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A '''magnetic core''' is a piece of [[magnetism|magnetic material]] with a high [[magnetic permeability|permeability]] used to confine and guide [[magnetic field]]s in electrical, [[electromechanical]] and magnetic devices such as [[electromagnet]]s, [[transformer]]s, [[electric motor]]s, [[electric generator|generators]], [[inductor]]s, magnetic [[recording head]]s, and magnetic assemblies.  It is made of [[ferromagnetic]] metal such as iron, or [[ferrimagnetic]] compounds such as [[Ferrite (magnet)|ferrite]]s. The high permeability, relative to the surrounding air, causes the [[magnetic field line]]s to be concentrated in the core material.  The magnetic field is often created by a coil of wire around the core that carries a current.  The presence of the core can increase the magnetic field of a coil by a factor of several thousand over what it would be without the core.
 
The use of a magnetic core can enormously concentrate the strength and increase the effect of [[magnetic fields]] produced by [[electric currents]] and [[permanent magnet]]s. The properties of a device will depend crucially on the following factors:
* the [[geometry]] of the magnetic core.
* the amount of air gap in the [[magnetic circuit]].
* the properties of the core material (especially [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]] and [[hysteresis]]).
* the [[operating temperature]] of the core.
* whether the core is [[laminated]] to reduce [[eddy currents]].
 
In many applications it is undesirable for the core to retain magnetization when the applied field is removed.  This property, called ''hysteresis'' can cause energy [[hysteresis loss|losses]] in applications such as transformers.  Therefore 'soft' magnetic materials with low hysteresis, such as [[silicon steel]], rather than the 'hard' magnetic materials used for permanent magnets, are usually used in cores.
 
[[File:CoreSymbols.png|350px|thumb|[[Electronic symbol]] for various types of magnetic cores]]
 
== Commonly used structures ==
 
=== Air core ===
A coil not containing a magnetic core is called an air core coil. This includes coils wound on a plastic or ceramic form in addition to those made of stiff wire that are self-supporting and have air inside them.  Air core coils generally have a much lower [[inductance]] than similarly sized ferromagnetic core coils, but are used in [[radio frequency]] circuits to prevent energy losses called [[core loss]]es that occur in magnetic cores.  The absence of normal core losses permits a higher [[Q factor]], so air core coils are used in high frequency [[resonant circuit]]s, such as up to a few megahertz. However, losses such as [[proximity effect (electromagnetism)|proximity effect]] and [[dielectric losses]] are still present.
 
=== Straight cylindrical rod ===
[[File:Two ferrite beads.jpg|thumb|On the left, a non-adjustable [[ferrite (magnetic core)|ferrite]] rod with connection wires glued to the ends. On the right, a molded ferrite rod with holes, with a single wire threaded through the holes.]]
Most commonly made of [[Ferrite (iron)|ferrite]] or a similar material, and used in [[radio]]s especially for tuning an [[inductor]]. The rod sits in the middle of the [[coil]] and small adjustments of the rod's position will fine tune the [[inductance]]. Often the rod is [[screw thread|thread]]ed to allow adjustment with a screwdriver. In radio circuits, a blob of [[wax]] or [[resin]] is used once the inductor has been tuned to prevent the core from moving.
 
The presence of the high permeability core increases the [[inductance]] but the field must still spread into the [[air]] at the ends of the rod. The path through the air ensures that the [[inductor]] remains [[linear]]. In this type of inductor [[radiation]] occurs at the end of the rod and [[electromagnetic interference]] may be a problem in some circumstances.
 
=== Single "I" core ===
 
Like a cylindrical rod but square, rarely used on its own.
This type of core is most likely to be found in car ignition coils.
 
=== "C" or "U" core ===
''U'' and ''C''-shaped cores are used with ''I'' or another ''C'' or ''U'' core to make a square closed core, the simplest closed core shape.  Windings may be put on one or both legs of the core.
{{multiple image
| align    = center
| direction = horizontal
| width    = 200
<!-- Image 1 -->
| image1    = U_core.png
| width1    =
| alt1      =
| caption1  = A U-shaped core, with sharp corners
<!-- Image 2 -->
| image2    = C_core.png
| width2    =
| alt2      =
| caption2  = The C-shaped core, with rounded corners
}}
 
