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'''Iron oxide nanoparticles''' are [[iron oxide]] particles with diameters between about 1 and 100 [[nanometers]]. The two main forms are [[magnetite]] ({{iron|3}}{{oxygen|4}}) and its oxidized form [[maghemite]] (γ-{{iron|2}}{{oxygen|3}}). They have attracted extensive interest due to their [[superparamagnetic]] properties and their potential applications in many fields (although {{cobalt}} and {{nickel}} are also highly magnetic materials, they are toxic and easily oxidized). | |||
Applications of iron oxide nanoparticles include [[terabit]] [[magnetic storage]] devices, [[catalysis]], [[sensors]], and high-sensitivity biomolecular [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) for medical diagnosis and therapeutics. These applications require coating of the nanoparticles by agents such as long-chain [[fatty acid]]s, [[Amine#Alkylation|alkyl-substituted amines]] and [[diol]]s. | |||
==Structure== | |||
Magnetite has an [[Spinel#The spinel structure|inverse spinel structure]] with oxygen forming a face-centered [[cubic crystal system]]. In magnetite, all tetrahedral sites are occupied by {{chem|Fe|3+}} and octahedral sites are occupied by both {{chem|Fe|3+}} and {{chem|Fe|2+}}. Maghemite differs from magnetite in that all or most of the iron is in the trivalent state ({{chem|Fe|3+}}) and by the presence of [[ion|cation]] [[Vacancy defect|vacancies]] in the octahedral sites. Maghemite has a cubic [[Unit_cell#Unit_cell|unit cell]] in which each cell contains 32 {{oxygen}} ions, 21{{fraction|1|3}} {{chem|Fe|3+}} ions and 2{{fraction|2|3}} vacancies. The cations are distributed randomly over the 8 tetrahedral and 16 octahedral sites.<ref name = laurent>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/cr068445e | title = Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterizations, and Biological Applications | year = 2008 | last1 = Laurent | first1 = Sophie | last2 = Forge | first2 = Delphine | last3 = Port | first3 = Marc | last4 = Roch | first4 = Alain | last5 = Robic | first5 = Caroline | last6 = Vander Elst | first6 = Luce | last7 = Muller | first7 = Robert N. | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 108 | pages = 2064–110 | pmid = 18543879 | issue = 6}}</ref><ref name = buschow>{{cite book | editor = Buschow, K.H.G. | title = Hand Book of Magnetic Materials | publisher = Elsevier | year = 2006}}</ref> | |||
==Magnetic properties== | |||
Due to its 4 [[unpaired electron]]s in [[electron shell|3d shell]], an iron atom has a strong [[magnetic moment]]. Ions {{chem|Fe|2+}} have also 4 unpaired electrons in 3d shell and {{chem|Fe|3+}} have 5 unpaired electrons in 3d shell. Therefore, when crystals are formed from iron atoms or ions {{chem|Fe|2+}} and {{chem|Fe|3+}} they can be in [[ferromagnetic]], [[antiferromagnetic]] or [[ferrimagnetic]] states. | |||
In the [[paramagnetic]] state, the individual atomic [[magnetic moment]]s are randomly oriented, and the substance has a zero net magnetic moment if there is no [[magnetic field]]. These materials have a relative [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|magnetic permeability]] greater than one and are attracted to magnetic fields. The magnetic moment drops to zero when the applied field is removed. But in a [[ferromagnetic]] material, all the atomic moments are aligned even without an external field. A [[ferrimagnetic]] material is similar to a ferromagnet but has two different types of atoms with opposing magnetic moments. The material has a magnetic moment because the opposing moments have different strengths. If they have the same magnitude, the crystal is [[antiferromagnetic]] and possesses no net magnetic moment.<ref name = teja>{{cite journal | doi =10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2008.08.003 | title =Synthesis, properties, and applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles | year =2009 | last1 =Teja | first1 =Amyn S. | last2 =Koh | first2 =Pei-Yoong | journal =Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials | volume =55 | pages =22}}</ref> | |||
When an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material, the [[magnetization]] (''M'') increases with the strength of the magnetic field (''H'') until it approaches [[Saturation (magnetic)|saturation]]. Over some range of fields the magnetization has [[hysteresis]] because there is more than one stable magnetic state for each field. Therefore, a [[Remanence|remanent magnetization]] will be present even after removing the external magnetic field.<ref name = teja/> | |||
