Bril (unit)

In 1908, Walter Ritz published Recherches critiques sur l'Électrodynamique générale, (See English translation) a lengthy criticism of Maxwell-Lorentz electromagnetic theory, in which he contended that the theory's connection with the luminiferous aether (see Lorentz ether theory) made it "essentially inappropriate to express the comprehensive laws for the propagation of electrodynamic actions." Ritz proposed a new equation, derived from the principles of the ballistic theory of electromagnetic waves. This equation relates the force between two charged particles with a radial separation r relative velocity v and relative acceleration a, where k is an undetermined parameter from the general form of Ampere's force law as proposed by Maxwell. This equation obeys Newton's third law and forms the basis of Ritz's electrodynamics.

$\mathbf{F}=\frac{q_1{q}_2}{4\pi {ϵ}_0{r}^2}[[1+\frac{3-k}{4}{\left(\frac{v}{c}\right)}^2-\frac{3(1-k)}{4}{\left(\frac{\mathbf{v}\mathbf{\cdot }\mathbf{r}}{c^2}\right)}^2-\frac{r}{2c^2}(\mathbf{a}\mathbf{\cdot }\mathbf{r})]\frac{\mathbf{r}}{r}-\frac{k+1}{2c^2}(\mathbf{v}\mathbf{\cdot }\mathbf{r})\mathbf{v}-\frac{r}{c^2}(\mathbf{a})]$

Derivation of Ritz's Equation

On the assumption of an emission theory, the force acting between two moving charges should depend on the density of the messenger particles emitted by the charges ($D$), the radial distance between the charges (ρ), the velocity of the emission relative to the receiver, ($U_x$ and $U_r$ for the x and r components, respectively), and the acceleration of the particles relative to each other ($a_x$). This gives us an equation of the form:

$F_x=eD[A_{1}cos(\rho x)+B_1\frac{U_x{U}_r}{c^2}+C_1\frac{\rho a_x}{c^2}]$.

where the coefficients $A_1$, $B_1$ and $C_1$ are independent of the coordinate system and are functions of $u^2/c^2$ and $u_{\rho }^2/c^2$. The stationary coordinates of the observer relate to the moving frame of the charge as follows

$X+x(t^{\prime })=X^{\prime }+x^{\prime }(t^{\prime })-(t-t^{\prime })v{\text{'}}_x$

Developing the terms in the force equation, we find that the density of particles is given by

$D\alpha \frac{d{t}^{\prime }{e}^{\prime }dS}{{\rho }^2}=-\frac{e^{\prime }\partial \rho }{c{\rho }^2\partial n}dSdn$

The tangent plane of the shell of emitted particles in the stationary coordinate is given by the Jacobian of the transformation from $X^{\prime }$ to $X$:

$\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial n}=\frac{\partial (XYZ)}{\partial (X^{\prime }{Y}^{\prime }{Z}^{\prime })}=\frac{a{e}^{\prime }}{{\rho }^2}(1+\frac{\rho a{\text{'}}_{\rho }}{c^2})$

We can also develop expressions for the retarded radius $\rho$ and velocity $U_{\rho }<\rho >$ using Taylor series expansions

$\rho =r{(1+\frac{ra{\text{'}}_r}{c^2})}^{1/2}$

${\rho }_x=r_x+\frac{r^{2}a{\text{'}}_x}{2c^2}$

$U_{\rho }=v_r-v{\text{'}}_r+\frac{ra{\text{'}}_r}{c}$

With this substitutions, we find that the force equation is now

$F_x=\frac{e{e}^{\prime }}{r^2}(1+\frac{ra{\text{'}}_r}{c^2})[Acos(rx)(1-\frac{3ra{\text{'}}_r}{2c^2})+A\left(\frac{ra{\text{'}}_x}{2c^2}\right)-B\left(\frac{u_x{u}_r}{c^2}\right)-C\left(\frac{ra{\text{'}}_x}{c^2}\right)]$

Next we develop the series representations of the coefficients

$A={\alpha }_0+{\alpha }_1\frac{u^2}{c^2}+{\alpha }_2\frac{u_r^2}{c^2}+...$

$B={\beta }_0+{\beta }_1\frac{u^2}{c^2}+{\beta }_2\frac{u_r^2}{c^2}+...$

$C={\gamma }_0+{\gamma }_1\frac{u^2}{c^2}+{\gamma }_2\frac{u_r^2}{c^2}+...$

With these substitutions, the force equation is now

$F_x=\frac{e{e}^{\prime }}{r^2}[({\alpha }_0+{\alpha }_1\frac{u_x^2}{c^2}+{\alpha }_2\frac{u_r^2}{c^2})cos(rx)-{\beta }_0\frac{u_x{u}_r}{c^2}-{\alpha }_0\frac{ra{\text{'}}_r}{2c^2}+\left(\frac{ra{\text{'}}_x}{2c^2}\right)({\alpha }_0-2{\gamma }_0)]$

Since the equation must reduce to the Coulomb force law when the relative velocities are zero, we immediately know that ${\alpha }_0=1$. Furthermore, to obtain the correct expression for electromagnetic mass, we may deduce that $2{\gamma }_0-1=1$ or ${\gamma }_0=1$.

