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In [[mathematics]], the '''Mathieu functions''' are certain [[special functions]] useful for treating a variety of problems in applied mathematics, including: | |||
*vibrating elliptical drumheads, | |||
*[[quadrupole mass analyzer]]s and quadrupole [[ion traps]] for [[mass spectrometry]] | |||
*wave motion in periodic media, such as ultracold atoms in an [[optical lattice]] | |||
*the phenomenon of [[parametric oscillator#Parametric resonance|parametric resonance]] in forced [[oscillator]]s, | |||
*exact plane wave solutions in [[general relativity]], | |||
*the [[Stark effect]] for a rotating [[electric dipole]], | |||
*in general, the solution of [[differential equations]] that are [[Separation of variables|separable]] in [[elliptic cylindrical coordinates]]. | |||
They were introduced by {{harvs|txt|authorlink=Émile Léonard Mathieu|first=Émile Léonard |last=Mathieu|year= 1868}} in the context of the first problem. | |||
== | ==Mathieu equation== | ||
The canonical form for '''Mathieu's differential equation''' is | |||
:<math> \frac{d^2y}{dx^2}+[a-2q\cos (2x) ]y=0. </math> | |||
The Mathieu equation is a [[Hill differential equation|Hill equation]] with only 1 harmonic mode. | |||
Closely related is '''Mathieu's modified differential equation''' | |||
:<math> \frac{d^2y}{du^2}-[a-2q\cosh (2u) ]y=0 </math> | |||
which follows on substitution <math>u=ix</math>. | |||
The two above equations can be obtained from the [[Helmholtz equation]] in two dimensions, by expressing it in [[elliptical coordinates]] and then separating the two variables.[http://optica.mty.itesm.mx/pmog/Papers/P009.pdf] This is why they are also known as '''angular''' and '''radial Mathieu equation''', respectively. | |||
The substitution <math>t=\cos(x)</math> transforms Mathieu's equation to the ''algebraic form'' | |||
:<math> (1-t^2)\frac{d^2y}{dt^2} - t\, \frac{d y}{dt} + (a + 2q (1- 2t^2)) \, y=0.</math> | |||
This has two regular singularities at <math>t = -1,1</math> and one irregular singularity at infinity, which implies that in general (unlike many other special functions), the solutions of Mathieu's equation ''cannot'' be expressed in terms of [[hypergeometric function]]s. | |||
Mathieu's differential equations arise as models in many contexts, including the stability of railroad rails as trains drive over them, seasonally forced population dynamics, the four-dimensional [[wave equation]], and the [[Floquet theory]] of the stability of [[limit cycles]]. | |||
==Floquet solution== | |||
According to [[Floquet's theorem]] (or [[Bloch wave|Bloch's theorem]]), for fixed values of a,q, Mathieu's equation admits a ''complex valued'' solution of form | |||
:<math>F(a,q,x) = \exp(i \mu \,x) \, P(a,q,x)</math> | |||
where <math>\mu</math> is a complex number, the ''Mathieu exponent'', and P is a complex valued function which is ''periodic'' in <math>x</math> with period <math>\pi</math>. However, P is in general ''not'' sinusoidal. In the example plotted below, <math>a=1, \, q=\frac{1}{5}, \, \mu \approx 1 + 0.0995 i</math> (real part, red; imaginary part; green): | |||
[[Image:MathieuFloquet.gif|center]] | |||
==Mathieu sine and cosine== | |||
For fixed a,q, the '''Mathieu cosine''' <math>C(a,q,x)</math> is a function of <math>x</math> defined as the unique solution of the Mathieu equation which | |||
#takes the value <math>C(a,q,0)=1</math>, | |||
#is an [[even function]], hence <math>C^\prime(a,q,0)=0</math>. | |||
Similarly, the '''Mathieu sine''' <math>S(a,q,x)</math> is the unique solution which | |||
#takes the value <math>S^\prime(a,q,0)=1</math>, | |||
#is an [[odd function]], hence <math>S(a,q,0)=0</math>. | |||
These are ''real-valued'' functions which are closely related to the Floquet solution: | |||
:<math> C(a,q,x) = \frac{F(a,q,x) + F(a,q,-x)}{2 F(a,q,0)}</math> | |||
:<math> S(a,q,x) = \frac{F(a,q,x) - F(a,q,-x)}{2 F^\prime(a,q,0)}.</math> | |||
The general solution to the Mathieu equation (for fixed a,q) is a linear combination of the Mathieu cosine and Mathieu sine functions. | |||