A [[single domain (magnetic)|single domain]] magnetic material (ex: magnetic nanoparticles) that has no hysteresis loop is said to be [[superparamagnetic]]. The ordering of magnetic moments in [[ferromagnetic]], [[antiferromagnetic]], and [[ferrimagnetic]] materials decreases with increasing temperature. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials become disordered and lose their magnetization beyond the [[Curie temperature]] <math>''T''_C</math> and antiferromagnetic materials lose their magnetization beyond the [[Néel temperature]] <math>T_N</math>. [[Magnetite]] is ferrimagnetic at room temperature and has a Curie temperature of 850 [[Kelvin|K]]. [[Maghemite]] is ferrimagnetic at room temperature, unstable at high temperatures, and loses its [[Magnetic susceptibility|susceptibility]] with time. (Its Curie temperature is hard to determine). Both magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at room temperature.<ref name = teja/> | |||
This superparamagnetic behavior of iron oxide nanoparticles can be attributed to their size. When the size gets small enough (<20 nm), [[thermal fluctuations]] can change the direction of magnetization of the entire crystal. A material with many such crystals behaves like a [[paramagnetism|paramagnet]], except that the moments of entire crystals are fluctuating instead of individual atoms.<ref name = teja/> | |||
==Synthesis== | |||
The preparation method has a large effect on shape, size distribution, and surface chemistry of the particles. It also determines to a great extent the distribution and type of structural defects or impurities in the particles. All these factors affect magnetic behavior. Recently, many attempts have been made to develop processes and techniques that would yield ‘[[monodisperse]] [[colloid]]s’ consisting of nanoparticles uniform in size and shape. | |||
===Coprecipitation=== | |||
By far the most employed method is [[coprecipitation]]. This method can be further divided into two types. | |||
In the first, [[Iron(II) hydroxide|ferrous hydroxide]] [[Suspension (chemistry)|suspensions]] are partially oxidized with different oxidizing agents. For example, spherical magnetite particles of narrow size distribution with mean diameters between 30 and 100 nm can be obtained from a {{chem|Fe(II)}} salt, a base and a mild oxidant ([[nitrate]] ions).<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0021-9797(80)90187-3 | title = Formation of uniform spherical magnetite particles by crystallization from ferrous hydroxide gels*1 | year = 1980 | last1 = Sugimoto | first1 = T | journal = Journal of Colloid and Interface Science | volume = 74 | pages = 227}}</ref> The other method consists in ageing stoichiometric mixtures of ferrous and ferric hydroxides in aqueous media, yielding spherical magnetite particles homogeneous in size.<ref>Massart, R.; Cabuil, V.J.Chem.Phy.1987, 84,967.</ref> In the second type, the following chemical reaction occurs: | |||
:2{{chem|Fe|3+}} + {{chem|Fe|2+}} + 8{{oxygen}}{{chem|H|-}}-→ {{iron|3}}{{oxygen|4}} + 4{{hydrogen|2}}{{oxygen}} | |||
Optimum conditions for this reaction are [[pH]] between 8 and 14, {{chem|Fe|3+}}/{{chem|Fe|2+}} ratio of 2:1 and a non-oxidizing environment. Being highly susceptibile to oxidation, magnetite ({{iron|3}}{{oxygen|4}}) is transformed to maghemite (γ{{iron|2}}{{oxygen|3}}) in the presence of oxygen:<ref name = laurent/> | |||
:2{{iron|3}}{{oxygen|4}} + {{oxygen|2}} → 2γ{{iron|2}}{{oxygen|3}} | |||
The size and shape of the nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting pH, [[ionic strength]], temperature, nature of the [[Salt (chemistry)|salts]] ([[perchlorate]]s, [[chloride]]s, [[sulfate]]s, and [[nitrate]]s), or the {{chem|Fe(II)}}/{{chem|Fe(III)}} concentration ratio.<ref name = laurent/> | |||
===Microemulsions=== | |||
A [[microemulsion]] is a stable [[isotropy|isotropic]] [[Dispersion (chemistry)|dispersion]] of 2 [[immiscible]] liquids consisting of nanosized domains of one or both liquids in the other stabilized by an [[Interface (chemistry)|interfacial]] film of surface-active molecules. Microemulsions may be categorized further as oil—in—water (o/w) or water—in—oil (w/o), depending on the dispersed and continuous phases.<ref name = buschow/> | |||
