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{{merge to|Sampling (signal processing)|discuss=Talk:Sampling rate#Merge to Sampling (signal processing)|date=September 2013}}
[[File:Analog digital series.svg|thumb|Analog signal (light blue) with a sampled signal (red) with a fixed spacing or ''sampling rate''.]]
 
The '''sampling rate''', '''sample rate''', or '''sampling frequency''' (<math>f_\mathrm{s}</math>) defines the number of [[sample (signal)|samples]] per unit of [[time]] (usually [[second]]s) taken from a [[continuous signal]] to make a [[discrete signal]].  For [[time-domain]] signals, the unit for sampling rate is [[hertz]] (inverse seconds, 1/s, s<sup>−1</sup>), sometimes noted as Sa/s or S/s (samples per second). The reciprocal of the sampling frequency is the '''sampling period''' or '''sampling interval''', which is the time between samples.<ref>{{cite book | title = Communications Standard Dictionary | author = Martin H. Weik | publisher = Springer | year = 1996 | isbn = 0412083914 | url = http://books.google.ca/books?id=jxXDQgAACAAJ&dq=Communications+Standard+Dictionary&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3t71T6KdKIOyqAHQ2OiKCQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA }}</ref>
 
==Sampling theorem==
The [[Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem]] states that perfect reconstruction of a signal is possible when the sampling frequency is greater than twice the maximum frequency of the signal being sampled, or equivalently, when the [[Nyquist frequency]] (half the sample rate) exceeds the highest frequency of the signal being sampled.  If lower sampling rates are used, the original signal's information may not be completely recoverable from the sampled signal.<ref>[[Claude E. Shannon|C. E. Shannon]], "Communication in the presence of noise", [[Proc. Institute of Radio Engineers]], vol. 37, no.1, pp. 10–21, Jan. 1949. [http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee104/shannonpaper.pdf Reprint as classic paper in: ''Proc. IEEE'', Vol. 86, No. 2, (Feb 1998)]</ref> For example, if a signal has an upper [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|band limit]] of 100&nbsp;Hz, a sampling frequency greater than 200&nbsp;Hz will avoid [[aliasing]] and would theoretically allow perfect reconstruction.
 
The full range of [[human hearing]] is between 20&nbsp;Hz and 20&nbsp;kHz.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/ChrisDAmbrose.shtml | title = Frequency Range of Human Hearing | work = The Physics Factbook}}</ref>  The minimum sampling rate that satisfies the sampling theorem for this full bandwidth is 40&nbsp;kHz.  The 44.1&nbsp;kHz sampling rate used for [[Compact Disc]] was chosen for this and other technical reasons.
 
==Oversampling==
{{Main|Oversampling}}
 
In some cases it is desirable to have a sampling frequency more than twice the desired system bandwidth so that a steep [[digital filter]] and a less steep analog [[anti-aliasing filter]] can be used in exchange for a steep analog [[anti-aliasing filter]]. The reason for wanting a less steep analog [[anti-aliasing filter]] is that the digital filter is not subject to any component variations thus always giving the filter response ([[filtering function]]) that the designer has chosen. This process is known as [[oversampling]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Signals, Sound, and Sensation|author=William Morris Hartmann|publisher=Springer|year=1997|isbn=1563962837|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3N72rIoTHiEC&pg=PA485}}</ref>
 
==Undersampling==
{{Main|Undersampling}}
 
Conversely, one may sample below the Nyquist rate. For a [[baseband]] signal (one that has components from 0 to the band limit), this introduces aliasing, but for a [[passband]] signal (one that does not have low frequency components), there are no low frequency signals for the aliases of high frequency signals to collide with, and thus one can sample a high frequency (but narrow bandwidth) signal at a much lower sample rate than the Nyquist rate.
 