=== "E" core ===
E-shaped core are more symmetric solutions to form a closed magnetic system. Most of the time, the electric circuit is wound around the center leg, whose section area is twice that of each individual outer leg.
{{multiple image
| align    = center
| direction = horizontal
| width    = 200
<!-- Image 1 -->
| image1    = E_core.png
| width1    =
| alt1      =
| caption1  = Classical ''E'' core
<!-- Image 2 -->
| image2    = EFD_core.png
| width2    =
| alt2      =
| caption2  = The ''EFD''' core allows for construction of inductors or transformers with a lower profile
<!-- Image 3 -->
| image3    = ER_core.png
| width3    =
| alt3      =
| caption3  = The ''ER'' core has a cylindrical central leg.
<!-- Image 4 -->
| image4    = EP_core.png
| width4    =
| alt4      =
| caption4  = The ''EP'' core is halfway between a ''E'' and a ''pot'' core
}}
 
==== "E" and "I" core ====
 
Sheets of suitable iron stamped out in shapes like the ([[sans-serif]]) [[Letter (alphabet)|letters]] "E" and "I", are stacked with the "I" against the open end of the "E" to form a 3-legged structure. Coils can be wound around any leg, but usually the center leg is used. This type of core is frequently used for power transformers, autotransformers, and inductors.
 
<!-- diagram would be good here-->
{{multiple image
| align    = center
| direction = horizontal
| width    = 200
<!-- Image 1 -->
| image1    = ER core assembly.png|
| width1    =
| alt1      =
| caption1  = Construction of an inductor using two ''ER'' cores, a plastic bobbin and two clips. The bobbin has pins to be soldered to a [[printed circuit board]].
<!-- Image 2 -->
| image2    = ER core assembly exploded.png
| width2    =
| alt2      =
| caption2  = [[Exploded view]] of the previous figure showing the structure
}}
 
==== Pair of "E" cores ====
 
Again used for iron cores. Similar to using an "E" and "I" together, a pair of "E" cores will accommodate a larger coil former and can produce a larger [[inductor]] or [[transformer]]. If an air gap is required, the centre leg of the "E" is shortened so that the air gap sits in the middle of the coil to minimise [[magnetic fringing|fringing]] and reduce [[electromagnetic interference]].
 
{{clear}}
 
[[Image:RM core.png|thumb|left|150px|a pot core of 'RM' type]]
 
=== Pot core ===
 
Usually ferrite or similar. This is used for [[inductor]]s and [[transformer]]s. The shape of a pot core is round with an internal hollow that almost completely encloses the coil. Usually a pot core is made in two halves which fit together around a coil former ([[bobbin]]). This design of core has a [[Electromagnetic shielding|shield]]ing effect, preventing [[radiation]] and reducing [[electromagnetic interference]].
 
[[Image:Toroid core.png|thumb|150px|A toroidal core]]
 
=== Toroidal core ===
 
This design is based on a [[toroid]] (the same shape as a [[doughnut]]).  The coil is wound through the hole in the torus and around the outside.  An ideal coil is distributed evenly all around the circumference of the torus.  The [[symmetry]] of this geometry creates a [[magnetic field]] of circular loops inside the core, and the lack of sharp bends will constrain virtually all of the field to the core material. This not only makes a highly [[Energy conversion efficiency|efficient]] [[transformer]], but also reduces the [[electromagnetic interference]] radiated by the coil.
 
It is popular for applications where the desirable features are: high [[Power-to-weight ratio|specific power]] per mass and [[volume]], low [[mains hum]], and minimal [[electromagnetic interference]].  One such application is the [[power supply]] for a hi-fi [[audio amplifier]]. The main drawback that limits their use for general purpose applications, is the inherent difficulty of winding wire through the center of a torus.
 
Unlike a split core (a core made of two elements, like a pair of ''E'' cores), specialized machinery is required for automated winding of a toroidal core.  Toroids have less audible noise, such as mains hum, because the magnetic forces do not exert bending moment on the core.  The core is only in compression or tension, and the circular shape is more stable mechanically.
 
=== Ring or bead ===
 
[[Image:Ferrite bead no shell.jpg|thumb|right|A ferrite ring on a computer data cable.]]
The ring is essentially identical in shape and performance to the toroid, except that inductors commonly pass only through the center of the core, without wrapping around the core multiple times.
 
The ring core may also be composed of two separate C-shaped hemispheres secured together within a plastic shell, permitting it to be placed on finished cables with large connectors already installed, that would prevent threading the cable through the small inner diameter of a solid ring.
 