Water—in—oil is more popular for synthesizing many kinds of nanoparticles. The water and oil are mixed with an amphiphillic [[surfactant]]. The surfactant lowers the surface tension between water and oil, making the solution transparent. The water nanodroplets act as nanoreactors for synthesizing nanoparticles. The shape of the water pool is spherical. The size of the nanoparticles will depend on size of the water pool to a great extent. Thus, the size of the spherical nanoparticles can be tailored and tuned by changing the size of the water pool.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0021-9797(76)90030-8 | title = An expedient technique for determining solubility phase boundaries in surfactant?water systems*1 | year = 1976 | last1 = Laughlin | first1 = R | journal = Journal of Colloid and Interface Science | volume = 55 | pages = 239}}</ref> | |||
===High-temperature decomposition of organic precursors=== | |||
The decomposition of iron precursors in the presence of hot organic surfactants results in samples with good size control, narrow size distribution (5-12 nm) and good [[crystallinity]]; and the nanoparticles are easily dispersed. For biomedical applications like magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic cell separation or magnetorelaxometry, where particle size plays a crucial role, magnetic nanoparticles produced by this method are very useful. Viable iron precursors include {{chem|Fe(Cup)|3}},{{chem|Fe(CO)|5}}, or {{chem|Fe(acac)|3}} in organic solvents with surfactant molecules. A combination of Xylenes and Sodium Dodecylbenezensulfonate as a surfactant are used to create nanoreactors for which well dispersed iron(II) and iron (III) salts can react.<ref name = laurent/> | |||
==Biomedical Applications== | |||
Magnetite and maghemite are preferred in [[biomedicine]] because they are [[Biocompatibility|biocompatible]] and potentially non-toxic to humans{{Citation needed|reason=please add reference for human cytotoxicity to support this claim|date=November 2010}}. Iron oxide is easily degradable and therefore useful for in vivo applications{{Citation needed|reason=the Brunner et al study consists entirely of in vitro evidence; please add references for in vivo cytotoxicity |date=November 2010}}. Results from exposure of a human [[mesothelium]] [[cell line]] and a [[murine]] [[fibroblast]] cell line to seven industrially important nanoparticles showed a nanoparticle specific [[cytotoxic]] mechanism for uncoated iron oxide.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1021/es052069i | title = In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Oxide Nanoparticles: Comparison to Asbestos, Silica, and the Effect of Particle Solubility† | year = 2006 | last1 = Brunner | first1 = Tobias J. | last2 = Wick | first2 = Peter | last3 = Manser | first3 = Pius | last4 = Spohn | first4 = Philipp | last5 = Grass | first5 = Robert N. | last6 = Limbach | first6 = Ludwig K. | last7 = Bruinink | first7 = Arie | last8 = Stark | first8 = Wendelin J. | journal = Environmental Science & Technology | volume = 40 | pages = 4374 | issue = 14|bibcode = 2006EnST...40.4374B }}</ref> Solubility was found to strongly influence the cytotoxic response. | |||
Labelling cells (e.g. [[stem cells]], [[dendritic cells]]) with iron oxide nanoparticles is an interesting new tool to monitor such labelled cells in real time by [[magnetic resonance tomography]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bulte|first=Jeff W. M.|coauthors=Kraitchman, Dara L.|title=Iron oxide MR contrast agents for molecular and cellular imaging|journal=NMR in Biomedicine|year=2004|volume=17|issue=7|pages=484–499|doi=10.1002/nbm.924}}</ref> | |||
==References== | |||
<!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --> | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Nanomaterials]] | |||
[[Category:Iron compounds]] | |||
[[Category:Oxides]] | |||
Revision as of 16:52, 18 January 2014
Iron oxide nanoparticles are iron oxide particles with diameters between about 1 and 100 nanometers. The two main forms are magnetite (Dancer or Choreographer Dominic Bedell from Deep River, likes to spend some time computers, commercial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and fitness. Is a travel freak and recently visited Macquarie Island.Legal Executive Stephan from Sainte-Catherine, loves to spend some time kit cars, property developers in singapore and digital photography. Reminisces what a splendid location it was having made a journey to Saloum Delta.