To determine the other coefficients, we consider the force on a linear circuit using Ritz's expression, and compare the terms with the general form of Ampere's law. The second derivative of Ritz's equation is

$d^2{F}_x=\sum _{i,j}\frac{d{e}_{i}d{e_j}^{\prime }}{r^2}[(1+{\alpha }_1\frac{u_x^2}{c^2}+{\alpha }_2\frac{u_r^2}{c^2})cos(rx)-{\beta }_0\frac{u_x{u}_r}{c^2}-{\alpha }_0\frac{ra{\text{'}}_r}{2c^2}+\frac{ra{\text{'}}_x}{2c^2}]$

Diagram of elements of linear circuits

Consider the diagram on the right, and note that $dqv=Idl$,

$\sum _{i,j}d{e}_{i}d{e_j}^{\prime }=0$

$\sum _{i,j}d{e}_{i}d{e_j}^{\prime }{u}_x^2=-2dqd{q}^{\prime }{w}_{x}w{\text{'}}_x$

$=-2I{I}^{\prime }dsd{s}^{\prime }cosϵ$

$\sum _{i,j}d{e}_{i}d{e_j}^{\prime }{u}_r^2=-2dqd{q}^{\prime }{w}_{r}w{\text{'}}_r$

$=-2I{I}^{\prime }dsd{s}^{\prime }cos(rds)cos(rds)$

$\sum _{i,j}d{e}_{i}d{e_j}^{\prime }{u}_x{u}_r=-dqd{q}^{\prime }(w_{x}w{\text{'}}_r+w{\text{'}}_x{w}_r)$

$=-I{I}^{\prime }dsd{s}^{\prime }[cos(xds)cos(rds)+cos(rds)cos(xd{s}^{\prime })]$

$\sum _{i,j}d{e}_{i}d{e_j}^{\prime }a{\text{'}}_r=0$

$\sum _{i,j}d{e}_{i}d{e_j}^{\prime }a{\text{'}}_x=0$

Plugging these expressions into Ritz's equation, we obtain the following

$d^2{F}_x=\frac{I{I}^{\prime }dsd{s}^{\prime }}{r^2}[[2{\alpha }_{1}cosϵ+2{\alpha }_{2}cos(rds)cos(rd{s}^{\prime })]cos(rx)-{\beta }_{0}cos(rd{s}^{\prime })cos(xds)-{\beta }_{0}cos(rds)cos(xd{s}^{\prime })]$

Comparing to the original expression for Ampere's force law

$d^2{F}_x=-\frac{I{I}^{\prime }dsd{s}^{\prime }}{2r^2}[[(3-k)cosϵ-3(1-k)cos(rds)cos(rd{s}^{\prime })]cos(rx)-(1+k)cos(rd{s}^{\prime })cos(xds)-(1+k)cos(rds)cos(xd{s}^{\prime })]$

we obtain the coefficients in Ritz's equation

${\alpha }_1=\frac{3-k}{4}$

${\alpha }_2=-\frac{3(1-k)}{4}$

${\beta }_0=\frac{1+k}{2}$

From this we obtain the full expression of Ritz's electrodynamic equation with one unknown

$\mathbf{F}=\frac{q_1{q}_2}{4\pi {ϵ}_0{r}^2}[[1+\frac{3-k}{4}{\left(\frac{v}{c}\right)}^2-\frac{3(1-k)}{4}{\left(\frac{\mathbf{v}\mathbf{\cdot }\mathbf{r}}{c^2}\right)}^2-\frac{r}{2c^2}(\mathbf{a}\mathbf{\cdot }\mathbf{r})]\frac{\mathbf{r}}{r}-\frac{k+1}{2c^2}(\mathbf{v}\mathbf{\cdot }\mathbf{r})\mathbf{v}-\frac{r}{c^2}(\mathbf{a})]$

In a footnote at the end of Ritz's section on Gravitation (English translation) the editor says, "Ritz used k = 6.4 to reconcile his formula with the observed anomaly for Mercury (41") however recent data give 43.1", which leads to k = 7. Substituting this result into Ritz’s formula yields exactly the general relativity formula." Using this same integer value for k in Ritz's electrodynamic equation we get:

$\mathbf{F}=\frac{q_1{q}_2}{4\pi {ϵ}_0{r}^2}[[1-{\left(\frac{v}{c}\right)}^2+4.5{\left(\frac{\mathbf{v}\mathbf{\cdot }\mathbf{r}}{c^2}\right)}^2-\frac{r}{2c^2}(\mathbf{a}\mathbf{\cdot }\mathbf{r})]\frac{\mathbf{r}}{r}-\frac{4}{c^2}(\mathbf{v}\mathbf{\cdot }\mathbf{r})\mathbf{v}-\frac{r}{c^2}(\mathbf{a})]$