=== Planar core ===
 
A planar core consists of two flat pieces of magnetic material, one above and one below the coil. It is typically used with a flat coil that is part of a [[printed circuit board]]. This design is excellent for [[mass production]] and allows a high [[power (physics)|power]], small [[volume]] [[transformer]] to be constructed for low cost. It is not as ideal as either a '''pot core''' or '''toroidal core'''{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} but costs less to produce.
{{multiple image
| align    = center
| direction = horizontal
| width    = 200
<!-- Image 1 -->
| image1    = Planar.png
| width1    =
| alt1      =
| caption1  = A planar 'E' core
<!-- Image 2 -->
| image2    = Planar core assembly.png
| width2    =
| alt2      =
| caption2  = A planar inductor
<!-- Image 3 -->
| image3    = Planar core assembly exploded.png
| width3    =
| alt3      =
| caption3  = Exploded view that shows the spiral track made directly on the printed circuit board
}}
 
== A<sub>L</sub> value ==
The AL value of a core configuration is frequently specified by manufacturers. The relationship between inductance and A<sub>L</sub> number in the linear portion of the magnetisation curve is defined to be:
 
:<math>L = n^2 A_L</math>
 
where n is the number of turns, L is the inductance (e.g. in nH) and A<sub>L</sub> is expressed in inductance per turn squared (e.g. in nH/n<sup>2</sup>).<ref name="AL Value">[http://www.jmag-international.com/catalog/101_ChokeCoil_CurrentCharacteristic.html],A<sub>L</sub> Value</ref>
 
== Core loss ==
 
When the core is subjected to a ''changing'' magnetic field, as it is in devices that use AC current such as [[transformer]]s, [[inductor]]s, and [[AC motor]]s and [[alternator]]s,  some of the power that would ideally be transferred through the device is lost in the core, dissipated as [[heat]] and sometimes [[noise]]. This is due primarily to two processes:
 
*'''Hysteresis''' -  When the magnetic field through the core changes, the [[magnetization]] of the core material changes by expansion and contraction of the tiny [[magnetic domain]]s it is composed of, due to movement of the [[Domain wall (magnetism)|domain wall]]s.  This process causes losses, because the domain walls get "snagged" on defects in the crystal structure and then "snap" past them, dissipating energy as heat.  This is called [[hysteresis loss]]. It can be seen in the graph of the ''B'' field versus the ''H'' field for the material, which has the form of a closed loop.  The amount of energy lost in the material in one cycle of the applied field is proportional to the area inside the [[hysteresis loop]].  Since the energy lost in each cycle is constant, hysteresis power losses increase proportionally with [[frequency]].
 
*'''Eddy currents''' - If the core is electrically [[electrical conductivity|conductive]], the changing magnetic field induces  circulating loops of current in it, called [[eddy current]]s, due to [[electromagnetic induction]].  The loops flow perpendicular to the magnetic field axis.  The energy of the currents is dissipated as heat in the resistance of the core material.  The power loss is proportional to the area of the loops and inversely proportional to the resistivity of the core material.   Eddy current losses can be reduced by making the core out of thin [[lamination]]s which have an insulating coating, or alternately, making the core of a nonconductive magnetic material, like [[ferrite (magnetic core)|ferrite]].
 
== Magnetic core materials ==
Having no magnetically active core material (an "air core") provides very low inductance in most situations, so a wide range of high-[[permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]] materials are used to concentrate the field.
Most high-permeability material are [[ferromagnetic]] or [[ferrimagnetic]].
 
=== Soft iron ===
 
"Soft" ([[annealing (metallurgy)|annealed]]) [[iron]] is used in magnetic assemblies, electromagnets and in some electric motors; and it can create a concentrated field that is as much as 50,000 times more intense than an air core.<ref>[http://www.physicsforums.com/archive/index.php/t-164613.html Soft iron core Text - Physics Forums Library<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
Iron is desirable to make magnetic cores, as it can withstand high levels of [[magnetic field]] without [[Saturation (magnetic)|saturating]] (up to 2.16 [[Tesla (unit)|tesla]]s at ambient temperature.<ref>Daniel Sadarnac, ''Les composants magnétiques de l'électronique de puissance'', cours de Supélec, mars 2001 [in french]</ref>)
 
It is also used because, unlike "hard" iron, it does not remain magnetised when the field is removed, which is often important in applications where the magnetic field is required to be repeatedly switched.
 
Unfortunately, due to the electrical conductivity of the metal, at AC frequencies a bulk block or rod of soft iron can often suffer from large eddy currents circulating within it that waste energy and cause undesirable heating of the iron.
 
=== Laminated silicon steel ===
{{main|Silicon steel}}
 
Because iron is a relatively good conductor, it cannot be used in bulk form with a rapidly changing field, such as in a transformer, as intense [[eddy current]]s would appear due to the magnetic field, resulting in huge losses (this is used in [[induction heating]]).
 