A noteworthy special case is | |||
:<math>C(a,0,x) = \cos(\sqrt{a} x), \; S(a,0,x) = \frac{\sin(\sqrt{a} x)}{\sqrt{a}},</math> | |||
i.e. when the corresponding [[Helmholtz equation]] problem has circular symmetry. | |||
In general, the Mathieu sine and cosine are ''aperiodic''. Nonetheless, for small values of q, we have approximately | |||
:<math> C(a,q,x) \approx \cos(\sqrt{a} x), \; \; S(a,q,x) \approx \frac{\sin (\sqrt{a} x)}{\sqrt{a}}.</math> | |||
For example: | |||
[[Image:MathieuC shortwave.gif|left|thumb|300px|Red: C(0.3,0.1,x).]] | |||
[[Image:MathieuCPrime shortwave.gif|left|thumb|300px|Red: C'(0.3,0.1,x).]] | |||
<br style="clear:both;"> | |||
==Periodic solutions== | |||
Given <math>q</math>, for countably many special values of <math>a</math>, called ''characteristic values'', the Mathieu equation admits solutions which are periodic with period <math>2\pi</math>. The characteristic values of the Mathieu cosine, sine functions respectively are written <math>a_n(q), \, b_n(q)</math>, where ''n'' is a [[natural number]]. The periodic special cases of the Mathieu cosine and sine functions are often written <math>CE(n,q,x), \, SE(n,q,x)</math> respectively, although they are traditionally given a different normalization (namely, that their L<sup>2</sup> norm equal <math>\pi</math>). Therefore, for positive ''q'', we have | |||
:<math>C \left( a_n(q),q,x \right) = \frac{CE(n,q,x)}{CE(n,q,0)}</math> | |||
:<math>S \left( b_n(q),q,x \right) = \frac{SE(n,q,x)}{SE^\prime(n,q,0)}.</math> | |||
Here are the first few periodic Mathieu cosine functions for ''q'' = 1: | |||
[[Image:MathieuCE.gif|center]] | |||
Note that, for example, <math>CE(1,1,x)</math> (green) resembles a cosine function, but with flatter hills and shallower valleys. | |||
==Solutions to the modified Mathieu equation== | |||
{{Empty section|date=November 2013}} | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Monochromatic electromagnetic plane wave]], an example of an important exact plane wave solution to the [[Einstein field equation]] in [[general relativity]] which is expressed using Mathieu cosine functions. | |||
*[[Inverted pendulum]] | |||
*[[Lamé function]] | |||
==References== | |||
* {{cite journal | author=Mathieu, E. |title=Mémoire sur Le Mouvement Vibratoire d’une Membrane de forme Elliptique |url=http://math-docARRAYjf-grenobleARRAYr/JMPA/ |journal=[[Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées]] | year=1868 | pages=137–203 | url=http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ConsulterElementNum?O=NUMM-16412&Deb=145&Fin=211&E=PDF}} | |||
* Gertrude Blanch, "[http://www.math.sfu.ca/~cbm/aands/page_721.htm Chapter 20. Mathieu Functions]", in Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds., ''[[Abramowitz and Stegun|Handbook of Mathematical Functions]] with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables'' (Dover: New York, 1972) | |||
* {{cite book | author=McLachlan, N. W. | title=Theory and application of Mathieu functions | location=New York | publisher=Dover | year=1962 (reprint of 1947 ed.) | id=LCCN 64016333}} | |||
*{{dlmf|first=G.|last=Wolf|id=28|title=Mathieu Functions and Hill’s Equation}} | |||
==External links== | |||
* {{springer|title=Mathieu functions|id=p/m062760}} | |||
* Timothy Jones, ''[http://www.physics.drexel.edu/~tim/open/mat/mat.html Mathieu's Equations and the Ideal rf-Paul Trap]'' (2006) | |||
* {{mathworld|urlname=MathieuFunction |title=Mathieu function}} | |||
* ''[http://eqworld.ipmnet.ru/en/solutions/ode/ode0234.pdf Mathieu equation]'', [http://eqworld.ipmnet.ru/en/ EqWorld] | |||
*[http://functions.wolfram.com/MathieuandSpheroidalFunctions/ List of equations and identities for Mathieu Functions] functions.wolfram.com | |||
*[http://dlmf.nist.gov/28 NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions: Mathieu Functions and Hill's Equation] | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathieu Function}} | |||
[[Category:Ordinary differential equations]] | |||
[[Category:Special functions]] |
Revision as of 03:33, 12 September 2013