==Audio==<!--[[Audio sampling rate]] redirects here-->
In [[digital audio]] the most common sampling rates are 44.1&nbsp;kHz, 48&nbsp;kHz, 88.2&nbsp;kHz, 96&nbsp;kHz and 192&nbsp;kHz.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WzYm1hGnCn4C&pg=PT200&lpg=PT200 |pages=200, 446 |last=Self |first=Douglas |title=Audio Engineering Explained |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |year=2012 |isbn=0240812735}}</ref> Lower sampling rates have the benefit of smaller data size and easier storage and transport. Because of the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, sampling rates higher than about 50&nbsp;kHz to 60&nbsp;kHz cannot supply more usable information for human listeners. Early [[professional audio]] equipment manufacturers chose sampling rates in the region of 50&nbsp;kHz for this reason. 88.2&nbsp;kHz and 96&nbsp;kHz are often used in modern professional audio equipment, along with 44.1&nbsp;kHz and 48&nbsp;kHz. Higher rates such as 192&nbsp;kHz are prone to ultrasonic artifacts causing audible [[intermodulation distortion]], and inaccurate sampling caused by too much speed.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://trustmeimascientist.com/2013/02/04/the-science-of-sample-rates-when-higher-is-better-and-when-it-isnt/ |title=The Science of Sample Rates (When Higher Is Better—And When It Isn’t) |last=Colletti |first=Justin |journal=Trust Me I'm A Scientist |date=February 4, 2013 |accessdate=February 6, 2013}}</ref> The [[Audio Engineering Society]] recommends 48&nbsp;kHz sample rate for most applications but gives recognition to 44.1&nbsp;kHz for [[Compact Disc]] and other consumer uses, 32&nbsp;kHz for transmission-related application and 96&nbsp;kHz for higher bandwidth or relaxed [[anti-aliasing filter]]ing.<ref name=AES5/>
 
