv
+ | last         = Smith III | first = Julius O.
+ | year         = 2011
+ | chapter      = Additive Synthesis (Early Sinusoidal Modeling)
+ | chapterurl= https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/sasp/Additive_Synthesis_Early_Sinusoidal.html
+ | title        = Spectral Audio Signal Processing
+ | url          = https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/sasp/
+ | publisher    = [[Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics|CCRMA]], Department of Music, Stanford University
+ | isbn         = 978-0-9745607-3-1
+ | accessdate   = 9 January 2012
+}}</ref>  While many conventional musical instruments have harmonic partials (e.g. an [[oboe]]), some have inharmonic partials (e.g. [[bell (instrument)|bells]]).  Inharmonic additive synthesis can be described as
+: <math>y(t) = \sum_{k=1}^{K} r_k(t) \cos\left(2 \pi f_k t + \phi_k \right),</math>
+where <math>f_k\,</math> is the constant frequency of <math>k\,</math>th partial.
+{|class=wikitable align=right width=420px
+|-
+| [[File:Inharmonic additive synthesis spectrum.png|280px]]
+| <span style="font-size:85%;line-height:130%;">Example of inharmonic additive synthesis in which both the amplitude and frequency of each partial are time-dependent.</span>
+[[File:Inharmonic additive synthesis.ogg|noicon|150px]]
+<span style="font-size:70%;line-height:130%;font-style:italic;">Problems listening to this file? See [[Media help]]</span>
+|}
+===Time-dependent frequencies===
+In the general case, the [[instantaneous frequency]] of a sinusoid is the [[derivative]] (with respect to time) of the argument of the sine or cosine function.  If this frequency is represented in [[hertz]], rather than in [[angular frequency]] form, then this derivative is divided by <math>2 \pi\,</math>.  This is the case whether the partial is harmonic or inharmonic and whether its frequency is constant or time-varying.
+In the most general form, the frequency of each non-harmonic partial is a non-negative function of time, <math>f_k(t)\,</math>, yielding
+: {{NumBlk|:|<math>y(t) = \sum_{k=1}^{K} r_k(t) \cos\left(2 \pi \int_0^t f_k(u)\ du + \phi_k \right).</math>|{{EquationRef|3}}}}
+===Broader definitions===
+''Additive synthesis'' has been used as an umbrella term for the class of sound synthesis techniques that sum simple elements to create more complex timbres, even when the elements are not sine waves.<ref>
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = Roads | first = Curtis
+ | authorlink   = Curtis Roads
+ | year         = 1995
+ | title        = The Computer Music Tutorial
+ | publisher    = [[MIT Press]]
+ | isbn         = 0-262-68082-3
+ | page         = 134
+}}</ref><ref name="MooreFoundationsCM">
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = Moore | first = F. Richard
+ | year         = 1995
+ | title        = Foundations of Computer Music
+ | publisher    = [[Prentice Hall]]
+ | isbn         = 0-262-68082-3
+ | page         = 16
+}}
+</ref> For example, F. Richard Moore listed additive synthesis as one of the "four basic categories" of sound synthesis alongside [[subtractive synthesis]], nonlinear synthesis, and [[Physical modelling synthesis|physical modelling]].<ref name="MooreFoundationsCM"/> In this broad sense, [[pipe organ]]s, which also have pipes producing non-sinusoidal waveforms, can be considered as additive synthesizers. Summation of [[Principal component analysis|principal components]] and [[Walsh functions]] have also been classified as additive synthesis.<ref>
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = Roads | first = Curtis
+ | authorlink   = Curtis Roads
+ | year         = 1995
+ | title        = The Computer Music Tutorial
+ | publisher    = [[MIT Press]]
+ | isbn         = 0-262-68082-3
+ | pages        = 150&ndash;153
+}}</ref>
+==Additive analysis/resynthesis==
+[[Image:Sinusoidal Analysis & Synthesis (McAulay-Quatieri 1988).svg|thumb|350px|Sinusoidal analysis/synthesis system for Sinusoidal Modeling (based on {{harvnb|McAulay|Quatieri|1988|p=161}})<ref name=MQ1988>
+{{cite journal  | ref=harv
+ | last1        = McAulay  | first1 = R. J.
+ | last2        = Quatieri | first2 = T. F.
+ | year         = 1988
+ | title        = Speech Processing Based on a Sinusoidal Model
+ | url          = http://www.ll.mit.edu/publications/journal/pdf/vol01_no2/1.2.3.speechprocessing.pdf
+ | journal      = The Lincoln Laboratory Journal
+ | volume       = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 153&ndash;167
+}}</ref>]]
+It is possible to analyze the frequency components of a recorded sound giving a "sum of sinusoids" representation. This representation can be re-synthesized using additive synthesis. One method of decomposing a sound into time varying sinusoidal partials is [[Fourier Transform]]-based McAulay-Quatieri Analysis.<ref name=MQ1986>
+{{cite paper    | ref=harv
+ | last1        = McAulay | first1 = R. J.
+ | last2        = Quatieri| first2 = T. F.
+ | year         = 1986    | date = Aug 1986
+ | title        = Speech analysis/synthesis based on a sinusoidal representation"
+ | journal      = IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing ASSP-34
+ | pages        = 744-754
+}}</ref><ref>
+{{cite web      | ref=harv
+ | title        = McAulay-Quatieri Method
+ | url          = http://www.clear.rice.edu/elec301/Projects02/lorisFor/mqmethod2.html
+}}</ref>
+By modifying the sum of sinusoids representation, timbral alterations can be made prior to resynthesis. For example, a harmonic sound could be restructured to sound inharmonic, and vice versa. Sound hybridisation or "morphing" has been implemented by additive resynthesis.<ref name="XSerraPhD">
+{{cite thesis   | ref=harv
+ | degree       = Ph.D.
