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== それは想像上の穴と上記の仮想マスタの穴がある場合 ==
In [[economics]] the '''Pareto index''', named after the Italian economist and sociologist [[Vilfredo Pareto]], is a measure of the breadth of income or wealth distribution.  It is one of the parameters specifying a [[Pareto distribution]] and embodies the [[Pareto principle]].  As applied to income, the Pareto principle is sometimes stated in popular expositions by saying 20% of the population has 80% of the income.  In fact, Pareto's data on British income taxes in his ''Cours d'économie politique'' indicates that about 20% of the population had about 80% of the income.{{Dubious|date=June 2012}}


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One of the simplest characterizations of the Pareto distribution, when used to model the distribution of incomes, says that the proportion of the population whose income exceeds any positive number ''x''&nbsp;>&nbsp;''x''<sub>m</sub> is
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  <li>[http://iebom.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=196319 http://iebom.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=196319]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.blog.hortalbagarces.com/2010/09/15/estamos-comiendo-las-primeras-mandarinas/comment-page-/#comment- http://www.blog.hortalbagarces.com/2010/09/15/estamos-comiendo-las-primeras-mandarinas/comment-page-/#comment-]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.chenyuantai.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=62536 http://www.chenyuantai.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=62536]</li>
 
</ul>


== 宇宙の端、秦ゆうに ==
:<math>\left(\frac{x_\mathrm{m}}{x}\right)^\alpha</math>


私は千年後、子供がまだ生まれていないことを信じていない。 [http://www.lamartcorp.com/modules/mod_menu/rakuten_cl_13.php クリスチャンルブタン通販] '<br><br>事実は、上の神々のために、子供に危険ではないという。<br>行き過ぎについての唯一の懸念<br>秦ゆう [http://www.lamartcorp.com/modules/mod_menu/rakuten_cl_5.php クリスチャンルブタン ブーツ]。<br><br>でも妊娠し、精錬あいまいLingbaoは、あまりにも、この時点では秦ゆうがうなずいた危険がない。.. [http://www.lamartcorp.com/modules/mod_menu/rakuten_cl_5.php クリスチャンルブタン 店舗] 'オーケーは、子供たちをスタンドあなたがあいまいLingbaoを洗練している、私は横に見て」<br><br>秦ゆうの心は何もありません。<br><br>「千年、千年は出てこないこの子か」秦ゆうがそれを試してみることにしました。<br><br>......<br>宇宙の端、秦ゆうに<br>、あぐらをかいて互いに近いスタンドを持つ子ども、秦ゆうの心の動きは、極端なまでの時間を加速するた子どもたちや、自分のスペースを立つ [http://www.lamartcorp.com/modules/mod_menu/rakuten_cl_10.php クリスチャンルブタン 値段]。<br><br>スタンド子供ゆっくりLingbaoにあいまいさを洗練し、秦ゆうは常に子どもたちに注意を払っているが胃に立っている [http://www.lamartcorp.com/modules/mod_menu/rakuten_cl_3.php クリスチャンルブタン 靴]。<br><br>「5年後に、大きすぎるほんの少し腹の膨らみである。幸いなことに、目がはっきりと大きさは腹の膨らみを感じることができます。 '秦ゆうことができる唯一の​​慰め以来
where ''x''<sub>m</sub> is a positive number, the minimum of the support of this [[probability distribution]] (the subscript m stands for ''minimum'').  The Pareto index is the parameter &alpha;. Since a proportion must be between 0 and 1, inclusive, the index &alpha; must be positive, but in order for the total income of the whole population to be finite, α must also be greater than 1.  The larger the Pareto index, the smaller the proportion of very high-income people.  (The 80-20 rule holds precisely when &alpha;&nbsp;=&nbsp;log(5)/log(4)&nbsp;≈&nbsp;1.16 whereas the 70-30 result corresponds to α&nbsp;=&nbsp;log(0.3)/log(3/7)&nbsp;≈&nbsp;1.42.)
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<ul>
Mathematically, the formula above entails that all incomes are at least the lower bound ''x''<sub>m</sub>, which is positive. At this income the probability density suddenly jumps up from zero and then starts decreasing, which is clearly unrealistic. Economists therefore sometimes state that the Pareto law as stated here applies only to the upper tail of the distribution.
 