Two techniques are commonly used together to increase the resistivity of iron: lamination and alloying of the iron with silicon.
 
==== Lamination ====
[[Image:EI Lam.jpg|thumb|right|Typical EI Lamination.]]
[[Lamination|Laminated]] magnetic cores are made of thin, insulated iron sheets, lying, as much as possible, parallel with the lines of flux. Using this technique, the magnetic core is equivalent to many individual magnetic circuits, each one receiving only a small fraction of the magnetic flux (because their section is a fraction of the whole core section). Because eddy currents flow around lines of flux, the laminations prevent most of the eddy currents from flowing at all, restricting any flow to much smaller, thinner and thus higher resistance regions. From this, it can be seen that the thinner the laminations, the lower the eddy currents.
 
==== Silicon alloying ====
A small addition of [[silicon]] to iron (around 3%) results in a dramatic increase of the resistivity, up to four times higher{{citation needed|date=August 2011}}. Further increase in silicon concentration impairs the steel's mechanical properties, causing difficulties for rolling due to brittleness.
 
Among the two types of [[silicon steel]], grain-oriented (GO) and grain non-oriented (GNO), GO is most desirable for magnetic cores. It is [[anisotropic]], offering better magnetic properties than GNO in one direction. As the magnetic field in inductor and transformer cores is static (compared to that in electric motors), it is possible to use GO steel in the preferred orientation.
 
=== Carbonyl iron ===
{{main|carbonyl iron}}
 
Powdered cores made of [[carbonyl iron]], a highly pure iron, have high stability of parameters across a wide range of [[temperature]]s and [[magnetic flux]] levels, with excellent [[Q factor]]s between 50&nbsp;kHz and 200&nbsp;MHz. Carbonyl iron powders are basically constituted of micrometer-size [[sphere]]s of iron coated in a thin layer of [[electrical insulation]]. This is equivalent to a microscopic laminated magnetic circuit (see silicon steel, above), hence reducing the [[eddy currents]], particularly at very high frequencies.
 
A popular application of carbonyl iron-based magnetic cores is in high-frequency and broadband [[inductor]]s and [[transformer]]s.
 
=== Iron powder ===
Powdered cores made of [[hydrogen reduced iron]] have higher permeability but lower Q. They are used mostly for [[electromagnetic interference]] [[electronic filter|filters]] and low-frequency chokes, mainly in [[switched-mode power supply|switched-mode power supplies]].
 
=== Ferrite ===
{{main|Ferrite (magnet)}}
[[Ferrite (magnet)|Ferrite ceramics]] are used for high-frequency applications. The ferrite materials can be engineered with a wide range of parameters. As ceramics, they are essentially insulators, which prevents eddy currents, although losses such as hysteresis losses can still occur.
 
=== Vitreous Metal ===
 
[[Amorphous metal]] is a variety of alloys that are non-crystalline or glassy. These are being used to create high efficiency transformers.  The materials can be highly responsive to magnetic fields for low hysteresis losses and they can also have lower conductivity to reduce eddy current losses. China is currently making wide spread industrial and power grid usage of these transformers for new installations.
 
== See also ==
* [[Pole piece]]
* [[Balun]]
* [[Choke (electronics)]]
* [[Electromagnetic interference]]
* [[Ferrite (iron)]]
* [[Inductor]]
* [[Transformer]]
* [[Ferrite (magnet)]]
* [[Magnetic core memory]]
* [[Toroidal inductors and transformers]]
* [[Unintentional radiator]]
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== External links ==
* [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/magnetic/indtor.html] - Online calculator for ferrite coil winding calculations.
* [http://www.smma.org/emerf.html EMERF, the Electric Motor Education and Research Foundation]
* [http://computer.howstuffworks.com/question352.htm What are the bumps at the end of computer cables?]
* [http://www.murata.com/products/emc/knowhow/pdf/23to25e.pdf  Understanding Ferrite Inductors], by [[Murata Manufacturing]]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070221093730/http://www.murata.com/emc/knowhow/pdfs/te04ea-1/23to25e.pdf How to use ferrites for EMI suppression via Wayback Machine] by [[Murata Manufacturing]]
* [http://www.fair-rite.com/newfair/pdf/CUP%20Paper.pdf How to use ferrites for EMI suppression] by [[Fair-Rite]]
* [http://revision3.com/tzdaily/2007-12-26ferrite Tekzilla Daily Episode 13], Explanation on Short Podcast
* [http://www.technotron.cz/AMT_programme2_en.aspx/ Transformer Cores ] - All Possible Maufactured Variants
 