+ | last         = Serra | first = Xavier
+ | date         = 1989
+ | title        = A System for Sound Analysis/Transformation/Synthesis based on a Deterministic plus Stochastic Decomposition
+ | url          = http://mtg.upf.edu/node/304
+ | publisher    = Stanford University
+ | accessdate   = 13 January 2012
+}}</ref>
+Additive analysis/resynthesis has been employed in a number of techniques including Sinusoidal Modelling,<ref>
+{{cite web      | ref=harv
+ | last1        = Smith III | first1 = Julius O.
+ | last2        = Serra     | first2 = Xavier
+ | title        = PARSHL: An Analysis/Synthesis Program for Non-Harmonic Sounds Based on a Sinusoidal Representation
+ | url          = https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/parshl/Additive_Synthesis.html
+ | accessdate   = 9 January 2012
+}}</ref> [[Spectral modeling synthesis|Spectral Modelling Synthesis]] (SMS),<ref name="XSerraPhD"/> and the Reassigned Bandwidth-Enhanced Additive Sound Model.<ref>
+{{cite thesis   | ref=harv
+ | degree       = Ph.D.
+ | last         = Fitz | first = Kelly
+ | date         = 1999
+ | title        = The Reassigned Bandwidth-Enhanced Method of Additive Synthesis
+ | publisher    = Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
+ | id           = {{citeseerx|10.1.1.10.1130}}
+ | accessdate   = 13 January 2012
+}}</ref> Software that implements additive analysis/resynthesis includes: SPEAR,<ref>[http://www.klingbeil.com/spear/ SPEAR Sinusoidal Partial Editing Analysis and Resynthesis for MacOS X, MacOS 9 and Windows]</ref> LEMUR, LORIS,<ref>[http://www.hakenaudio.com/Loris/ Loris Software for Sound Modeling, Morphing, and Manipulation]</ref> SMSTools,<ref>[http://mtg.upf.edu/technologies/sms SMSTools application for Windows]</ref> ARSS.<ref>[http://arss.sourceforge.net/ ARSS: The Analysis & Resynthesis Sound Spectrograph]</ref>
+===Products===
+New England Digital [[Synclavier]] had a resynthesis feature where samples could be analyzed and converted into ”timbre frames” which were part of its additive synthesis engine. [[Technos acxel]], launched in 1987, utilized the additive analysis/resynthesis model, in an [[Additive_synthesis#Inverse_FFT_synthesis|FFT]] implementation.
+Also a vocal synthesizer, [[Vocaloid]] have been implemented on the basis of additive analysis/resynthesis: its spectral voice model called [[Excitation plus Resonances]] (EpR) model<ref name=BonadaICMC01>
+{{cite paper    | ref=harv
+ | last1        = Bonada | first1 = J.
+ | last2        = Celma  | first2 = O.
+ | last3        = Loscos | first3 = A.
+ | last4        = Ortola | first4 = J.
+ | coauthors    = <!-- O. Celma, A. Loscos, J. Ortola, -->X. Serra, Y. Yoshioka, H. Kayama, Y. Hisaminato, H. Kenmochi
+ | year         = 2001
+ | title        = Singing voice synthesis combining Excitation plus Resonance and Sinusoidal plus Residual Models
+ | url          =
+ | periodical   = Proc. of ICMC
+ | id           = {{Citeseerx|10.1.1.18.6258}}
+}} ([http://mtg.upf.edu/files/publications/icmc2001-celma.pdf PDF])</ref><ref>
+{{cite thesis   | ref=harv
+ | degree       = Ph.D
+ | last         = Loscos | first = A.
+ | year         = 2007
+ | title        = Spectral processing of the singing voice
+ | url          = http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7542
+ | location     = Barcelona, Spain
+ | publisher    = Pompeu Fabra University
+}} ([http://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/7542/talm.pdf?sequence=1 PDF]).<br/>
+See "''<!-- 2.4.2.5 -->Excitation plus resonances voice model''" (p. 51)
+</ref> is extended based on Spectral Modeling Synthesis (SMS),
+and its [[Diphone synthesis|diphone]] [[concatenative synthesis]] is processed using
+''spectral peak processing'' (SPP)<ref>{{harvnb|Loscos|2007|p=44}}, "''<!-- 2.4.2.2 -->Spectral peak processing"''</ref> technique similar to modified [[phase-locked vocoder]]<ref>{{harvnb|Loscos|2007|p=44}}, "''<!-- 2.4.2.1.2 -->Phase locked vocoder''"</ref> (an improved [[phase vocoder]] for formant processing).<ref name=BonadaSMAC03>
+{{cite paper    | ref=harv
+ | last1        = Bonada | first1 = Jordi
+ | last2        = Loscos | first2 = Alex
+ | year         = 2003
+ | chapter      = 6. Concatenating Samples (p. 441)
+ | title        = Sample-based singing voice synthesizer by spectral concatenation
+ | url          = http://mtg.upf.edu/node/322
+ | periodical   = Proc. of <!-- the Stockholm Music Acoustics Conference --> SMAC 03
+ | pages        = 439&ndash;442
+}}</ref>  Using these techniques, spectral components (''[[formant]]s'') consisting of purely harmonic partials can be appropriately transformed into desired form for sound modeling, and sequence of short samples (''diphones'' or ''[[phoneme]]s'') constituting desired phrase, can be smoothly connected by interpolating matched partials and formant peaks, respectively, in the inserted transition region between different samples.
+==Applications==
+===Musical instruments===
+{{main|Synthesizer|Electronic musical instrument|Software synthesizer}}
+Additive synthesis is used in electronic musical instruments.