A more complete list of common audio sample rates is:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sampling rate
! Use
|-
| 8,000&nbsp;Hz
| [[Telephone]] and encrypted [[walkie-talkie]], [[wireless intercom]]<ref>[http://www.hme.com/proDX200.cfm HME DX200 encrypted wireless intercom]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telexradiocom.com/product.php?id=71897XX |title=Telex BTR-1 encrypted wireless intercom |publisher=Telexradiocom.com |accessdate=2011-01-18}}</ref> and [[wireless microphone]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telex.com/wirelessmicrophones/Product.aspx?MarketID=14&CategoryID=59&ProductID=141 |title=Telex SAFE-1000 wireless microphone |publisher=Telex.com |accessdate=2011-01-18}}</ref> transmission; adequate for human speech but without [[sibilance]]; ''ess'' sounds like ''eff'' ({{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPAslink|f}}).
|-
| 11,025&nbsp;Hz
| One quarter the sampling rate of audio CDs; used for lower-quality PCM, MPEG audio and for audio analysis of subwoofer bandpasses.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
|-
| 16,000&nbsp;Hz
| [[Wideband]] frequency extension over standard [[telephone]] [[narrowband]] 8,000&nbsp;Hz. Used in most modern [[VoIP]] and [[VVoIP]] communication products.<ref>http://www.voipsupply.com/cisco-hd-voice{{rs|date=September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 22,050&nbsp;Hz
| One half the sampling rate of audio CDs; used for lower-quality PCM and MPEG audio and for audio analysis of low frequency energy. Suitable for digitizing early 20th century audio formats such as [[78 rpm|78s]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.restoring78s.co.uk/Procedure%20Part%201.htm |title=The restoration procedure - part 1 |publisher=Restoring78s.co.uk |accessdate=2011-01-18|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090914133005/http://www.restoring78s.co.uk/Procedure%20Part%201.htm|archivedate=2009-09-14|quote=For most records a sample rate of 22050 in stereo is adequate. An exception is likely to be recordings made in the second half of the century, which may need a sample rate of 44100.}}</ref>
|-
| 32,000&nbsp;Hz
| [[miniDV]] digital video [[camcorder]], video tapes with extra channels of audio (e.g. [[DVCAM]] with 4 Channels of audio), [[Digital Audio Tape|DAT]] (LP mode), Germany's [[:de:Digitales Satellitenradio|Digitales Satellitenradio]], [[NICAM]] digital audio, used alongside analogue television sound in some countries. High-quality digital [[wireless microphone]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zaxcom.com/transmitters.htm |title=Zaxcom digital wireless transmitters |publisher=Zaxcom.com |accessdate=2011-01-18}}</ref> Suitable for digitizing [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}
|-
| 44,056&nbsp;Hz
| Used by digital audio locked to [[NTSC]] ''color'' video signals (245 lines by 3 samples by 59.94 fields per second = 29.97 [[frames per second]]).
|-
| [[44,100 Hz]]
| [[Compact Disc|Audio CD]], also most commonly used with [[MPEG-1]] audio ([[VCD]], [[SVCD]], [[MP3]]). Originally chosen by [[Sony]] because it could be recorded on modified video equipment running at either 25 frames per second (PAL) or 30 frame/s (using an NTSC ''monochrome'' video recorder) and cover the 20&nbsp;kHz bandwidth thought necessary to match professional analog recording equipment of the time. A [[PCM adaptor]] would fit digital audio samples into the analog video channel of, for example, [[PAL]] video tapes using 588 lines by 3 samples by 25 frames per second.
|-
| 47,250&nbsp;Hz
| world's first commercial [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] sound recorder by [[Nippon Columbia]] (Denon)
|-
| 48,000&nbsp;Hz
| The standard audio sampling rate used by professional digital video equipment such as tape recorders, video servers, vision mixers and so on. This rate was chosen because it could deliver a 22&nbsp;kHz frequency response and work with 29.97 frames per second NTSC video - as well as 25 frame/s, 30 frame/s and 24 frame/s systems. With 29.97 frame/s systems it is necessary to handle 1601.6 audio samples per frame delivering an integer number of audio samples only every fifth video frame.<ref name=AES5>{{citation |url=http://www.aes.org/publications/standards/search.cfm?docID=14 |title=AES5-2008: AES recommended practice for professional digital audio - Preferred sampling frequencies for applications employing pulse-code modulation |publisher=Audio Engineering Society |year=2008 |accessdate=2010-01-18}}</ref> Also used for sound with consumer video formats like DV, [[digital TV]], [[DVD]], and films. The professional Serial Digital Interface [[Serial Digital Interface|(SDI)]] and High-definition Serial Digital Interface [[Serial Digital Interface|(HD-SDI)]] used to connect broadcast television equipment together uses this audio sampling frequency. Most professional audio gear uses 48&nbsp;kHz sampling, including [[mixing console]]s, and [[digital recording]] devices.
|-
| 50,000&nbsp;Hz
| First commercial digital audio recorders from the late 70s from [[3M]] and [[Soundstream]].
|-
| 50,400&nbsp;Hz
| Sampling rate used by the [[X-80|Mitsubishi X-80]] digital audio recorder.
|-
| 88,200&nbsp;Hz
| Sampling rate used by some professional recording equipment when the destination is CD (multiples of 44,100&nbsp;Hz). Some pro audio gear uses (or is able to select) 88.2&nbsp;kHz sampling, including mixers, EQs, compressors, reverb, crossovers and recording devices.
|-
| 96,000&nbsp;Hz
| [[DVD-Audio]], some [[LPCM]] DVD tracks, [[BD-ROM]] (Blu-ray Disc) audio tracks, [[HD DVD]] (High-Definition DVD) audio tracks. Some professional recording and production gear is able to select 96&nbsp;kHz sampling. This sampling frequency is twice the 48&nbsp;kHz standard commonly used with audio on professional equipment.
|-
| 176,400&nbsp;Hz
| Sampling rate used by [[HDCD]] recorders and other professional applications for CD production.
|-
| 192,000&nbsp;Hz
| [[DVD-Audio]], some [[LPCM]] DVD tracks, [[BD-ROM]] (Blu-ray Disc) audio tracks, and [[HD DVD]] (High-Definition DVD) audio tracks, High-Definition audio recording devices and audio editing software. This sampling frequency is four times the 48&nbsp;kHz standard commonly used with audio on professional video equipment.
|-
| 352,800&nbsp;Hz
| [[Digital eXtreme Definition]], used for recording and editing [[Super Audio CD]]s, as 1-bit DSD is not suited for editing. Eight times the frequency of 44.1&nbsp;kHz.
|-
| 2,822,400&nbsp;Hz
| [[Super Audio CD|SACD]], 1-bit [[delta-sigma modulation]] process known as [[Direct Stream Digital]], co-developed by [[Sony]] and [[Philips]].
|-
| 5,644,800&nbsp;Hz
| Double-Rate DSD, 1-bit [[Direct Stream Digital]] at 2x the rate of the SACD. Used in some professional DSD recorders.
|}
 