Feel free to visit my web site; http://www.eweek2012.nenonline.org/userstory/huttons-tasks) and its oxidized form maghemite (γ-Dancer or Choreographer Dominic Bedell from Deep River, likes to spend some time computers, commercial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and fitness. Is a travel freak and recently visited Macquarie Island.Legal Executive Stephan from Sainte-Catherine, loves to spend some time kit cars, property developers in singapore and digital photography. Reminisces what a splendid location it was having made a journey to Saloum Delta.
Feel free to visit my web site; http://www.eweek2012.nenonline.org/userstory/huttons-tasks). They have attracted extensive interest due to their superparamagnetic properties and their potential applications in many fields (although Organisational Psychologist Eure from Oshawa, has pastimes such as leathercrafting, property developers condominium In Singapore singapore and architecture. Has travelled ever since childhood and has traveled to a number of locales, like The Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera. and Paediatric Surgeon Merle from Barrie, has numerous hobbies and interests that include go kart racing, industrial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and antiques. Likes to go to new destinations including Tino and Tinetto). are also highly magnetic materials, they are toxic and easily oxidized).
Applications of iron oxide nanoparticles include terabit magnetic storage devices, catalysis, sensors, and high-sensitivity biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnosis and therapeutics. These applications require coating of the nanoparticles by agents such as long-chain fatty acids, alkyl-substituted amines and diols.
Structure
Magnetite has an inverse spinel structure with oxygen forming a face-centered cubic crystal system. In magnetite, all tetrahedral sites are occupied by Template:Chem and octahedral sites are occupied by both Template:Chem and Template:Chem. Maghemite differs from magnetite in that all or most of the iron is in the trivalent state (Template:Chem) and by the presence of cation vacancies in the octahedral sites. Maghemite has a cubic unit cell in which each cell contains 32 Legal Executive Stephan from Sainte-Catherine, loves to spend some time kit cars, property developers in singapore and digital photography. Reminisces what a splendid location it was having made a journey to Saloum Delta.
Feel free to visit my web site; http://www.eweek2012.nenonline.org/userstory/huttons-tasks ions, 21Template:Fraction Template:Chem ions and 2Template:Fraction vacancies. The cations are distributed randomly over the 8 tetrahedral and 16 octahedral sites.[1][2]
Magnetic properties
Due to its 4 unpaired electrons in 3d shell, an iron atom has a strong magnetic moment. Ions Template:Chem have also 4 unpaired electrons in 3d shell and Template:Chem have 5 unpaired electrons in 3d shell. Therefore, when crystals are formed from iron atoms or ions Template:Chem and Template:Chem they can be in ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic states.