+===Speech synthesis===
+{{main|Speech synthesis}}
+In [[linguistics]] research, harmonic additive synthesis was used in 1950s to play back modified and synthetic speech spectrograms.<ref name="cooper1951" /> Later, in early 1980s, listening tests were carried out on synthetic speech stripped of acoustic cues to assess their significance. Time-varying [[formant]] frequencies and amplitudes derived by [[linear predictive coding]] were synthesized additively as pure tone whistles. This method is called [[sinewave synthesis]].<ref name=remez81>
+{{cite journal  | ref=harv
+ | last         = Remez | first = R.E.
+ | coauthors    = Rubin, P.E.; Pisoni, D.B.; Carrell, T.D.
+ | year         = 1981
+ | title        = Speech perception without traditional speech cues
+ | journal      = Science
+ | issue        = 212 | pages = 947&ndash;950
+}}</ref><ref name=rubin80>
+{{cite paper    | ref=harv
+ | last         = Rubin | first = P.E.
+ | year         = 1980
+ | title        = Sinewave Synthesis Instruction Manual (VAX)
+ | url          = http://www.haskins.yale.edu/featured/sws/SWSmanual.pdf
+ | work         = Internal memorandum
+ | publisher    = Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
+}}</ref>
+==Implementation methods==
+Modern-day implementations of additive synthesis are mainly digital. (See section ''[[#Discrete-time equations|Discrete-time equations]]'' for the underlying discrete-time theory)
+===Oscillator bank synthesis===
+Additive synthesis can be implemented using a bank of sinusoidal oscillators, one for each partial.<ref name="JOS_Additive">
+{{cite web      | ref=harv
+ | title        = Additive Synthesis (Early Sinusoidal Modeling)
+ | author       = Julius O. Smith III
+ | url          = https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/sasp/Additive_Synthesis_Early_Sinusoidal.html
+ | accessdate   = 14 January 2012
+}}</ref>
+===Wavetable synthesis===
+{{main|Wavetable synthesis}}
+In the case of harmonic, quasi-periodic musical tones, [[wavetable synthesis]] can be as general as time-varying additive synthesis, but requires less computation during synthesis.<ref name="Wavetable Synthesis 101">
+{{cite web      | ref=harv
+ | author       = Robert Bristow-Johnson
+ | date         = November 1996
+ | title        = Wavetable Synthesis 101, A Fundamental Perspective
+ | url          = http://www.musicdsp.org/files/Wavetable-101.pdf
+}}</ref> As a result, an efficient implementation of time-varying additive synthesis of harmonic tones can be accomplished by use of ''wavetable synthesis''.
+'''Group additive synthesis'''<ref>
+{{cite web      | ref=harv
+ | author       = Julius O. Smith III
+ | title        = Group Additive Synthesis
+ | url          = https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/sasp/Group_Additive_Synthesis.html
+ | publisher    = [[CCRMA]], Stanford University
+ | accessdate   = 12 May 2011
+ | archiveurl   = http://web.archive.org/web/20110606200135/https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/sasp/Group_Additive_Synthesis.html
+ | archivedate  = 6 June 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>
+{{cite journal  | ref=harv
+ | author       = P. Kleczkowski
+ | title        = Group additive synthesis
+ | journal      = [[Computer Music Journal]]
+ | volume       = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 12&ndash;20
+ | year         = 1989
+}}</ref><ref>
+{{cite journal  | ref=harv
+ | author       = B. Eaglestone and S. Oates
+ | chapter      = Analytical tools for group additive synthesis
+ | title        = Proceedings of the 1990 International Computer Music Conference, Glasgow
+ | publisher    = Computer Music Association
+ | year         = 1990
+ | url          = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1990.015
+}}</ref> is a method to group partials into harmonic groups (of differing fundamental frequencies) and synthesize each group separately with ''wavetable synthesis'' before mixing the results.
+===Inverse FFT synthesis===
+An inverse [[Fast Fourier transform]] can be used to efficiently synthesize frequencies that evenly divide the transform period or "frame". By careful consideration of the [[Discrete Fourier transform|DFT]] frequency-domain representation it is also possible to efficiently synthesize sinusoids of arbitrary frequencies using a series of overlapping frames and the inverse [[Fast Fourier transform]].<ref  name="RodetDepalle_FFTm1">
+{{cite paper    | ref=harv
+ | last1        = Rodet | first1 = X.
+ | last2        = Depalle | first2 = P.
+ | year         = 1992
+ | title        = Spectral Envelopes and Inverse FFT Synthesis
+ | id           = {{citeseerx|10.1.1.43.4818}}
+ | work         = Proceedings of the 93rd Audio Engineering Society Convention
+}}
+</ref>
+==History==
+{{multiple image |direction=horizontal
+|header         = [[Lord Kelvin]]'s [[Tide-predicting machine]]
+|caption1       = Harmonic synthesizer
+|image1         = DSCN1739-thomson-tide-machine.jpg |width1=109
+|caption2       = [[Differential analyser|Harmonic analyzer]]
+|image2         = Harmonic analyser.jpg             |width2=224
+}}
+{{multiple image |direction=horizontal
+|caption1       = [[Helmholtz resonator]]
+|image1         = Helmholtz_Resonator.png |width1=100
+|caption2       = Tone-generator utilizing it <!-- utilizing electromagnetic vibrator, tuning folk, and Helmholtz resonator as amplifier -->
+|image2         = Helmholtz resonator 2.jpg |width2=148
+}}
+[[Harmonic analysis]] was discovered by [[Joseph Fourier]],<ref name="prestini2004">
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = Prestini | first = Elena
+ | others       = trans.