[[Category:Electromagnetic components]]
[[Category:Radio electronics]]
[[Category:Electromagnetic radiation]]
[[Category:Iron compounds]]

Revision as of 16:14, 6 November 2013

A magnetic core is a piece of magnetic material with a high permeability used to confine and guide magnetic fields in electrical, electromechanical and magnetic devices such as electromagnets, transformers, electric motors, generators, inductors, magnetic recording heads, and magnetic assemblies. It is made of ferromagnetic metal such as iron, or ferrimagnetic compounds such as ferrites. The high permeability, relative to the surrounding air, causes the magnetic field lines to be concentrated in the core material. The magnetic field is often created by a coil of wire around the core that carries a current. The presence of the core can increase the magnetic field of a coil by a factor of several thousand over what it would be without the core.

The use of a magnetic core can enormously concentrate the strength and increase the effect of magnetic fields produced by electric currents and permanent magnets. The properties of a device will depend crucially on the following factors:

In many applications it is undesirable for the core to retain magnetization when the applied field is removed. This property, called hysteresis can cause energy losses in applications such as transformers. Therefore 'soft' magnetic materials with low hysteresis, such as silicon steel, rather than the 'hard' magnetic materials used for permanent magnets, are usually used in cores.

File:CoreSymbols.png
Electronic symbol for various types of magnetic cores

Commonly used structures

Air core

A coil not containing a magnetic core is called an air core coil. This includes coils wound on a plastic or ceramic form in addition to those made of stiff wire that are self-supporting and have air inside them. Air core coils generally have a much lower inductance than similarly sized ferromagnetic core coils, but are used in radio frequency circuits to prevent energy losses called core losses that occur in magnetic cores. The absence of normal core losses permits a higher Q factor, so air core coils are used in high frequency resonant circuits, such as up to a few megahertz. However, losses such as proximity effect and dielectric losses are still present.

Straight cylindrical rod

On the left, a non-adjustable ferrite rod with connection wires glued to the ends. On the right, a molded ferrite rod with holes, with a single wire threaded through the holes.

Most commonly made of ferrite or a similar material, and used in radios especially for tuning an inductor. The rod sits in the middle of the coil and small adjustments of the rod's position will fine tune the inductance. Often the rod is threaded to allow adjustment with a screwdriver. In radio circuits, a blob of wax or resin is used once the inductor has been tuned to prevent the core from moving.

The presence of the high permeability core increases the inductance but the field must still spread into the air at the ends of the rod. The path through the air ensures that the inductor remains linear. In this type of inductor radiation occurs at the end of the rod and electromagnetic interference may be a problem in some circumstances.

Single "I" core

Like a cylindrical rod but square, rarely used on its own. This type of core is most likely to be found in car ignition coils.

"C" or "U" core

U and C-shaped cores are used with I or another C or U core to make a square closed core, the simplest closed core shape. Windings may be put on one or both legs of the core. People are nonetheless rushing to buy properties in Singapore. A new residential condominium mission in Bedok had a long queue three days before its official launch and bought more than 350 units on the very first day. Nonetheless, there is a ‘development' that had emerged in 2011 that the majority have possibly overlooked.

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"E" core

E-shaped core are more symmetric solutions to form a closed magnetic system. Most of the time, the electric circuit is wound around the center leg, whose section area is twice that of each individual outer leg. People are nonetheless rushing to buy properties in Singapore. A new residential condominium mission in Bedok had a long queue three days before its official launch and bought more than 350 units on the very first day. Nonetheless, there is a ‘development' that had emerged in 2011 that the majority have possibly overlooked.

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"E" and "I" core

Sheets of suitable iron stamped out in shapes like the (sans-serif) letters "E" and "I", are stacked with the "I" against the open end of the "E" to form a 3-legged structure. Coils can be wound around any leg, but usually the center leg is used. This type of core is frequently used for power transformers, autotransformers, and inductors.

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for a borrower with one or more excellent residential property loans3; and No SSD will be payable by the seller if the property is bought more than three years after it was bought. Non-extension of the Jan 2009 Funds assistance measures for the property market when the measures expire. Permitting up to 2 years of property tax deferral for land accepted for improvement. Lively secondary marketplace for easy exit of property investments. Curiosity on mortgage fee is tax deductible when the property is rented out. We've progressive property tax rates for residential properties- the higher the value of the residential property, the upper the tax charge. Why do I've to pay property tax on my house when I'm an onwer-occupier and not deriving rental earnings? Palacio Cluster Landed