==Video systems==
{{Refimprove section|date=June 2007}}
 
In [[digital video]], the temporal sampling rate is defined the [[frame rate]] – or rather the [[field rate]] – rather than the notional [[pixel clock]]. The image sampling frequency is the repetition rate of the sensor integration period.  Since the  integration period may be significantly shorter than the time between repetitions, the sampling frequency can be different from the inverse of the sample time:
* 50&nbsp;Hz – [[PAL]] video
* 60 / 1.001&nbsp;Hz ~= 59.94&nbsp;Hz – [[NTSC]] video
 
Video [[digital-to-analog converter]]s operate in the megahertz range (from ~3&nbsp;MHz for low quality composite video scalers in early games consoles, to 250&nbsp;MHz or more for the highest-resolution VGA output).
 
When analog video is converted to [[digital video]], a different sampling process occurs, this time at the pixel frequency, corresponding to a spatial sampling rate along [[scan line]]s.  A common [[pixel]] sampling rate is:
* 13.5&nbsp;MHz – [[CCIR 601]], [[D1 video]]
 
Spatial sampling in the other direction is determined by the spacing of scan lines in the [[raster graphics|raster]].  The sampling rates and resolutions in both spatial directions can be measured in units of lines per picture height.
 
Spatial [[aliasing]] of high-frequency [[luma (video)|luma]] or [[chrominance|chroma]] video components shows up as a [[moiré pattern]].
 
==See also==
* [[Bit rate]]
* [[Digital control]]
* [[Normalized frequency (digital signal processing)|Normalized frequency]]
* [[Sample and hold]]
* [[Sample rate conversion]]
* [[Signal (electronics)]]
* [[Sampling (signal processing)|Sampling]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
{{DSP}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sampling Rate}}
[[Category:Digital signal processing]]
[[Category:Signal processing]]
 
{{Link FA|es}}

Revision as of 22:01, 21 January 2014



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Analog signal (light blue) with a sampled signal (red) with a fixed spacing or sampling rate.

The sampling rate, sample rate, or sampling frequency () defines the number of samples per unit of time (usually seconds) taken from a continuous signal to make a discrete signal. For time-domain signals, the unit for sampling rate is hertz (inverse seconds, 1/s, s−1), sometimes noted as Sa/s or S/s (samples per second). The reciprocal of the sampling frequency is the sampling period or sampling interval, which is the time between samples.[1]

Sampling theorem

The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that perfect reconstruction of a signal is possible when the sampling frequency is greater than twice the maximum frequency of the signal being sampled, or equivalently, when the Nyquist frequency (half the sample rate) exceeds the highest frequency of the signal being sampled. If lower sampling rates are used, the original signal's information may not be completely recoverable from the sampled signal.[2] For example, if a signal has an upper band limit of 100 Hz, a sampling frequency greater than 200 Hz will avoid aliasing and would theoretically allow perfect reconstruction.