+ | year         = 2004
+ | origyear     = Rev. ed of: Applicazioni dell'analisi armonica. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli, 1996
+ | title        = The Evolution of Applied Harmonic Analysis: Models of the Real World
+ | url          = http://books.google.fi/books?id=fye--TBu4T0C
+ | location     = New York, USA
+ | publisher    = Birkhäuser Boston
+ | isbn         = 0-8176-4125-4
+ | pages        = 114&ndash;115
+ | accessdate   = 6 February 2012
+}}</ref> who published an extensive treatise of his research in the context of [[heat transfer]] in 1822.<ref>
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = Fourier | first = Jean Baptiste Joseph
+ | authorlink   = Joseph Fourier
+ | year         = 1822
+ | title        = Théorie analytique de la chaleur
+ | trans_title  = The Analytical Theory of Heat
+ | url          = http://www.archive.org/details/thorieanalytiqu00fourgoog
+ | language     = French
+ | location     = Paris, France
+ | publisher    = Chez Firmin Didot, père et fils
+}}</ref> The theory found an early application in [[Theory of tides#Harmonic analysis|prediction of tides]]. Around 1876,<ref name="miller1916" /> [[Lord Kelvin]] constructed a mechanical [[Tide-predicting machine|tide predictor]]. It consisted of a ''harmonic analyzer'' and a ''harmonic synthesizer'', as they were called already in the 19th century.<ref name="philmag1875">
+{{cite journal  | ref=harv
+ | journal      = The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science
+ | year         = 1875 | volume = 49 | page = 490
+ | publisher    = Taylor & Francis
+}}</ref><ref name="thomson1878">
+{{cite journal  | ref=harv
+ | last         = Thomson | first = Sir W.
+ | year         = 1878
+ | title        = Harmonic analyzer
+ | journal      = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
+ | volume       = 27 | pages = 371&ndash;373
+ | publisher    = Taylor and Francis
+ | jstor        = 113690
+}}</ref> The analysis of tide measurements was done using [[James Thomson (engineer)|James Thomson]]'s ''[[Differential analyser|integrating machine]]''. The resulting [[Fourier coefficient]]s were input into the synthesizer, which then used a system of cords and pulleys to generate and sum harmonic sinusoidal partials for prediction of future tides. In 1910, a similar machine was built for the analysis of periodic waveforms of sound.<ref name="cahan1993" /> The synthesizer drew a graph of the combination waveform, which was used chiefly for visual validation of the analysis.<ref name="cahan1993" />
+[[Georg Ohm]] applied Fourier's theory to sound in 1843. The line of work was greatly advanced by [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], who published his eight years worth of research in 1863.<ref name="helmholtz1863">
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = Helmholtz, von | first = Hermann
+ | year         = 1863
+ | title        = Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik
+ | trans_title  = On the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music
+ | url          = http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit3483/index_html?pn=1&ws=1.5
+ | edition      = 1st
+ | location     = Leipzig
+ | publisher    = Leopold Voss
+ | language     = German
+ | pages        = v
+}}</ref> Helmholtz believed that the psychological perception of tone color is subject to learning, while hearing in the sensory sense is purely physiological.<ref name="christensen2002">
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = Christensen | first = Thomas Street
+ | year         = 2002
+ | title        = The Cambridge History of Western Music
+ | url          = http://books.google.fi/books?id=ioa9uW2t7AQC
+ | location     = Cambridge, United Kingdom
+ | publisher    = Cambridge University Press
+ | isbn         = 0-521-62371-5
+ | pages        = 251, 258
+}}</ref> He supported the idea that perception of sound derives from signals from nerve cells of the basilar membrane and that the elastic appendages of these cells are sympathetically vibrated by pure sinusoidal tones of appropriate frequencies.<ref name="cahan1993">
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last1        = Cahan | first1 = David
+ | editor-last          = Cahan | editor-first = David
+ | year         = 1993
+ | title        = Hermann von Helmholtz and the foundations of nineteenth-century science
+ | url          = http://books.google.fi/books?id=lfdJNRgzKyUC
+ | location     = Berkeley and Los Angeles, USA
+ | publisher    = University of California Press
+ | isbn         = 978-0-520-08334-9
+ | pages        = 110&ndash;114, 285&ndash;286
+}}</ref> Helmholtz agreed with the finding of [[Ernst Chladni]] from 1787 that certain sound sources have inharmonic vibration modes.<ref name="christensen2002" />
+{{multiple image |direction=horizontal
+|header         = [[Rudolph Koenig]]'s sound analyzer and synthesizer
+|caption1       = sound synthesizer
+|image1         = Synthesizer after Helmholtz by Koenig 1865.jpg |width1=231
+|caption2       = sound analyzer
+|image2         = Koenig - klankanalysator purchased in 1996.jpg |width2=102
+}}
+In Helmholtz's time, [[electronic amplifier|electronic amplification]] was unavailable. For synthesis of tones with harmonic partials, Helmholtz built an electrically [[Excitation (magnetic)|excited]] array of [[tuning fork]]s and acoustic [[Helmholtz resonator|resonance chambers]] that allowed adjustment of the amplitudes of the partials.<ref name="helmholtz1875" />  Built at least as early as in 1862,<ref name="helmholtz1875" /> these were in turn refined by [[Rudolph Koenig]], who demonstrated his own setup in 1872.<ref name="helmholtz1875">
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = von Helmholtz | first = Hermann
+ | year         = 1875
+ | title        = On the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music
+ | url          = http://www.archive.org/details/onsensationston00helmgoog
+ | location     = London, United Kingdom
+ | publisher    = Longmans, Green, and co.