In mathematics, the Mathieu functions are certain special functions useful for treating a variety of problems in applied mathematics, including:
- vibrating elliptical drumheads,
- quadrupole mass analyzers and quadrupole ion traps for mass spectrometry
- wave motion in periodic media, such as ultracold atoms in an optical lattice
- the phenomenon of parametric resonance in forced oscillators,
- exact plane wave solutions in general relativity,
- the Stark effect for a rotating electric dipole,
- in general, the solution of differential equations that are separable in elliptic cylindrical coordinates.
They were introduced by Template:Harvs in the context of the first problem.
Mathieu equation
The canonical form for Mathieu's differential equation is
The Mathieu equation is a Hill equation with only 1 harmonic mode.
Closely related is Mathieu's modified differential equation
which follows on substitution .
The two above equations can be obtained from the Helmholtz equation in two dimensions, by expressing it in elliptical coordinates and then separating the two variables.[1] This is why they are also known as angular and radial Mathieu equation, respectively.
The substitution transforms Mathieu's equation to the algebraic form
This has two regular singularities at and one irregular singularity at infinity, which implies that in general (unlike many other special functions), the solutions of Mathieu's equation cannot be expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions.
Mathieu's differential equations arise as models in many contexts, including the stability of railroad rails as trains drive over them, seasonally forced population dynamics, the four-dimensional wave equation, and the Floquet theory of the stability of limit cycles.
Floquet solution
According to Floquet's theorem (or Bloch's theorem), for fixed values of a,q, Mathieu's equation admits a complex valued solution of form
where is a complex number, the Mathieu exponent, and P is a complex valued function which is periodic in with period . However, P is in general not sinusoidal. In the example plotted below, (real part, red; imaginary part; green):
Mathieu sine and cosine
For fixed a,q, the Mathieu cosine is a function of defined as the unique solution of the Mathieu equation which
- takes the value ,
- is an even function, hence .
Similarly, the Mathieu sine is the unique solution which
- takes the value ,
- is an odd function, hence .
These are real-valued functions which are closely related to the Floquet solution:
The general solution to the Mathieu equation (for fixed a,q) is a linear combination of the Mathieu cosine and Mathieu sine functions.
A noteworthy special case is
i.e. when the corresponding Helmholtz equation problem has circular symmetry.
In general, the Mathieu sine and cosine are aperiodic. Nonetheless, for small values of q, we have approximately
For example:
Periodic solutions
Given , for countably many special values of , called characteristic values, the Mathieu equation admits solutions which are periodic with period . The characteristic values of the Mathieu cosine, sine functions respectively are written , where n is a natural number. The periodic special cases of the Mathieu cosine and sine functions are often written respectively, although they are traditionally given a different normalization (namely, that their L2 norm equal ). Therefore, for positive q, we have
Here are the first few periodic Mathieu cosine functions for q = 1:
Note that, for example, (green) resembles a cosine function, but with flatter hills and shallower valleys.
Solutions to the modified Mathieu equation
See also
- Monochromatic electromagnetic plane wave, an example of an important exact plane wave solution to the Einstein field equation in general relativity which is expressed using Mathieu cosine functions.
- Inverted pendulum
- Lamé function
References
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External links
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- List of equations and identities for Mathieu Functions functions.wolfram.com
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