 
  <li>[http://id.mind.net/~sirjames/guestbook.cgi http://id.mind.net/~sirjames/guestbook.cgi]</li>
== See also ==
 
* [[Gini coefficient]]
  <li>[http://www.npo-support.jp/ui/cgi-bin/news/news_pic.cgi http://www.npo-support.jp/ui/cgi-bin/news/news_pic.cgi]</li>
* [[List of measures of inequality]]
 
 
  <li>[http://bbs.879wan.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=10736 http://bbs.879wan.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=10736]</li>
 
 
{{inline|date=January 2012}}
</ul>
 
==References and external links==
* [[Vilfredo Pareto]], ''Cours d'économie politique professé à l'université de Lausanne'', 3 volumes, 1896–7.
* [http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0011373 "Universal Structure of the Personal Income Distribution", Wataru Souma]
* "Wealth Condensation in Pareto Macroeconomies", Z. Burda, D. Johnston, J. Jurkiewicz, M. Kamiński, M.A. Nowak, G. Papp, I. Zahed, ''Physical Review E'', volume 65, 2002.
* [http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0202388 "Physics of Personal Income", Wataru Souma, http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0202388]
* "Pareto Index Estimation Under Moderate Right Censoring", Jan Beirlant, Armelle Guillou, ''Scandinavian Actuarial Journal'', volume 2 (2001), pages 111–125.
* "Wealth Distribution in an Ancient Egyptian Society", A. Y. Abul-Magd, Physical Review E, volume 66, 2002.
* "Pareto Index Induced from the Scale of Companies", Atushi Ishikawa, ''Physica A'', volume 363, pages 367–376, 2006.
* "Power Law Tails in the Italian Personal Income Distribution", Fabio Clementi, [[Mauro Gallegati]], ''[[Physica A]]'', volume 350, pages 427–438, 2005.
* [http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0108482 Small-World Effects in Wealth Distribution, Wataru Souma, Yoshi Fujiwara, Hideaki Aoyama]
* "Weak Limiting Behaviour of a Simple Tail Pareto-Index Estimator", J.N. Bacro and M. Brito, ''Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference'', volume 45, number 1, 1995, pages 7–19.
* [http://www.nccr-finrisk.unizh.ch/media/pdf/wp/WP172_10.pdf A Prediction Error Criterion for Choosing the Lower Quantile in Pareto Index Estimation, by Debbie J. Dupuis and Maria-Pia Victoria-Feser]
* "Generalized Pareto Fit to the Society of Actuaries Large Claims Database", A. Cebrián, M. Denuit and Ph. Lambert, ''North American Actuarial Journal'', volume 8
* "A New Illustration of Pareto's Law", Josiah C. Stamp, ''[[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society]]'', volume 77, number 2, pages 200–204, January 1914.
* "The Pareto Law and the Distribution of Income", G. Findlay Shirras, ''The Economic Journal'', volume 45, number 180, pages 663–681, December 1935.
* [http://isi.cbs.nl/glossary/term2412.htm "Pareto index" in various languages], from the International Statistical Institute's glossary of statistical terms.
 
[[Category:Index numbers]]
[[Category:Socioeconomics]]
[[Category:Summary statistics]]

Revision as of 20:01, 2 February 2014

In economics the Pareto index, named after the Italian economist and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, is a measure of the breadth of income or wealth distribution. It is one of the parameters specifying a Pareto distribution and embodies the Pareto principle. As applied to income, the Pareto principle is sometimes stated in popular expositions by saying 20% of the population has 80% of the income. In fact, Pareto's data on British income taxes in his Cours d'économie politique indicates that about 20% of the population had about 80% of the income.To succeed in selling a home, it is advisable be competent in real estate advertising and marketing, authorized, monetary, operational aspects, and other information and skills. This is essential as a result of you want to negotiate with more and more sophisticated buyers. You could outperform rivals, use latest technologies, and stay ahead of the fast altering market.

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One of the simplest characterizations of the Pareto distribution, when used to model the distribution of incomes, says that the proportion of the population whose income exceeds any positive number x > xm is

where xm is a positive number, the minimum of the support of this probability distribution (the subscript m stands for minimum). The Pareto index is the parameter α. Since a proportion must be between 0 and 1, inclusive, the index α must be positive, but in order for the total income of the whole population to be finite, α must also be greater than 1. The larger the Pareto index, the smaller the proportion of very high-income people. (The 80-20 rule holds precisely when α = log(5)/log(4) ≈ 1.16 whereas the 70-30 result corresponds to α = log(0.3)/log(3/7) ≈ 1.42.)

Mathematically, the formula above entails that all incomes are at least the lower bound xm, which is positive. At this income the probability density suddenly jumps up from zero and then starts decreasing, which is clearly unrealistic. Economists therefore sometimes state that the Pareto law as stated here applies only to the upper tail of the distribution.

See also


Template:Inline

References and external links