After obtaining a Sale License (topic to authorities circumstances meant to guard individuals shopping for property in Singapore), he might www.rmmonline.com proceed to sell units in his growth. Funding in the property market of Singapore is likely one of the few investment choices the place utilizing the bank's cash could not be any easier. The power of expats, to make a down payment, leverage the capital and consequently improve total return on investment, is excessive in Singapore. PRs who own a HDB flat must sell their flat inside six months of buying a non-public residential property in Singapore. EVERLASTING residents (PRs) now face unprecedented limits on their skill to purchase property in Singapore. New Condo in 2013 March Foreigners are eligible for Singapore greenback mortgage loan. housing grant

Skilled property brokers in Singapore will assist the client and defend their interests throughout the acquisition, and will help safe the provide at the best possible price. The agents may even be sure that all paperwork are in order and that the vendor is the rightful proprietor of the property. Most of the property brokers share their databases with each other. Tuesday's measures come after the Monetary Authority of Singapore in June tightened rules on property loans, and closed loopholes that allowed some householders to circumvent loan restrictions and avoid paying levies when buying extra property. Contact us for a FREE housing loan analysis and to study concerning the newest mortgage to worth on Singapore housing loans. J Gateway Condominium (Bought Out) Oct, 2013

6. Completion of automotive park, roads and drains serving the housing project 5% 7. Notice of Vacant Possession (Upon obtaining Temporary Occupation Permit) The estimates given by SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator are not quotations and are usually not binding in any way on SingaporeHousingLoan.sg or the consumer. The method of calculation does not exactly mirror that of which is being used by the individual monetary establishment and the data provided should be used as a information only. SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator does not pre-qualify you for any housing loan from any monetary institution. Undercover Report Finds Unlawful Rat Meat Sold In London Market Unpasteurized Tempeh Linked To Salmonella Outbreak That Sickens 60 Hottest EC Launch in Sengkang!

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Pair of "E" cores

Again used for iron cores. Similar to using an "E" and "I" together, a pair of "E" cores will accommodate a larger coil former and can produce a larger inductor or transformer. If an air gap is required, the centre leg of the "E" is shortened so that the air gap sits in the middle of the coil to minimise fringing and reduce electromagnetic interference.

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a pot core of 'RM' type

Pot core

Usually ferrite or similar. This is used for inductors and transformers. The shape of a pot core is round with an internal hollow that almost completely encloses the coil. Usually a pot core is made in two halves which fit together around a coil former (bobbin). This design of core has a shielding effect, preventing radiation and reducing electromagnetic interference.

A toroidal core

Toroidal core

This design is based on a toroid (the same shape as a doughnut). The coil is wound through the hole in the torus and around the outside. An ideal coil is distributed evenly all around the circumference of the torus. The symmetry of this geometry creates a magnetic field of circular loops inside the core, and the lack of sharp bends will constrain virtually all of the field to the core material. This not only makes a highly efficient transformer, but also reduces the electromagnetic interference radiated by the coil.

It is popular for applications where the desirable features are: high specific power per mass and volume, low mains hum, and minimal electromagnetic interference. One such application is the power supply for a hi-fi audio amplifier. The main drawback that limits their use for general purpose applications, is the inherent difficulty of winding wire through the center of a torus.

Unlike a split core (a core made of two elements, like a pair of E cores), specialized machinery is required for automated winding of a toroidal core. Toroids have less audible noise, such as mains hum, because the magnetic forces do not exert bending moment on the core. The core is only in compression or tension, and the circular shape is more stable mechanically.

Ring or bead

A ferrite ring on a computer data cable.

The ring is essentially identical in shape and performance to the toroid, except that inductors commonly pass only through the center of the core, without wrapping around the core multiple times.

The ring core may also be composed of two separate C-shaped hemispheres secured together within a plastic shell, permitting it to be placed on finished cables with large connectors already installed, that would prevent threading the cable through the small inner diameter of a solid ring.

Planar core

A planar core consists of two flat pieces of magnetic material, one above and one below the coil. It is typically used with a flat coil that is part of a printed circuit board. This design is excellent for mass production and allows a high power, small volume transformer to be constructed for low cost. It is not as ideal as either a pot core or toroidal corePotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. but costs less to produce. People are nonetheless rushing to buy properties in Singapore. A new residential condominium mission in Bedok had a long queue three days before its official launch and bought more than 350 units on the very first day. Nonetheless, there is a ‘development' that had emerged in 2011 that the majority have possibly overlooked.

In August, more than a hundred individuals across 16 states reportedly had been sickened with salmonella after consuming mangos In September, the Meals and Drug Administration detained mango imports from a Mexican packing house after the fruits had been linked to the sickenings Save Cash On Your Online Purchasing Make saving money when purchasing on-line a breeze with Bodge's favourite app, Invisible Hands. This helpful program does the price-checking analysis for you, and will warn you when a unique site has a better value - or let you realize that you have found the most effective deal. Watch Posted by Edison Foo September 29, 2013 HEARTH SALE!!! From only $9xx,000! We hope this listing will help launch your search for new properties in Singapore. It's unlawful to purchase ice cream after 6 pm, in Newark.

for a borrower with one or more excellent residential property loans3; and No SSD will be payable by the seller if the property is bought more than three years after it was bought. Non-extension of the Jan 2009 Funds assistance measures for the property market when the measures expire. Permitting up to 2 years of property tax deferral for land accepted for improvement. Lively secondary marketplace for easy exit of property investments. Curiosity on mortgage fee is tax deductible when the property is rented out. We've progressive property tax rates for residential properties- the higher the value of the residential property, the upper the tax charge. Why do I've to pay property tax on my house when I'm an onwer-occupier and not deriving rental earnings? Palacio Cluster Landed

After obtaining a Sale License (topic to authorities circumstances meant to guard individuals shopping for property in Singapore), he might www.rmmonline.com proceed to sell units in his growth. Funding in the property market of Singapore is likely one of the few investment choices the place utilizing the bank's cash could not be any easier. The power of expats, to make a down payment, leverage the capital and consequently improve total return on investment, is excessive in Singapore. PRs who own a HDB flat must sell their flat inside six months of buying a non-public residential property in Singapore. EVERLASTING residents (PRs) now face unprecedented limits on their skill to purchase property in Singapore. New Condo in 2013 March Foreigners are eligible for Singapore greenback mortgage loan. housing grant

Skilled property brokers in Singapore will assist the client and defend their interests throughout the acquisition, and will help safe the provide at the best possible price. The agents may even be sure that all paperwork are in order and that the vendor is the rightful proprietor of the property. Most of the property brokers share their databases with each other. Tuesday's measures come after the Monetary Authority of Singapore in June tightened rules on property loans, and closed loopholes that allowed some householders to circumvent loan restrictions and avoid paying levies when buying extra property. Contact us for a FREE housing loan analysis and to study concerning the newest mortgage to worth on Singapore housing loans. J Gateway Condominium (Bought Out) Oct, 2013

6. Completion of automotive park, roads and drains serving the housing project 5% 7. Notice of Vacant Possession (Upon obtaining Temporary Occupation Permit) The estimates given by SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator are not quotations and are usually not binding in any way on SingaporeHousingLoan.sg or the consumer. The method of calculation does not exactly mirror that of which is being used by the individual monetary establishment and the data provided should be used as a information only. SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator does not pre-qualify you for any housing loan from any monetary institution. Undercover Report Finds Unlawful Rat Meat Sold In London Market Unpasteurized Tempeh Linked To Salmonella Outbreak That Sickens 60 Hottest EC Launch in Sengkang!

BuyRentSingaporeProperty.com is dedicated in providing the newest residential launches, Developer's sales, new launches, resale, HIGH tasks and rental of properties in Singapore. Then there are new launch property condos in the mid-tier range. These are sometimes in the vicinity of the city fringe, in areas corresponding to Newton and Novena Tanjong Rhu. These new launch projects are popular due to their proximity to town heart, the place the enterprise and entertainment centers and all the amenities they provide, but they're usually cheaper than the City core region tasks. Why submit cheques to register for new property launches in Singapore? Riversails Apartment @ Higher Serangoon LakeVille @ Jurong Lakeside Condo by MCL Ferra Condo @ Leonie Hill

AL value

The AL value of a core configuration is frequently specified by manufacturers. The relationship between inductance and AL number in the linear portion of the magnetisation curve is defined to be:

where n is the number of turns, L is the inductance (e.g. in nH) and AL is expressed in inductance per turn squared (e.g. in nH/n2).[1]

Core loss

When the core is subjected to a changing magnetic field, as it is in devices that use AC current such as transformers, inductors, and AC motors and alternators, some of the power that would ideally be transferred through the device is lost in the core, dissipated as heat and sometimes noise. This is due primarily to two processes:

  • Hysteresis - When the magnetic field through the core changes, the magnetization of the core material changes by expansion and contraction of the tiny magnetic domains it is composed of, due to movement of the domain walls. This process causes losses, because the domain walls get "snagged" on defects in the crystal structure and then "snap" past them, dissipating energy as heat. This is called hysteresis loss. It can be seen in the graph of the B field versus the H field for the material, which has the form of a closed loop. The amount of energy lost in the material in one cycle of the applied field is proportional to the area inside the hysteresis loop. Since the energy lost in each cycle is constant, hysteresis power losses increase proportionally with frequency.
  • Eddy currents - If the core is electrically conductive, the changing magnetic field induces circulating loops of current in it, called eddy currents, due to electromagnetic induction. The loops flow perpendicular to the magnetic field axis. The energy of the currents is dissipated as heat in the resistance of the core material. The power loss is proportional to the area of the loops and inversely proportional to the resistivity of the core material. Eddy current losses can be reduced by making the core out of thin laminations which have an insulating coating, or alternately, making the core of a nonconductive magnetic material, like ferrite.

