Substitution tiling

In mathematics, the simplest real analytic Eisenstein series is a special function of two variables. It is used in the representation theory of SL(2,R) and in analytic number theory. It is closely related to the Epstein zeta function.

There are many generalizations associated to more complicated groups.

Definition

The Eisenstein series E(z, s) for z = x + iy in the upper half-plane is defined by

$E(z,s)={1 \over 2}\sum _{(m,n)=1}{y^{s} \over |mz+n|^{2s}}$

for Re(s) > 1, and by analytic continuation for other values of the complex number s. The sum is over all pairs of coprime integers.

Warning: there are several other slightly different definitions. Some authors omit the factor of ½, and some sum over all pairs of integers that are not both zero; which changes the function by a factor of ζ(2s).

Properties

As a function on z

Viewed as a function of z, E(z,s) is a real-analytic eigenfunction of the Laplace operator on H with the eigenvalue s(s-1). In other words, it satisfies the elliptic partial differential equation

$y^{2}\left({\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}}\right)E(z,s)=s(s-1)E(z,s),$    where $z=x+yi.$

The function E(z, s) is invariant under the action of SL(2,Z) on z in the upper half plane by fractional linear transformations. Together with the previous property, this means that the Eisenstein series is a Maass form, a real-analytic analogue of a classical elliptic modular function.

Warning: E(z, s) is not a square-integrable function of z with respect to the invariant Riemannian metric on H.

As a function on s

The Eisenstein series converges for Re(s)>1, but can be analytically continued to a meromorphic function of s on the entire complex plane, with a unique pole of residue π at s = 1 (for all z in H). The constant term of the pole at s = 1 is described by the Kronecker limit formula.

The modified function

$E^{*}(z,s)=\pi ^{-s}\Gamma (s)\zeta (2s)E(z,s)\$

satisfies the functional equation

$E^{*}(z,s)=E^{*}(z,1-s)\$

analogous to the functional equation for the Riemann zeta function ζ(s).

Scalar product of two different Eisenstein series E(z, s) and E(z, t) is given by the Maass-Selberg relations.

Epstein zeta function

The Epstein zeta function ζ_Q(s) Template:Harv for a positive definite integral quadratic form Q(m, n) = cm² + bmn +an² is defined by

$\zeta _{Q}(s)=\sum _{(m,n)\neq (0,0)}{1 \over Q(m,n)^{s}}.\$

It is essentially a special case of the real analytic Eisenstein series for a special value of z, since

$Q(m,n)=a|mz+n|^{2}\$

for

$z={-b \over 2a}+i{{\sqrt {4ac-b^{2}}} \over 2a}.\$

This zeta function was named after Paul Epstein.

Generalizations

The real analytic Eisenstein series E(z, s) is really the Eisenstein series associated to the discrete subgroup SL(2,Z) of SL(2,R). Selberg described generalizations to other discrete subgroups Γ of SL(2,R), and used these to study the representation of SL(2,R) on L²(SL(2,R)/Γ). Langlands extended Selberg's work to higher dimensional groups; his notoriously difficult proofs were later simplified by Joseph Bernstein.

See also

• Eisenstein series
• Kronecker limit formula

References

• J. Bernstein, Meromorphic continuation of Eisenstein series
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• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
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  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
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• A. Selberg, Discontinuous groups and harmonic analysis, Proc. Int. Congr. Math., 1962.
• D. Zagier, Eisenstein series and the Riemann zeta-function.