The full range of human hearing is between 20 Hz and 20 kHz.[3] The minimum sampling rate that satisfies the sampling theorem for this full bandwidth is 40 kHz. The 44.1 kHz sampling rate used for Compact Disc was chosen for this and other technical reasons.

Oversampling

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In some cases it is desirable to have a sampling frequency more than twice the desired system bandwidth so that a steep digital filter and a less steep analog anti-aliasing filter can be used in exchange for a steep analog anti-aliasing filter. The reason for wanting a less steep analog anti-aliasing filter is that the digital filter is not subject to any component variations thus always giving the filter response (filtering function) that the designer has chosen. This process is known as oversampling.[4]

Undersampling

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Conversely, one may sample below the Nyquist rate. For a baseband signal (one that has components from 0 to the band limit), this introduces aliasing, but for a passband signal (one that does not have low frequency components), there are no low frequency signals for the aliases of high frequency signals to collide with, and thus one can sample a high frequency (but narrow bandwidth) signal at a much lower sample rate than the Nyquist rate.

Audio

In digital audio the most common sampling rates are 44.1 kHz, 48 kHz, 88.2 kHz, 96 kHz and 192 kHz.[5] Lower sampling rates have the benefit of smaller data size and easier storage and transport. Because of the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, sampling rates higher than about 50 kHz to 60 kHz cannot supply more usable information for human listeners. Early professional audio equipment manufacturers chose sampling rates in the region of 50 kHz for this reason. 88.2 kHz and 96 kHz are often used in modern professional audio equipment, along with 44.1 kHz and 48 kHz. Higher rates such as 192 kHz are prone to ultrasonic artifacts causing audible intermodulation distortion, and inaccurate sampling caused by too much speed.[6] The Audio Engineering Society recommends 48 kHz sample rate for most applications but gives recognition to 44.1 kHz for Compact Disc and other consumer uses, 32 kHz for transmission-related application and 96 kHz for higher bandwidth or relaxed anti-aliasing filtering.[7]

A more complete list of common audio sample rates is:

Sampling rate Use
8,000 Hz Telephone and encrypted walkie-talkie, wireless intercom[8][9] and wireless microphone[10] transmission; adequate for human speech but without sibilance; ess sounds like eff (Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink).
11,025 Hz One quarter the sampling rate of audio CDs; used for lower-quality PCM, MPEG audio and for audio analysis of subwoofer bandpasses.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
16,000 Hz Wideband frequency extension over standard telephone narrowband 8,000 Hz. Used in most modern VoIP and VVoIP communication products.[11]
22,050 Hz One half the sampling rate of audio CDs; used for lower-quality PCM and MPEG audio and for audio analysis of low frequency energy. Suitable for digitizing early 20th century audio formats such as 78s.[12]
32,000 Hz miniDV digital video camcorder, video tapes with extra channels of audio (e.g. DVCAM with 4 Channels of audio), DAT (LP mode), Germany's Digitales Satellitenradio, NICAM digital audio, used alongside analogue television sound in some countries. High-quality digital wireless microphones.[13] Suitable for digitizing FM radio.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
44,056 Hz Used by digital audio locked to NTSC color video signals (245 lines by 3 samples by 59.94 fields per second = 29.97 frames per second).
44,100 Hz Audio CD, also most commonly used with MPEG-1 audio (VCD, SVCD, MP3). Originally chosen by Sony because it could be recorded on modified video equipment running at either 25 frames per second (PAL) or 30 frame/s (using an NTSC monochrome video recorder) and cover the 20 kHz bandwidth thought necessary to match professional analog recording equipment of the time. A PCM adaptor would fit digital audio samples into the analog video channel of, for example, PAL video tapes using 588 lines by 3 samples by 25 frames per second.
47,250 Hz world's first commercial PCM sound recorder by Nippon Columbia (Denon)
48,000 Hz The standard audio sampling rate used by professional digital video equipment such as tape recorders, video servers, vision mixers and so on. This rate was chosen because it could deliver a 22 kHz frequency response and work with 29.97 frames per second NTSC video - as well as 25 frame/s, 30 frame/s and 24 frame/s systems. With 29.97 frame/s systems it is necessary to handle 1601.6 audio samples per frame delivering an integer number of audio samples only every fifth video frame.[7] Also used for sound with consumer video formats like DV, digital TV, DVD, and films. The professional Serial Digital Interface (SDI) and High-definition Serial Digital Interface (HD-SDI) used to connect broadcast television equipment together uses this audio sampling frequency. Most professional audio gear uses 48 kHz sampling, including mixing consoles, and digital recording devices.
50,000 Hz First commercial digital audio recorders from the late 70s from 3M and Soundstream.
50,400 Hz Sampling rate used by the Mitsubishi X-80 digital audio recorder.
88,200 Hz Sampling rate used by some professional recording equipment when the destination is CD (multiples of 44,100 Hz). Some pro audio gear uses (or is able to select) 88.2 kHz sampling, including mixers, EQs, compressors, reverb, crossovers and recording devices.
96,000 Hz DVD-Audio, some LPCM DVD tracks, BD-ROM (Blu-ray Disc) audio tracks, HD DVD (High-Definition DVD) audio tracks. Some professional recording and production gear is able to select 96 kHz sampling. This sampling frequency is twice the 48 kHz standard commonly used with audio on professional equipment.
176,400 Hz Sampling rate used by HDCD recorders and other professional applications for CD production.
192,000 Hz DVD-Audio, some LPCM DVD tracks, BD-ROM (Blu-ray Disc) audio tracks, and HD DVD (High-Definition DVD) audio tracks, High-Definition audio recording devices and audio editing software. This sampling frequency is four times the 48 kHz standard commonly used with audio on professional video equipment.
352,800 Hz Digital eXtreme Definition, used for recording and editing Super Audio CDs, as 1-bit DSD is not suited for editing. Eight times the frequency of 44.1 kHz.
2,822,400 Hz SACD, 1-bit delta-sigma modulation process known as Direct Stream Digital, co-developed by Sony and Philips.
5,644,800 Hz Double-Rate DSD, 1-bit Direct Stream Digital at 2x the rate of the SACD. Used in some professional DSD recorders.

Video systems

Template:Refimprove section

In digital video, the temporal sampling rate is defined the frame rate – or rather the field rate – rather than the notional pixel clock. The image sampling frequency is the repetition rate of the sensor integration period. Since the integration period may be significantly shorter than the time between repetitions, the sampling frequency can be different from the inverse of the sample time:

  • 50 Hz – PAL video
  • 60 / 1.001 Hz ~= 59.94 Hz – NTSC video

Video digital-to-analog converters operate in the megahertz range (from ~3 MHz for low quality composite video scalers in early games consoles, to 250 MHz or more for the highest-resolution VGA output).

When analog video is converted to digital video, a different sampling process occurs, this time at the pixel frequency, corresponding to a spatial sampling rate along scan lines. A common pixel sampling rate is:

Spatial sampling in the other direction is determined by the spacing of scan lines in the raster. The sampling rates and resolutions in both spatial directions can be measured in units of lines per picture height.

Spatial aliasing of high-frequency luma or chroma video components shows up as a moiré pattern.

See also

References

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Template:DSP

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  1. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  2. ↑ C. E. Shannon, "Communication in the presence of noise", Proc. Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 37, no.1, pp. 10–21, Jan. 1949. Reprint as classic paper in: Proc. IEEE, Vol. 86, No. 2, (Feb 1998)
  3. ↑ Template:Cite web
  4. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  5. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  6. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  8. ↑ HME DX200 encrypted wireless intercomTemplate:Dead link
  9. ↑ Template:Cite web
  10. ↑ Template:Cite web
  11. ↑ http://www.voipsupply.com/cisco-hd-voiceTemplate:Rs
  12. ↑ Template:Cite web
  13. ↑ Template:Cite web
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