Magnetic core materials

Having no magnetically active core material (an "air core") provides very low inductance in most situations, so a wide range of high-permeability materials are used to concentrate the field. Most high-permeability material are ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic.

Soft iron

"Soft" (annealed) iron is used in magnetic assemblies, electromagnets and in some electric motors; and it can create a concentrated field that is as much as 50,000 times more intense than an air core.[2]

Iron is desirable to make magnetic cores, as it can withstand high levels of magnetic field without saturating (up to 2.16 teslas at ambient temperature.[3])

It is also used because, unlike "hard" iron, it does not remain magnetised when the field is removed, which is often important in applications where the magnetic field is required to be repeatedly switched.

Unfortunately, due to the electrical conductivity of the metal, at AC frequencies a bulk block or rod of soft iron can often suffer from large eddy currents circulating within it that waste energy and cause undesirable heating of the iron.

Laminated silicon steel

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Because iron is a relatively good conductor, it cannot be used in bulk form with a rapidly changing field, such as in a transformer, as intense eddy currents would appear due to the magnetic field, resulting in huge losses (this is used in induction heating).

Two techniques are commonly used together to increase the resistivity of iron: lamination and alloying of the iron with silicon.

Lamination

Typical EI Lamination.

Laminated magnetic cores are made of thin, insulated iron sheets, lying, as much as possible, parallel with the lines of flux. Using this technique, the magnetic core is equivalent to many individual magnetic circuits, each one receiving only a small fraction of the magnetic flux (because their section is a fraction of the whole core section). Because eddy currents flow around lines of flux, the laminations prevent most of the eddy currents from flowing at all, restricting any flow to much smaller, thinner and thus higher resistance regions. From this, it can be seen that the thinner the laminations, the lower the eddy currents.

Silicon alloying

A small addition of silicon to iron (around 3%) results in a dramatic increase of the resistivity, up to four times higherPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.. Further increase in silicon concentration impairs the steel's mechanical properties, causing difficulties for rolling due to brittleness.

Among the two types of silicon steel, grain-oriented (GO) and grain non-oriented (GNO), GO is most desirable for magnetic cores. It is anisotropic, offering better magnetic properties than GNO in one direction. As the magnetic field in inductor and transformer cores is static (compared to that in electric motors), it is possible to use GO steel in the preferred orientation.

Carbonyl iron

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Powdered cores made of carbonyl iron, a highly pure iron, have high stability of parameters across a wide range of temperatures and magnetic flux levels, with excellent Q factors between 50 kHz and 200 MHz. Carbonyl iron powders are basically constituted of micrometer-size spheres of iron coated in a thin layer of electrical insulation. This is equivalent to a microscopic laminated magnetic circuit (see silicon steel, above), hence reducing the eddy currents, particularly at very high frequencies.

A popular application of carbonyl iron-based magnetic cores is in high-frequency and broadband inductors and transformers.

Iron powder

Powdered cores made of hydrogen reduced iron have higher permeability but lower Q. They are used mostly for electromagnetic interference filters and low-frequency chokes, mainly in switched-mode power supplies.

Ferrite

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. Ferrite ceramics are used for high-frequency applications. The ferrite materials can be engineered with a wide range of parameters. As ceramics, they are essentially insulators, which prevents eddy currents, although losses such as hysteresis losses can still occur.

Vitreous Metal

Amorphous metal is a variety of alloys that are non-crystalline or glassy. These are being used to create high efficiency transformers. The materials can be highly responsive to magnetic fields for low hysteresis losses and they can also have lower conductivity to reduce eddy current losses. China is currently making wide spread industrial and power grid usage of these transformers for new installations.

See also

References

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External links

  1. ↑ [2],AL Value
  2. ↑ Soft iron core Text - Physics Forums Library
  3. ↑ Daniel Sadarnac, Les composants magnétiques de l'électronique de puissance, cours de Supélec, mars 2001 [in french]
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