+ | pages        = xii, 175&ndash;179
+}}</ref> For harmonic synthesis, Koenig also built a large apparatus based on his ''wave siren''. It was pneumatic and utilized cut-out [[tonewheel]]s, and was criticized for low purity of its partial tones.<ref name="miller1916" /> Also [[Tibia (music)|tibia pipes]] of [[pipe organ]]s have nearly sinusoidal waveforms and can be combined in the manner of additive synthesis.<ref name="miller1916">
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = Miller | first = Dayton Clarence
+ | authorlink   = Dayton Miller
+ | origyear     = First published 1916
+ | year         = 1926
+ | title        = The Science Of Musical Sounds
+ | url          = http://www.archive.org/details/scienceofmusical028670mbp
+ | location     = New York
+ | publisher    = The Macmillan Company
+ | pages        = 110, 244&ndash;248
+}}</ref>
+In 1938, with significant new supporting evidence,<ref>
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = Russell | first = George Oscar
+ | authorlink   = George Oscar Russell
+ | year         = 1936
+ | title        = Year book - Carnegie Institution of Washington (1936)
+ | url          = http://www.archive.org/details/yearbookcarne35193536carn
+ | series       = Carnegie Institution of Washington: Year Book
+ | volume       = 35
+ | location     = Washington
+ | publisher    = Carnegie Institution of Washington
+ | pages        = 359&ndash;363
+}}</ref> it was reported on the pages of [[Popular Science Monthly]] that the human vocal cords function like a fire siren to produce a harmonic-rich tone, which is then filtered by the vocal tract to produce different vowel tones.<ref>
+{{cite journal  | ref=harv
+ | last         = Lodge | first = John E.
+ | editor-last  = Brown | editor-first = Raymond J.
+ | date         = April 1938
+ | title        = Odd Laboratory Tests Show Us How We Speak: Using X Rays, Fast Movie Cameras, and Cathode-Ray Tubes, Scientists Are Learning New Facts About the Human Voice and Developing Teaching Methods To Make Us Better Talkers
+ | journal      = Popular Science Monthly
+ | volume       = 132 | issue = 4 | pages = 32&ndash;33
+ | location     = New York, USA
+ | publisher    = Popular Science Publishing
+ | url          = http://books.google.fi/books?id=wigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32
+}}</ref> By the time, the additive Hammond organ was already on market. Most early electronic organ makers thought it too expensive to manufacture the plurality of oscillators required by additive organs, and began instead to built [[subtractive synthesis|subtractive]] ones.<ref name="comerford1993">{{cite jstor|3680869}}</ref> In a 1940 [[Institute of Radio Engineers]] meeting, the head field engineer of Hammond elaborated on the company's new ''Novachord'' as having a ''“subtractive system”'' in contrast to the original Hammond organ in which ''“the final tones were built up by combining sound waves”''.<ref>{{Cite doi|10.1109/JRPROC.1940.228904}}</ref> Alan Douglas used the qualifiers ''additive'' and ''subtractive'' to describe different types of electronic organs in a 1948 paper presented to the [[Royal Musical Association]].<ref name=Douglas1948>{{cite jstor|765906}}</ref> <!--Also, in the 1968 edition of his 1947 book ''The Electronic Musical Instrument Manual'', in the section ''Production and Mixing of Electrical Oscillations'' a distinction is made between ''additive tone-forming'' and ''subtractive tone-forming''.--> The contemporary wording ''additive synthesis'' and ''subtractive synthesis'' can be found in his 1957 book ''The electrical production of music'', in which he categorically lists three methods of forming of musical tone-colours, in sections titled ''Additive synthesis'', ''Subtractive synthesis'', and ''Other forms of combinations''.<ref name="douglas1957">
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = Douglas | first = Alan Lockhart Monteith
+ | year         = 1957
+ | title        = The Electrical Production of Music
+ | url          = http://www.archive.org/details/electricalproduc00doug
+ | location     = London, UK
+ | publisher    = Macdonald
+ | pages        = 140, 142
+}}</ref>
+A typical modern additive synthesizer produces its output as an [[electrical]], [[analog signal]], or as [[digital audio]], such as in the case of [[software synthesizers]], which became popular around year 2000.<ref name="pejrolo2007">
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | first1       = Andrea | last1 = Pejrolo
+ | first2       = Rich   | last2 = DeRosa
+ | year         = 2007
+ | title        = Acoustic and MIDI orchestration for the contemporary composer
+ | location     = Oxford, UK
+ | publisher    = Elsevier
+ | pages        = 53&ndash;54
+}}</ref>
+=== Timeline ===
+The following is a timeline of historically and technologically notable analog and digital synthesizers and devices implementing additive synthesis.
+{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
+! width="50" | Research implementation or ''publication''
+! width="50" | Commercially available
+! width="100" class="unsortable" | Company or institution
+! width="50" class="unsortable" | Synthesizer or synthesis device
+! class="unsortable" | Description
+! width="85" class="unsortable" | Audio samples
+|-
+| 1900<ref name="weidenaar1995">
+{{cite book     | ref=harv
+ | last         = Weidenaar | first = Reynold
+ | year         = 1995
+ | title        = Magic Music from the Telharmonium
+ | location     = Lanham, MD
+ | publisher    = Scarecrow Press
+ | isbn         = 0-8108-2692-5
+}}</ref>
+| 1906<ref name="weidenaar1995" />
+| New England Electric Music Company
+| [[Telharmonium]]
+| The first polyphonic, touch-sensitive music synthesizer.<ref name="moog1977">
+ {{cite paper   | ref=harv
+  | author      = Moog, Robert A.
+  | year        = 1977
+  | title       = Electronic Music
+  | journal     = [[Audio Engineering Society|Journal of the Audio Engineering Society]] (JAES)
+  | volume      = 25 | issue = 10/11 | page = 856
+  | date        = October/November 1977
+}}</ref> Implemented sinuosoidal additive synthesis using [[tonewheel]]s and [[alternator]]s. Invented by [[Thaddeus Cahill]].
+| ''no known recordings''<ref name="weidenaar1995" />
+|-
+| 1933<ref name="harvey2011">
+ {{cite web     | ref=harv
+  | last        = Olsen | first = Harvey
+  | date        = 14 December 2011
+  | title       = Leslie Speakers and Hammond organs: Rumors, Myths, Facts, and Lore
+  | url         = http://www.hammond-organ.com/History/hammond_lore.htm
+  | work        = The Hammond Zone
+  | editor      = Brown, Darren T.
+  | publisher   = Hammond Organ in the U.K.
+  | accessdate  = 20 January 2012
+ }}</ref>
+| 1935<ref name="harvey2011" />
+| [[Hammond Organ|Hammond Organ Company]]
+| [[Hammond Organ]]
+| An electronic additive synthesizer that was commercially more successful than Telharmonium.<ref name="moog1977" /> Implemented sinusoidal additive synthesis using [[tonewheel]]s and [[Pickup (music technology)#Magnetic pickups|magnetic pickups]]. Invented by [[Laurens Hammond]].
+| {{Audio|Hammond Organ - Model A Medley.ogg|Model A}}
+|-
+| 1950 or earlier<ref name="cooper1951">
+ {{Cite journal | ref=harv
+  |date=May 1951
+  | title       = The interconversion of audible and visible patterns as a basis for research in the perception of speech
+  | journal     = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
+  | volume      = 37 | issue = 5 | pages = 318&ndash;25
+  | pmc         = 1063363 | pmid = 14834156
+  | doi         = 10.1073/pnas.37.5.318
+ }}</ref>
+| &nbsp;
+| [[Haskins Laboratories]]
+| [[Pattern playback|Pattern Playback]]
+| A speech synthesis system that controlled amplitudes of harmonic partials by a spectrogram that was either hand-drawn or an analysis result. The partials were generated by a multi-track optical [[tonewheel]].<ref name="cooper1951" />
+| [http://www.haskins.yale.edu/featured/sentences/ppsentences.html samples]
+|-
+| 1958<ref name="holzer2010">
+ {{cite web     | ref=harv
+  | last        = Holzer | first = Derek
+  | date        = 22 February 2010
+  | url         = http://www.umatic.nl/tonewheels_historical.html
+  | title       = A brief history of optical synthesis
+  | accessdate  = 13 January 2012
+ }}</ref>
+| &nbsp;
+| &nbsp;
+| [[ANS synthesizer|ANS]]
+| An additive synthesizer<ref name="vail2002">
+ {{Cite journal | ref=harv
+  | last        = Vail | first = Mark
+  | date        = 1 November 2002
+  | title       = Eugeniy Murzin's ANS &mdash; Additive Russian synthesizer
+  | url         =
+  | publisher   = [[Keyboard Magazine]]
+  | page        = 120
+ }}</ref> that played microtonal [[spectrogram]]-like scores using multiple multi-track optical [[tonewheel]]s. Invented by [[Evgeny Murzin]]. A similar instrument that utilized electronic oscillators, the ''Oscillator Bank'', and its input device ''Spectrogram'' were realized by [[Hugh Le Caine]] in 1959.<ref name=young1999a>
+ {{cite web     | ref=harv
+  | last        = Young | first = Gayle
+  | title       = Oscillator Bank (1959)
+  | url         = http://www.hughlecaine.com/en/oscbank.html
+ }}</ref><ref name=young1999b>
+ {{cite web     | ref=harv
+  | last        = Young | first = Gayle
+  | title       = Spectrogram (1959)
+  | url         = http://www.hughlecaine.com/en/spectro.html
+ }}</ref>
+| {{Audio|The ANS Synthesizer playing doodles (live).ogg|1964 model}}
+|-
+| 1963<ref name="luce1963">
+ {{cite book    | ref=harv
+  | last        = Luce | first = David Alan
+  | year        = 1963
+  | title       = Physical correlates of nonpercussive musical instrument tones
+  | id          = {{hdl|1721.1/27450}}
+  | location    = Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
+  | publisher   = Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+ }}</ref>
+| &nbsp;
+| [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
+| &nbsp;
+| An off-line system for digital spectral analysis and resynthesis of the attack and steady-state portions of musical instrument timbres by David Luce.<ref name="luce1963" />
+| &nbsp;
+|-
+| 1964<ref name="beauchamp2009">
+ {{cite web     | ref=harv
+  | last        = Beauchamp | first = James
+  | date        = 17 November 2009
+  | title       = The Harmonic Tone Generator: One of the First Analog Voltage-Controlled Synthesizers
+  | url         = http://ems.music.uiuc.edu/beaucham/htg.html
+  | work        = Prof. James W. Beauchamp Home Page
+ }}</ref>
+| &nbsp;
+| [[University of Illinois at Urbana&ndash;Champaign|University of Illinois]]
+| Harmonic Tone Generator
+| An electronic, harmonic additive synthesis system invented by James Beauchamp.<ref name="beauchamp2009" /><ref name="beauchamp1966">
+ {{cite journal | ref=harv
+  | last        = Beauchamp | first = James W.