In the paramagnetic state, the individual atomic magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the substance has a zero net magnetic moment if there is no magnetic field. These materials have a relative magnetic permeability greater than one and are attracted to magnetic fields. The magnetic moment drops to zero when the applied field is removed. But in a ferromagnetic material, all the atomic moments are aligned even without an external field. A ferrimagnetic material is similar to a ferromagnet but has two different types of atoms with opposing magnetic moments. The material has a magnetic moment because the opposing moments have different strengths. If they have the same magnitude, the crystal is antiferromagnetic and possesses no net magnetic moment.[3]
When an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material, the magnetization (M) increases with the strength of the magnetic field (H) until it approaches saturation. Over some range of fields the magnetization has hysteresis because there is more than one stable magnetic state for each field. Therefore, a remanent magnetization will be present even after removing the external magnetic field.[3]
A single domain magnetic material (ex: magnetic nanoparticles) that has no hysteresis loop is said to be superparamagnetic. The ordering of magnetic moments in ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic materials decreases with increasing temperature. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials become disordered and lose their magnetization beyond the Curie temperature and antiferromagnetic materials lose their magnetization beyond the Néel temperature . Magnetite is ferrimagnetic at room temperature and has a Curie temperature of 850 K. Maghemite is ferrimagnetic at room temperature, unstable at high temperatures, and loses its susceptibility with time. (Its Curie temperature is hard to determine). Both magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at room temperature.[3] This superparamagnetic behavior of iron oxide nanoparticles can be attributed to their size. When the size gets small enough (<20 nm), thermal fluctuations can change the direction of magnetization of the entire crystal. A material with many such crystals behaves like a paramagnet, except that the moments of entire crystals are fluctuating instead of individual atoms.[3]
Synthesis
The preparation method has a large effect on shape, size distribution, and surface chemistry of the particles. It also determines to a great extent the distribution and type of structural defects or impurities in the particles. All these factors affect magnetic behavior. Recently, many attempts have been made to develop processes and techniques that would yield ‘monodisperse colloids’ consisting of nanoparticles uniform in size and shape.
Coprecipitation
By far the most employed method is coprecipitation. This method can be further divided into two types. In the first, ferrous hydroxide suspensions are partially oxidized with different oxidizing agents. For example, spherical magnetite particles of narrow size distribution with mean diameters between 30 and 100 nm can be obtained from a Template:Chem salt, a base and a mild oxidant (nitrate ions).[4] The other method consists in ageing stoichiometric mixtures of ferrous and ferric hydroxides in aqueous media, yielding spherical magnetite particles homogeneous in size.[5] In the second type, the following chemical reaction occurs:
- 2Template:Chem + Template:Chem + 8Legal Executive Stephan from Sainte-Catherine, loves to spend some time kit cars, property developers in singapore and digital photography. Reminisces what a splendid location it was having made a journey to Saloum Delta.
Feel free to visit my web site; http://www.eweek2012.nenonline.org/userstory/huttons-tasksTemplate:Chem-→ Dancer or Choreographer Dominic Bedell from Deep River, likes to spend some time computers, commercial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and fitness. Is a travel freak and recently visited Macquarie Island.Legal Executive Stephan from Sainte-Catherine, loves to spend some time kit cars, property developers in singapore and digital photography. Reminisces what a splendid location it was having made a journey to Saloum Delta.
Feel free to visit my web site; http://www.eweek2012.nenonline.org/userstory/huttons-tasks + 457 year old Roof Plumber Avery Kamm from Lloydminster, has many passions which include frisbee golf (frolf), property developers in singapore and snorkeling. Last year just completed buy a house in singapore trip Konso Cultural Landscape.Legal Executive Stephan from Sainte-Catherine, loves to spend some time kit cars, property developers in singapore and digital photography. Reminisces what a splendid location it was having made a journey to Saloum Delta.
Feel free to visit my web site; http://www.eweek2012.nenonline.org/userstory/huttons-tasks
Optimum conditions for this reaction are pH between 8 and 14, Template:Chem/Template:Chem ratio of 2:1 and a non-oxidizing environment. Being highly susceptibile to oxidation, magnetite (Dancer or Choreographer Dominic Bedell from Deep River, likes to spend some time computers, commercial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and fitness. Is a travel freak and recently visited Macquarie Island.Legal Executive Stephan from Sainte-Catherine, loves to spend some time kit cars, property developers in singapore and digital photography. Reminisces what a splendid location it was having made a journey to Saloum Delta.