+  |date=October 1966
+  | title       = Additive Synthesis of Harmonic Musical Tones
+  | url         = http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=1129
+  | journal     = Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
+  | volume      = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 332&ndash;342
+ }}</ref>
+| [http://ems.music.uiuc.edu/beaucham/htg_sounds/ samples] ([http://ems.music.uiuc.edu/beaucham/htg.html info])
+|-
+| 1974 or earlier<ref name="synthmuseum-RMI"/><ref name="reid2001"/>
+| 1974<ref name="synthmuseum-RMI">
+ {{cite web     | ref=harv
+  | title       = RMI Harmonic Synthesizer
+  | url         = http://www.synthmuseum.com/rmi/rmihar01.html
+  | publisher   = Synthmuseum.com
+  | accessdate  = 12 May 2011
+  | archiveurl  = http://web.archive.org/web/20110609205852/http://www.synthmuseum.com/rmi/rmihar01.html
+  | archivedate = 9 June 2011
+  | deadurl     = no
+ }}</ref><ref name="reid2001">
+ {{cite journal | ref=harv
+  | last        = Reid | first = Gordon
+  | <!-- date   = December 2011 -->
+  | title       = PROG SPAWN! The Rise And Fall Of Rocky Mount Instruments (Retro)
+  | url         = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec01/articles/retrozone1201.asp
+  | journal     = Sound On Sound
+  | issue       = December 2001
+  | accessdate  = 22 January 2012
+}}</ref>
+| [[Rocky Mount Instruments|RMI]]
+| Harmonic Synthesizer
+| The first synthesizer product that implemented additive<ref name="flint2008">
+ {{cite journal | ref=harv
+  | last        = Flint | first = Tom
+  | <!-- date   = February 2008 -->
+  | title       = Jean Michel Jarre: 30 Years Of Oxygene
+  | url         = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/feb08/articles/jmjarre.htm
+  | journal     = Sound On Sound
+  | issue       = February 2008
+  | accessdate  = 22 January 2012
+ }}</ref> synthesis using digital oscillators.<ref name="synthmuseum-RMI" /><ref name="reid2001" /> The synthesizer also had a time-varying analog filter.<ref name="synthmuseum-RMI" /> RMI was a subsidiary of [[Allen Organ Company]], which had released the first commercial [[Electronic organ#Digital church organs|digital church organ]], the ''Allen Computer Organ'', in 1971, using digital technology developed by [[North American Rockwell]].<ref name=fundinguniverse>
+ {{cite web     | ref=harv
+  | title       = Allen Organ Company
+  | url         = http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Allen-Organ-company-company-History.html
+  | work        = fundinguniverse.com
+ }}</ref>
+| [http://soundcloud.com/doombient-music/rmi-harmonic-drones 1] [http://soundcloud.com/doombient-music/rmi-harmonic-demos 2] [http://soundcloud.com/doombient-music/rmi-harmonic-arpeggiator-demo 3] [http://soundcloud.com/doombient-music/rmi-harmonic-intermodulation 4]
+|-
+| 1974<ref name="cosimi2009">
+ {{cite journal | ref=harv
+  | last        = Cosimi | first = Enrico
+  | date        = 20 May 2009
+  | title       = EMS Story - Prima Parte
+  | url         = http://audio.accordo.it/articles/2009/05/23828/ems-story-prima-parte.html
+  | trans_title = EMS Story - Part One
+  | language    = Italian
+  | journal     = Audio Accordo.it
+  | accessdate  = 21 January 2012
+ }}</ref>
+| &nbsp;
+| [[Electronic Music Studios|EMS]] (London)
+| Digital Oscillator Bank
+| A bank of digital oscillators with arbitrary waveforms, individual frequency and amplitude controls,<ref name=hinton2002>
+ {{cite web     |ref=harv
+  | last        = Hinton |first = Graham
+  | year        = 2002
+  | title       = EMS: The Inside Story
+  | url         = http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsstory.html
+  | publisher   = Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall)
+ }}</ref> intended for use in analysis-resynthesis with the digital ''Analysing Filter Bank'' (AFB) also constructed at EMS.<ref name="cosimi2009"/><ref name="hinton2002" /> Also known as: ''DOB''.
+| in The New Sound of Music<ref>
+ {{cite video   | ref=harv
+  | title       = The New Sound of Music
+  | date        = 1979
+  | medium      = TV
+  | location    = UK
+  | publisher   = BBC
+ }} Includes a demonstration of DOB and AFB.</ref>
+|-
+| 1976<ref name="leete1999">
+ {{cite journal | ref=harv
+  | last        = Leete | first = Norm
+  | <!-- date   = April 1999 -->
+  | title       = Fairlight Computer &ndash; Musical Instrument (Retro)
+  | url         = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr99/articles/fairlight.htm
+  | journal     = Sound On Sound
+  | issue       = April 1999
+  | accessdate  = 29 January 2012
+ }}</ref>
+| 1976<ref name="twyman2004">
+ {{cite thesis  | ref=harv
+  | degree      = Bachelor of Science (Honours)
+  | last        = Twyman | first = John
+  | date        = 1 November 2004
+  | title       = (inter)facing the music: The history of the Fairlight Computer Musical Instrument
+  | url         = http://www.geosci.usyd.edu.au/users/john/thesis/thesis_web.pdf
+  | format      = pdf
+  | publisher   = Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney
+  | accessdate  = 29 January 2012
+ }}</ref>
+| [[Fairlight (company)|Fairlight]]
+| [[Fairlight CMI|Qasar M8]]
+| An all-digital synthesizer that used the [[Fast Fourier Transform]]<ref name="street2000">
+ {{cite web     | ref=harv
+  | last        = Street | first = Rita
+  | date        = 8 November 2000
+  | title       = Fairlight: A 25-year long fairytale
+  | url         = http://www.audiomedia.com/archive/features/uk-1000/uk-1000-fairlight/uk-1000-fairlight.htm
+  | work        = Audio Media magazzine
+  | publisher   = IMAS Publishing UK
+  | archiveurl  = http://web.archive.org/web/20031008201831/http://www.audiomedia.com/archive/features/uk-1000/uk-1000-fairlight/uk-1000-fairlight.htm
+  | archivedate = 8 October 2003
+  | deadurl     = yes
+  | accessdate  = 29 January 2012
+ }}</ref> to create samples from interactively drawn amplitude envelopes of harmonics.<ref>
+ {{cite web     | ref=harv
+  | year        = 1978
+  | title       = Computer Music Journal
+  | url         = http://egrefin.free.fr/images/Fairlight/CMJfall78.jpg
+  | format      = JPG
+  | accessdate  = 29 January 2012
+ }}</ref>
+| [http://anerd.com/fairlight/audioarchives/index.htm samples]
+|-
+| 1977<ref name="Leider2004">
+ {{cite book    | ref=harv
+  | last        = Leider | first = Colby
+  | year        = 2004
+  | chapter     = The Development of the Modern DAW
+  | title       = Digital Audio Workstation
+  | page        = 58
+  | publisher   = [[McGraw-Hill]]
+}}</ref>
+| &nbsp;
+| [[Bell Labs]]
+| [[Bell Labs Digital Synthesizer|Digital Synthesizer]]
+| A [[real-time computing|real-time]], digital additive synthesizer<ref name="Leider2004" /> that has been called the first true digital synthesizer.<ref name=chadabe1997>
+ {{cite book    | ref=harv
+  | last        = Joel | first = Chadabe
+  | authorlink          = Joel Chadabe
+  | year        = 1997
+  | title       = Electric Sound
+  | url         = http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Electric-Sound-The-Past-and-Promise-of-Electronic-Music/9780133032314.page
+  | location    = Upper Saddle River, N.J., U.S.A.
+  | publisher   = Prentice Hall
+  | isbn        = 978-0-13-303231-4
+  | pages       = 177&ndash;178, 186
+ }}</ref> Also known as: ''Alles Machine'', ''Alice''.
+| [http://retiary.org/ls/music/realaudio/ob_sys/05_alles_synth_improv.rm sample] ([http://retiary.org/ls/obsolete_systems/ info])
+|-
+| 1979<ref name="chadabe1997"/>
+| 1979<ref name="chadabe1997"/>
+| [[New England Digital]]
+| [[Synclavier II]]
+| A commercial digital synthesizer that enabled development of timbre over time by smooth cross-fades between waveforms generated by additive synthesis.
+| {{Audio|Jon Appleton - Sashasonjon.oga|Jon Appleton - Sashasonjon}}
+|}
+==Discrete-time equations==
+In digital implementations of additive synthesis, [[discrete signal|discrete-time]] equations are used in place of the continuous-time synthesis equations.  A notational convention for discrete-time signals uses brackets i.e. <math>y[n]\,</math> and the argument <math>n\,</math> can only be integer values.  If the continuous-time synthesis output <math>y(t)\,</math> is expected to be sufficiently [[bandlimited]]; below half the [[sampling rate]] or <math>f_\mathrm{s}/2\,</math>, it suffices to directly sample the continuous-time expression to get the discrete synthesis equation. The continuous synthesis output can later be [[Nyquist&ndash;Shannon sampling theorem|reconstructed]] from the samples using a [[digital-to-analog converter]]. The sampling period is <math>T=1/f_\mathrm{s}\,</math>.
+Beginning with ({{EquationNote|3}}),
+: <math>y(t) = \sum_{k=1}^{K} r_k(t) \cos\left(2 \pi \int_0^t f_k(u)\ du + \phi_k \right)</math>
+and sampling at discrete times <math> t = nT = n/f_\mathrm{s} \,</math> results in
+:<math> \begin{align}
+ y[n] & = y(nT) = \sum_{k=1}^{K} r_k(nT) \cos\left(2 \pi \int_0^{nT} f_k(u)\ du + \phi_k \right) \\
+      & = \sum_{k=1}^{K} r_k(nT) \cos\left(2 \pi \sum_{i=1}^{n} \int_{(i-1)T}^{iT} f_k(u)\ du + \phi_k \right) \\
+      & = \sum_{k=1}^{K} r_k(nT) \cos\left(2 \pi \sum_{i=1}^{n} (T f_k[i]) + \phi_k \right) \\
+      & = \sum_{k=1}^{K} r_k[n] \cos\left(\frac{2 \pi}{f_\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{n} f_k[i] + \phi_k \right) \\
+       \end{align} </math>
+where
+: <math>r_k[n] = r_k(nT) \,</math> is the discrete-time varying amplitude envelope
+: <math>f_k[n] = \frac{1}{T} \int_{(n-1)T}^{nT} f_k(t)\ dt \,</math> is the discrete-time [[Finite difference|backward difference]] instantaneous frequency.
+This is equivalent to
+: <math> y[n] = \sum_{k=1}^{K} r_k[n] \cos\left( \theta_k[n] \right) </math>
+where
+:<math> \begin{align}
+    \theta_k[n] &= \frac{2 \pi}{f_\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{n} f_k[i] + \phi_k \\
+                &= \theta_k[n-1] + \frac{2 \pi}{f_\mathrm{s}} f_k[n] \\
+       \end{align} </math> for all <math>n>0\,</math><ref name="RodetDepalle_FFTm1"/>
+and
+: <math> \theta_k[0] = \phi_k. \,</math>
+==See also==
+* [[Subtractive synthesis]]
+* [[Speech synthesis]]
+* [[Harmonic series (music)]]
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
+==External links==
+* [http://users.ece.gatech.edu/lanterma/synergy/ Digital Keyboards Synergy]
+{{Sound synthesis types}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Additive Synthesis}}
+[[Category:Sound synthesis types]]

Additive synthesis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:21, 14 January 2014

Definitions

Harmonic form

Time-dependent amplitudes

Inharmonic form

Time-dependent frequencies

Broader definitions

Additive analysis/resynthesis

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Oscillator bank synthesis

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