Feel free to visit my web site; http://www.eweek2012.nenonline.org/userstory/huttons-tasks) is transformed to maghemite (γDancer or Choreographer Dominic Bedell from Deep River, likes to spend some time computers, commercial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and fitness. Is a travel freak and recently visited Macquarie Island.Legal Executive Stephan from Sainte-Catherine, loves to spend some time kit cars, property developers in singapore and digital photography. Reminisces what a splendid location it was having made a journey to Saloum Delta.
Feel free to visit my web site; http://www.eweek2012.nenonline.org/userstory/huttons-tasks) in the presence of oxygen:[1]
- 2Dancer or Choreographer Dominic Bedell from Deep River, likes to spend some time computers, commercial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and fitness. Is a travel freak and recently visited Macquarie Island.Legal Executive Stephan from Sainte-Catherine, loves to spend some time kit cars, property developers in singapore and digital photography. Reminisces what a splendid location it was having made a journey to Saloum Delta.
Feel free to visit my web site; http://www.eweek2012.nenonline.org/userstory/huttons-tasks + Legal Executive Stephan from Sainte-Catherine, loves to spend some time kit cars, property developers in singapore and digital photography. Reminisces what a splendid location it was having made a journey to Saloum Delta.
Feel free to visit my web site; http://www.eweek2012.nenonline.org/userstory/huttons-tasks → 2γDancer or Choreographer Dominic Bedell from Deep River, likes to spend some time computers, commercial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and fitness. Is a travel freak and recently visited Macquarie Island.Legal Executive Stephan from Sainte-Catherine, loves to spend some time kit cars, property developers in singapore and digital photography. Reminisces what a splendid location it was having made a journey to Saloum Delta.
Feel free to visit my web site; http://www.eweek2012.nenonline.org/userstory/huttons-tasks
The size and shape of the nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting pH, ionic strength, temperature, nature of the salts (perchlorates, chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates), or the Template:Chem/Template:Chem concentration ratio.[1]
Microemulsions
A microemulsion is a stable isotropic dispersion of 2 immiscible liquids consisting of nanosized domains of one or both liquids in the other stabilized by an interfacial film of surface-active molecules. Microemulsions may be categorized further as oil—in—water (o/w) or water—in—oil (w/o), depending on the dispersed and continuous phases.[2] Water—in—oil is more popular for synthesizing many kinds of nanoparticles. The water and oil are mixed with an amphiphillic surfactant. The surfactant lowers the surface tension between water and oil, making the solution transparent. The water nanodroplets act as nanoreactors for synthesizing nanoparticles. The shape of the water pool is spherical. The size of the nanoparticles will depend on size of the water pool to a great extent. Thus, the size of the spherical nanoparticles can be tailored and tuned by changing the size of the water pool.[6]
High-temperature decomposition of organic precursors
The decomposition of iron precursors in the presence of hot organic surfactants results in samples with good size control, narrow size distribution (5-12 nm) and good crystallinity; and the nanoparticles are easily dispersed. For biomedical applications like magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic cell separation or magnetorelaxometry, where particle size plays a crucial role, magnetic nanoparticles produced by this method are very useful. Viable iron precursors include Template:Chem,Template:Chem, or Template:Chem in organic solvents with surfactant molecules. A combination of Xylenes and Sodium Dodecylbenezensulfonate as a surfactant are used to create nanoreactors for which well dispersed iron(II) and iron (III) salts can react.[1]
Biomedical Applications
Magnetite and maghemite are preferred in biomedicine because they are biocompatible and potentially non-toxic to humansPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.. Iron oxide is easily degradable and therefore useful for in vivo applicationsPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.. Results from exposure of a human mesothelium cell line and a murine fibroblast cell line to seven industrially important nanoparticles showed a nanoparticle specific cytotoxic mechanism for uncoated iron oxide.[7] Solubility was found to strongly influence the cytotoxic response. Labelling cells (e.g. stem cells, dendritic cells) with iron oxide nanoparticles is an interesting new tool to monitor such labelled cells in real time by magnetic resonance tomography.[8]
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
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In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Massart, R.; Cabuil, V.J.Chem.Phy.1987, 84,967.
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang